The Insects An Outline of Entomology

by Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S.

• ISBN13: 9781444330366
• ISBN10: 1444330365
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2010-02-15
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

This established, popular textbook provides a stimulating and comprehensive introduction to the insects, the animals that represent over half of the planet's biological diversity.

In this new fourth edition, the authors introduce the key features of insect structure, function, behavior, ecology and classification, placed within the latest ideas on insect evolution. Much of the book is organized around major biological themes - living on the ground, in water, on plants, in colonies, and as predators, parasites/parasitoids and prey.

A strong evolutionary theme is maintained throughout. The ever-growing economic importance of insects is emphasized in new boxes on insect pests, and in chapters on medical and veterinary entomology, and pest management. Updated 'taxoboxes' provide concise information on all aspects of each of the 27 major groupings (orders) of insects.

Key Features:

-All chapters thoroughly updated with the latest results from international studies

-Accompanying website with downloadable illustrations and links to video clips

-All chapters to include new text boxes of topical issues and studies

-Major revision of systematic and taxonomy chapter

-Still beautifully illustrated with more new illustrations from the artist, Karina McInnes

A companion resources site is available at www.wiley.com/go/gullan/insects. This site includes:

-Copies of the figures from the book for downloading, along with a PDF of the captions.

-Colour versions of key figures from the book

-A list of useful web links for each chapter, selected by the author.

The authors maintain the tradition of clarity and conciseness set by earlier editions, and the text is illustrated profusely with specially commissioned hand-drawn figures. The illustrations and the informative text aim to encourage the scientific study of insects, either as a vocation or as a hobby. The book is intended as the principal text for students studying entomology, as well as a reference text for undergraduate and graduate courses in fields of ecology, agriculture, fisheries and forestry, palaeontology, zoology, and medical and veterinary science.

Author Biography

Penny Gullan and Peter Cranston are professors in the Department of Entomology, University of California, Davis, USA, where they jointly teach undergraduate courses in biodiversity, insect systematics, and general entomology, and conduct research on Coceoidea and Chironomidae, respectively. They maintain strong connections to the Australian National University, Canberra, where, as Visiting Fellows, much of this fourth edition was revised.

Table of Contents

List of boxes	p. viii
Preface to the fourth edition	p. ix
Preface to the third edition	p. xi
Preface to the second edition	p. xiii
Preface and acknowledgments for first edition	p. xv
The Importance, Diversity and Conservation of Insects	p. 1
What is entomology?	p. 2
The importance of insects	p. 2
Insect biodiversity	p. 4
Naming and classification of insects	p. 8
Insects in popular culture and commerce	p. 9
Insects as food	p. 11
Culturing insects	p. 14
Insect conservation	p. 15
Further reading	p. 22
External Anatomy	p. 23
The cuticle	p. 24
Segmentation and tagmosis	p. 30
The head	p. 32
The thorax	p. 41
The abdomen	p. 49
Further reading	p. 52
Internal Anatomy and Physiology	p. 53
Muscles and locomotion	p. 54
The nervous system and co-ordination	p. 60
The endocrine system and the function of hormones	p. 63
The circulatory system	p. 66
The tracheal system and gas exchange	p. 69
The gut, digestion, and nutrition	p. 74
The excretory system and waste disposal	p. 82
Reproductive organs	p. 84
Further reading	p. 89
Sensory Systems and Behavior	p. 91
Mechanical stimuli	p. 92
Thermal stimuli	p. 101
Chemical stimuli	p. 103
Insect vision	p. 113
Insect behavior	p. 118
Further reading	p. 120
Reproduction	p. 121
Bringing the sexes together	p. 122
Courtship	p. 124
Sexual selection	p. 124
Copulation	p. 126
Diversity in genitalic morphology	p. 132
Sperm storage fertilization and sex determination	p. 135
Sperm competition	p. 138
Oviparity (egg-laying)	p. 140
Ovoviviparity and viviparity	p. 145
Atypical modes of reproduction	p. 145
Physiological control of reproduction	p. 148
Further reading	p. 149
Insect Development and Life Histories	p. 151
Growth	p. 152
Life-history patterns and phases	p. 156
Process and control of molting	p. 164
Voltinism	p. 167
Diapause	p. 168
Dealing with environmental extremes	p. 170
Migration	p. 173
Polymorphism and polyphenism	p. 175
Age-grading	p. 176
Environmental effects on development	p. 178
Climate and insect distributions	p. 183
Further reading	p. 187
Insect Systematics: Phylogeny and Classification	p. 189
Systematics	p. l90
The extant Hexapoda	p. 198
Class Entognatha: Protura (proturans), Collembola (springtails), and Diplura (diplurans)	p. 201
Class Insecta (true insects)	p. 201
Further reading	p. 221
Insect Biogeography and Evolution	p. 223
Insect biogeography	p. 224
The antiquity of insects	p. 225
Were the first insects aquatic or terrestrial?	p. 230
Evolution of wings	p. 231
Evolution of metamorphosis	p. 234
Insect diversification	p. 236
Insect evolution in the Pacific	p. 237
Further reading	p. 239
Ground-Dwelling Insects	p. 241
Insects of litter and soil	p. 242
Insects and dead trees or decaying wood	p. 248
Insects and dung	p. 249
Insect-carrion interactions	p. 251
Insect-fungal interactions	p. 251
Cavernicolous insects	p. 254
Environmental monitoring using ground-dwelling hexapods	p. 255
Further reading	p. 256
Aquatic Insects	p. 257
Taxonomic distribution and terminology	p. 258
The evolution of aquatic lifestyles	p. 258
Aquatic insects and their oxygen supplies	p. 263
The aquatic environment	p. 268
Environmental monitoring using aquatic insects	p. 271
Functional feeding groups	p. 272
Insects of temporary waterbodies	p. 273
Insects of the marine intertidal and littoral zones	p. 274
Further reading	p. 275
Insects and Plants	p. 277
Coevolutionary interactions between insects and plants	p. 279
Phytophagy (or herbivory)	p. 279
Insects and plant reproductive biology	p. 298
Insects that live mutualistically in specialized plant structures	p. 303
Further reading	p. 306
Insect Societies	p. 307
Subsociality in insects	p. 308
Eusociality in insects	p. 312
Inquilines and parasites of social insects	p. 330
Evolution and maintenance of eusociality	p. 332
Success of eusocial insects	p. 336
Further reading	p. 336
Insect Predation and Parasitism	p. 339
Prey/host location	p. 340
Prey/host acceptance and manipulation	p. 346
Prey/host selection and specificity	p. 349
Population biology: predator/parasitoid and prey/host abundance	p. 359
The evolutionary success of insect predation and parasitism	p. 361
Further reading	p. 362
Insect Defense	p. 365
Defense by hiding	p. 366
Secondary lines of defense	p. 370
Mechanical defenses	p. 371
Chemical defenses	p. 372
Defense by mimicry	p. 377
Collective defenses in gregarious and social insects	p. 380
Further reading	p. 384
Medical and Veterinary Entomology	p. 385
Insect nuisance and phobia	p. 386
Venoms and allergens	p. 386
Insects as causes and vectors of disease	p. 388
Generalized disease cycles	p. 389
Pathogens	p. 390
Forensic entomology	p. 404
Further reading	p. 405
Pest Management	p. 407
Insects as pests	p. 408
The effects of insecticides	p. 413
Integrated pest management	p. 417
Chemical control	p. 418
Biological control	p. 422
Host-plant resistance to insects	p. 433
Physical control	p. 437
Cultural control	p. 437
Pheromones and other insect attractants	p. 438
Genetic manipulation of insect pests	p. 439
Further reading	p. 440
Methods in Entomology: Collecting Preservation Curation and Identification	p. 443
Collection	p. 444
Preservation and curation	p. 447
Identification	p. 456
Further reading	p. 459
Taxoboxes	p. 461
Entognatha: non-insect hexapods (Collembola, Diplura and Protura)	p. 461
Archaeognatha (or Microcoryphia; bristletails)	p. 463
Zygentoma (silverfish)	p. 464
Ephemeroptera (mayflies)	p. 465
Odonata (damselflies and dragonflies)	p. 466
Plecoptera (stoneflies)	p. 468
Dermaptera (earwigs)	p. 469
Embioptera (Embiidina; embiopterans or webspinners)	p. 470
Zoraptera (zorapterans)	p. 471
Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids and crickets)	p. 471
Phasmatodea (phasmids, stick-insects or walking sticks)	p. 472
Grylloblattodea (Grylloblattaria or Notoptera; grylloblattids, or ice or rock crawlers)	p. 474
Mantophasmatodea (heelwalkers)	p. 474
Mantodea (mantids, mantises, or praying mantids)	p. 476
Blattodea: roach families (cockroaches or roaches)	p. 476
Blattodea: epifamily Termitoidae (former order Isoptera; termites)	p. 478
Psocodea: "Psocoptera" (bark lice and book lice)	p. 479
Psocodea: "Phthiraptera" (chewing lice and sucking lice)	p. 480
Thysanoptera (thrips)	p. 481
Hemiptera (bugs, cicadas, leafhoppers, planthoppers, spittle bugs, treehoppers, aphids, jumping plant lice, scale insects, and whiteflies)	p. 482
Neuropterida: Neuroptera (lacewings, owlflies, and antlions), Megaloptera (alderflies, dobsonflies, and fishflies) and Raphidioptera (snakeflies)	p. 484
Coleoptera (beetles)	p. 487
Strepsiptera (strepsipterans)	p. 488
Diptera (flies)	p. 490
Mecoptera (hangingflies, scorpionflies, and snowfleas)	p. 491
Siphonaptera (fleas)	p. 492
Trichoptera (caddisflies)	p. 494
Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)	p. 495
Hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasps, sawflies, and wood wasps)	p. 497
Glossary	p. 499
References	p. 527
Index	p. 535
Appendix: A reference guide to orders	p. 559
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