Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineering, Fourth Edition

by Chadwick; Andrew

• ISBN13: 9780415306096
• ISBN10: 0415306094
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2004-08-09
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This classic text, now in its fourth edition, combines thorough coverage of the basic principles of hydraulics with a wide-ranging treatment of practical, real-world applications. It is carefully structured into two parts to deal with principles before moving on to more advanced topics. The first part focuses on fundamentals, including hydrostatics, hydrodynamics, pipe and open channel flow, wave theory, hydrology and sediment transport. The second part illustrates the engineering applications of these fundamental principles to pipeline system design, hydraulic structures, river and coastal engineering, including up-to-date environmental implications and a chapter on computational modelling, illustrating the application of computational simulationtechniques to modern design, in a variety of contexts. This edition includes a major revision of the chapter on Flood Hydrology in line with the Flood Estimation Handbook. New material has also been added to the chapters on wave theory, sediment transport and coastal engineering and updating of material and references undertaken throughout. Hydraulics in Civil and Environmental Engineeringis an essential resource for students and practitioners of civil, environmental and public health engineering, and associated disciplines. It is comprehensive, fully illustrated and contains many examples. A solutions manual, computer program listings, and useful links are available on an accompanying website www.sponpress.com/civeng/support.htm.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
Preface to the third edition	xi
Preface to the second edition	xiv
Preface to the first edition	xvi
Principal symbols	xviii
A short history of hydraulics	xxiv
Introductory notes	xxvii
Part One Principles and Basic Applications
1 Hydrostatics	3	(18)
1.1 Pressure	3	(2)
1.2 Pressure measurement	5	(3)
1.3 Pressure forces on submerged bodies	8	(6)
1.4 Flotation	14	(7)
2 Principles of fluid flow	21	(43)
2.1 Introduction	21	(1)
2.2 Classification of flows	21	(1)
2.3 Visualization of flow patterns	22	(2)
2.4 The fundamental equations of fluid dynamics	24	(1)
2.5 Application of the conservation laws to fluid flows	25	(7)
2.6 Application of the energy equation	32	(4)
2.7 Application of the momentum equation	36	(6)
2.8 Velocity and discharge measurement	42	(6)
2.9 Potential flows	48	(4)
2.10 Some typical flow patterns	52	(11)
References and further reading	63	(1)
3 Behaviour of real fluids	64	(27)
3.1 Real and ideal fluids	64	(2)
3.2 Viscous flow	66	(2)
3.3 The stability of laminar flows and the onset of turbulence	68	(3)
3.4 Shearing action in turbulent flows	71	(5)
3.5 The boundary layer	76	(8)
3.6 Some implications of the boundary layer concept	84	(4)
3.7 Cavitation	88	(1)
3.8 Surface tension effects	89	(1)
3.9 Summary	89	(1)
References and further reading	89	(2)
4 Flow in pipes and closed conduits	91	(31)
4.1 Introduction	91	(1)
4.2 The historical context	91	(3)
4.3 Fundamental concepts of pipe flow	94	(3)
4.4 Laminar flow	97	(3)
4.5 Turbulent flow	100	(12)
4.6 Local head losses	112	(4)
4.7 Partially full pipes	116	(5)
References and further reading	121	(1)
5 Open channel flow	122	(63)
5.1 Flow with a free surface	122	(1)
5.2 Flow classification	122	(1)
5.3 Natural and artificial channels and their properties	123	(3)
5.4 Velocity distributions, energy and momentum coefficients	126	(1)
5.5 Laminar and turbulent flow	127	(2)
5.6 Uniform flow	129	(9)
5.7 Rapidly varied flow: the use of energy principles	138	(12)
5.8 Rapidly varied flow: the use of momentum principles	150	(5)
5.9 Critical depth meters	155	(3)
5.10 Gradually varied flow	158	(22)
5.11 Unsteady flow	180	(4)
References and further reading	184	(1)
6 Pressure surge in pipelines	185	(17)
6.1 Introduction	185	(3)
6.2 Effect of 'rapid' valve closure	188	(1)
6.3 Unsteady compressible flow	188	(9)
6.4 Analysis of more complex problems	197	(3)
6.5 Concluding remarks	200	(1)
References and further reading	201	(1)
7 Hydraulic machines	202	(14)
7.1 Classification of machines	202	(1)
7.2 Continuous flow pumps	202	(6)
7.3 Performance data for continuous flow pumps	208	(2)
7.4 Pump selection	210	(1)
7.5 Hydro-power turbines	210	(3)
7.6 Turbine selection	213	(1)
7.7 Cavitation in hydraulic machines	214	(1)
References and further reading	215	(1)
8 Wave theory	216	(67)
8.1 Wave motion	216	(3)
8.2 Linear wave theory	219	(6)
8.3 Wave transformation and attenuation processes	225	(19)
8.4 Surf zone processes	244	(12)
8.5 Analysis of wave records: short-term wave statistics	256	(12)
8.6 Wave prediction from wind records	268	(6)
8.7 Long-term wave statistics	274	(5)
8.8 Prediction of extreme still water levels	279	(2)
References and further reading	281	(2)
9 Sediment transport	283	(25)
9.1 Introduction	283	(1)
9.2 The threshold of movement	283	(4)
9.3 A general description of the mechanics of sediment transport	287	(5)
9.4 Sediment transport equations	292	(12)
9.5 Concluding notes on sediment transport	304	(2)
References and further reading	306	(2)
10 Flood hydrology	308	(63)
10.1 Classifications	308	(1)
10.2 Methods of flood prediction for rural catchments	309	(1)
10.3 Catchment descriptors	310	(3)
10.4 Frequency analysis	313	(16)
10.5 Unit hydrograph theory	329	(18)
10.6 Summary of design flood procedures for rural catchments	347	(1)
10.7 Flood routing	347	(12)
10.8 Design floods for reservoir safety	359	(2)
10.9 Methods of flood prediction for urban catchments	361	(6)
10.10 Climate change impacts in flood hydrology	367	(1)
References and further reading	368	(3)
11 Dimensional analysis and the theory of physical models	371	(30)
11.1 Introduction	371	(1)
11.2 The idea of 'similarity'	372	(1)
11.3 Dimensional homogeneity and its implications	373	(1)
11.4 Dimensional analysis	374	(4)
11.5 Dimensional analysis involving more variables	378	(1)
11.6 Applications of dynamic similarity	379	(8)
11.7 Hydraulic models	387	(10)
References and further reading	397	(4)
Part Two Aspects of Hydraulic Engineering
12 Pipeline systems	401	(29)
12.1 Introduction	401	(1)
12.2 Design of a simple pipe system	401	(3)
12.3 Series, parallel and branched pipe systems	404	(4)
12.4 Distribution systems	408	(7)
12.5 Design of pumping mains	415	(6)
12.6 Surge protection	421	(7)
References and further reading	428	(2)
13 Hydraulic structures	430	(51)
13.1 Introduction	430	(1)
13.2 Thin plate (sharp-crested) weirs	430	(10)
13.3 Long-based weirs	440	(5)
13.4 Flumes	445	(7)
13.5 Spillways	452	(13)
13.6 Stepped spillways	465	(1)
13.7 Energy dissipators	465	(3)
13.8 Control gates	468	(6)
13.9 Lateral discharge structures	474	(4)
13.10 Outlet structures	478	(1)
13.11 Concluding remarks	479	(1)
References and further reading	479	(2)
14 Computational hydraulics	481	(44)
14.1 Overview	481	(1)
14.2 Mathematical models and numerical models	482	(1)
14.3 Derivation of conservation equations	483	(4)
14.4 Differential equations and finite difference schemes	487	(8)
14.5 Boundary conditions and initial conditions	495	(1)
14.6 Applications of computational hydraulics	495	(26)
14.7 Concluding notes	521	(3)
References and further reading	524	(1)
15 River and canal engineering	525	(37)
15.1 Introduction	525	(1)
15.2 Optimization of a channel cross-section	525	(2)
15.3 Unlined channels	527	(3)
15.4 The design of stable alluvial channels	530	(6)
15.5 Morphology of natural channels	536	(5)
15.6 Computational river modelling	541	(6)
15.7 Flood discharges in compound channels	547	(6)
15.8 River engineering	553	(4)
References and further reading	557	(2)
Appendix 15.A: Published work on the SERC Flood Channel Facility	559	(3)
16 Coastal engineering	562	(33)
16.1 Introduction	562	(1)
16.2 The action of waves on beaches	562	(1)
16.3 Sediment transport	563	(5)
16.4 Shoreline evolution modelling	568	(3)
16.5 Natural bays, coastal cells and shoreline management planning	571	(3)
16.6 Understanding coastal system behaviour	574	(1)
16.7 Coastal defence principles	575	(2)
16.8 Coastal defence techniques	577	(10)
16.9 Wave modelling	587	(5)
References and further reading	592	(3)
17 Water quality modelling	595	(18)
17.1 Introduction	595	(1)
17.2 Dispersion processes	595	(2)
17.3 Dispersion in a one-dimensional stream	597	(5)
17.4 Two-dimensional modelling	602	(2)
17.5 Differential density effects	604	(1)
17.6 Buoyant jets	604	(4)
17.7 Intrusion due to density currents	608	(2)
17.8 Concluding note	610	(1)
References and further reading	610	(3)
Postscript	613	(1)
Problems for solution	614	(17)
Appendix A: Moments of area	631	(3)
Index	634