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Integrating Music into the Elementary Classroom, 004,9780534525965

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Integrating Music into the Elementary Classroom, 004

by Charles R. Hoffer

Edition:

4th

ISBN13:

9780534525965

ISBN10:

0534525962

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

12/23/1997

Publisher(s):

Schirmer

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Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

1

(4)

The Importance of Music and Other Arts in the Elementary School

2

(1)

An Integrated Approach to Learning and Teaching

3

(1)

The Plan for This Book

3

(2)

1 HOW CHILDREN LEARN

5

(14)

Basic Types of Learning

5

(2)

Psychomotor Learning

5

(1)

Cognitive Learning

6

(1)

Affective Learning

6

(1)

Learning in Music Needs to Be Active

7

(1)

Teacher-Centered and Child-Centered Learning

7

(1)

The Structure of Musical Learning

8

(7)

Make What You Teach Meaningful

8

(1)

Organize Material Sequentially

8

(1)

Experience Music Before Labeling It

8

(1)

Use a Conceptual Approach to Learning

9

(1)

Design Learning Experiences with a Spiral Approach

9

(1)

Use a Multisensory Approach to Learning

9

(1)

Use a Multicultural Approach to Learning

10

(1)

Provide Reinforcement

11

(1)

Teach for Transfer

11

(1)

Cooperative Learning

12

(1)

Musical Experiences for Inclusive Learning

12

(1)

The Gifted Student

13

(1)

The Mentally Challenged Student

14

(1)

Instructional Technology for the Classroom

15

(3)

Questions for Discussion

18

(1)

2 GUIDELINES FOR TEACHING MUSIC

19

(20)

Designing Integrated Learning Experiences with Music

19

(6)

Identifying Long- and Short-term Goals

19

(1)

Deciding on Musical Concepts

20

(1)

Developing Objectives

21

(1)

Choosing Appropriate Musical Materials and Activities

22

(1)

Teaching and Learning in Logical Sequence

23

(1)

Deciding on Length and Frequency of Lessons

23

(1)

Relating Music to Students' Personal Lives

23

(1)

Developing Multisensory Experiences

24

(1)

Developing Multicultural Experiences

24

(1)

Designing Audiovisual Media

24

(1)

Bringing Closure to a Learning Experience

24

(1)

Assessing Learning

24

(1)

National Standards in Music Education

25

(1)

Writing Lesson Plans

26

(8)

Reminders for Planning and Teaching Lessons

34

(1)

Some Options to Use When Teaching Music

35

(1)

Making Good Teaching Great Teaching

36

(1)

Questions for Discussion

37

(2)

3 FUNDAMENTALS OF MUSIC: UNDERSTANDING HOW SOUNDS ARE ORGANIZED IN A MUSICAL COMPOSITION

39

(46)

Experiences with Melody

39

(22)

A Melody Is Based on a Set of Pitches

39

(1)

A Melody Moves by Steps and Skips

40

(1)

A Melody Has Shape

41

(2)

A Melody Has Range

43

(2)

A Melody Is Made Up of Phrases

45

(1)

A Melody May Be Based on a Scale

45

(7)

A Melody May Contain Accidentals

52

(2)

A Melody Has a Key

54

(6)

A Melody May Be Atonal

60

(1)

Experiences with Rhythm

61

(9)

Rhythm Has a Beat

61

(1)

Rhythm Has Tempo

61

(1)

Rhythm Has Meter

62

(2)

Rhythm May Have Syncopation

64

(2)

Rhythm Patterns May Repeat

66

(2)

Reading Rhythms

68

(2)

Experiences with Texture

70

(2)

Texture May Be Monophonic

70

(1)

Texture May Be Homophonic or Harmonic

70

(1)

Texture May Be Polyphonic

71

(1)

Experiences with Tone Color

72

(2)

Tone Color Varies with the Type and Size of Material Producing the Sound

72

(2)

Tone Color Varies with Different Types of Instruments

74

(1)

Tone Color Varies with Different Types of Voices

74

(1)

Experiences with Dynamics

74

(2)

Dynamic Levels May Be Soft or Loud

74

(1)

Dynamic Level May Gradually Get Louder (Crescendo) or Softer (Decrescendo)

75

(1)

Experiences with Musical Forms

76

(7)

Repeated Musical Ideas Unify Compositions, and Contrasting Ideas Provide Variety

76

(7)

Questions for Discussion

83

(2)

4 TEACHING MUSIC THROUGH SINGING

85

(58)

Characteristics of the Child Voice and Children's Song Interests

85

(5)

Preschool and Kindergarten (Ages Four and Five)

87

(1)

Early Primary: First and Second Grades (Ages Six and Seven)

88

(1)

Intermediate: Third and Fourth Grades (Ages Eight and Nine)

89

(1)

Upper Elementary: Fifth and Sixth Grades (Ages Ten and Eleven)

89

(1)

Techniques for Teaching Children to Sing

90

(9)

Creating an Environment for Singing Experiences

90

(1)

Improving Posture

90

(1)

Teaching Good Breathing Habits to Support the Tone

90

(1)

Finding the Head Voice

91

(1)

Developing the Ability to Match Tones

92

(3)

Developing the Concepts of High and Low

95

(2)

Discovering Patterns

97

(2)

Preparing to Teach a Song

99

(4)

Leading a Song

103

(3)

Teaching Songs to Children

106

(11)

Teaching a Song by Rote (Nonconceptual)

106

(3)

Teaching a Song by Rote (Conceptual)

109

(2)

Teaching a Song by Rote-Note

111

(1)

Teaching a Song by Note: The Kodaly Approach

112

(5)

Singing Additive Songs

117

(1)

Teaching Part Singing

117

(25)

Lining Out a Song

117

(4)

Singing Canons

121

(3)

Singing Dialogue Songs or Echo Songs

124

(2)

Singing Call-Response Songs

126

(2)

Adding Descants

128

(4)

Adding Countermelodies

132

(2)

Singing Ostinato Chants

134

(2)

Singing Rounds

136

(2)

Singing Partner Songs

138

(4)

Questions for Discussion

142

(1)

5 INTEGRATING SONGS WITH OTHER SUBJECTS AND ACTIVITIES

143

(78)

Integrative Category: Action

144

(4)

Integrative Category: Animals

148

(10)

Integrative Category: Circus

158

(2)

Integrative Category: Geography

160

(5)

Integrative Category: History

165

(2)

Integrative Category: Holidays

167

(31)

Rosh Hashanah (Jewish New Year)

167

(1)

Halloween

167

(3)

Thanksgiving, Sukkot, and Shavuot

170

(4)

Hanukkah

174

(2)

Christmas

176

(5)

Kwanzaa

181

(2)

New Year's Day

183

(2)

Martin Luther King Jr. Day

185

(2)

Chinese New Year

187

(2)

Valentine's Day

189

(2)

Presidents' Day: George Washington

191

(3)

Presidents' Day: Abraham Lincoln

194

(2)

Saint Patrick's Day

196

(2)

Integrative Category: Patriotic Songs of the United States of America

198

(2)

Integrative Category: Getting Acquainted

200

(3)

Integrative Category: Human Relationships and Emotions

203

(1)

Integrative Category: Language Arts

204

(2)

Integrative Category: Mathematics

206

(1)

Integrative Category: Science

207

(2)

Integrative Category: Seasons

209

(1)

Integrative Category: Transportation

210

(10)

Questions for Discussion

220

(1)

6 TEACHING MUSIC THROUGH PLAYING CLASSROOM INSTRUMENTS

221

(50)

Melody Instruments

222

(21)

Piano and Electronic Keyboards

222

(7)

Melody Bells

229

(2)

Resonator bells

231

(1)

Xylophones

231

(1)

Glockenspiels

232

(1)

Metallophones

232

(1)

Handbells

232

(1)

Tone Chimes

233

(1)

Recorder

233

(4)

Using Melody Instruments in the Classroom

237

(6)

Harmonic Instruments

243

(11)

The Omnichord

243

(1)

The Guitar

244

(10)

Percussion Instruments

254

(5)

Woods

254

(2)

Metals

256

(2)

Skins

258

(1)

How to Select an Appropriate Instrument

259

(1)

Playing Rhythm Accompaniments to Songs

260

(2)

Developing a Rhythm Ensemble (Grades K-3)

262

(1)

Methods and Materials for Integrating Instrumental Experiences into the Classroom

263

(3)

Language Arts (Grades 4-6)

263

(1)

Science: Sound (Grades 4-6)

264

(2)

History: Medieval/Renaissance (Grades 4-6)

266

(1)

Geography: American West (Grades 4-6)

266

(1)

Sample Lessons

266

(4)

Questions for Discussion

270

(1)

7 TEACHING MUSIC THROUGH LISTENING

271

(60)

The Chain of Events in Musical Expression

272

(1)

The Composer

272

(1)

The Performer

272

(1)

The Composer/Performer

273

(1)

The Listener

273

(1)

Sounds Produced by Voices

273

(1)

Sounds Produced by Western Orchestral Instruments

273

(11)

Stringed Instruments

273

(1)

Wind Instruments

274

(5)

Percussion Instruments

279

(3)

Keyboard Instruments

282

(2)

Electric Instruments

284

(1)

Performing Ensembles

284

(4)

Orchestra

284

(3)

Band

287

(1)

Chorus

287

(1)

How to Guide Listening

288

(1)

Levels of Listening

288

(1)

The Teacher's Role

288

(1)

Guidelines for Planning Listening Lessons

289

(1)

Techniques for Teaching Students to Listen to Music

290

(17)

Visual Representations

290

(3)

Written Listening Guides

293

(1)

The Familiar Song in a Musical Composition

294

(3)

Moving to Music

297

(1)

Playing Instruments

298

(4)

Sample Lesson Plans

302

(5)

Integrating Listening Experiences into the Classroom

307

(18)

Music and Drama: Opera

307

(2)

Music and Drama: Oratorio

309

(3)

Music and Dance: Ballet

312

(2)

Program Music

314

(11)

Preparing Students to Attend a Concert

325

(4)

Sample Concert

325

(4)

Questions for Discussion

329

(2)

8 TEACHING MUSIC THROUGH MOVEMENT

331

(46)

Developing Body Awareness in Space

332

(6)

Movement As an Expression of Problem Solving

332

(1)

Movement As an Expression of Imagery

333

(3)

Movement with No External Beat

336

(1)

Movement to a Beat with a Sense of Timing

336

(2)

Expressing Musical Concepts Through Movement: The Dalcroze Approach

338

(8)

Concept: Beat/Meter

338

(4)

Concept: Fast, Slow, Getting Faster, Getting Slower

342

(1)

Concept: Accents

343

(1)

Concept: Dynamics

344

(1)

Concept: Rhythm Patterns

345

(1)

Concept: Melodic Contour

346

(1)

Interpreting Musical Ideas Through Movement

346

(12)

What Inspires Interpretative Movement?

346

(1)

General Guidelines for Planning Movement Experiences

347

(1)

Abstract Interpretative Movement

348

(1)

Dramatic Interpretative Movement

349

(9)

Playing Singing Games and Dancing

358

(18)

Additional Singing Games and Dances Appearing in Other Areas of This Book

375

(1)

Questions for Discussion

376

(1)

9 CREATIVE EXPERIENCES WITH MUSIC

377

(28)

The Orff Approach

378

(1)

Improvising and Organizing Sounds

378

(8)

Rhythm in Speech

379

(1)

Rhythm Speech Canons

380

(1)

Improvising Melodies

381

(1)

Ostinato Patterns (Rhythmic and Melodic)

382

(2)

Improvising an Accompaniment to a Song

384

(2)

Improvising Rhythms with Classroom Instruments

386

(1)

Creative Experiences with Vocal Sounds

386

(1)

Creative Experiences with Instrumental Sounds

387

(3)

Creative Experiences with Environmental Sounds

390

(1)

Creative Experiences with Body Sounds

390

(4)

Creating a Musical Video

392

(1)

Creating a Percussion Accompaniment to a Song

392

(1)

Creating a Percussion Composition

393

(1)

Creative Experiences with Writing Melodies or Songs

394

(10)

What Makes an Interesting Melody?

395

(1)

Preparing Students to Write Melodies or Songs

395

(1)

Writing a Melody Using a Pentatonic Scale

396

(1)

Writing a Melody Using a Seven-Note Scale (Major/Minor)

397

(1)

Setting a Poem to Music

398

(3)

Writing an Original Poem and Setting It to Music

401

(3)

Questions for Discussion

404

(1)

10 INTEGRATING MUSIC WITH THE STUDY OF PEOPLES, PLACES, AND CULTURES

405

(52)

Some Suggested Classroom Experiences

406

(1)

Music of African Peoples

407

(11)

Background Information for the Class

407

(1)

Some General Characteristics of African Music

408

(1)

Teaching African Music: Suggestions for Lessons

409

(9)

Music of Asian Peoples: China and Japan

418

(11)

Background Information for the Class

418

(1)

Some General Characteristics of Chinese and Japanese Music

419

(1)

Teaching Chinese and Japanese Music: Suggestions for Lessons

420

(9)

Music of European Peoples

429

(10)

Background Information for the Class

429

(1)

Some General Characteristics of European Music

430

(1)

Teaching European Music: Suggestions for Lessons

430

(9)

American Music

439

(16)

Background Information for the Class

439

(1)

Teaching American Music: Suggestions for Lessons

440

(15)

Questions for Discussion

455

(2)

11 EXPERIENCES WITH MUSIC AND OTHER ARTS

457

(46)

Using Analogous Concepts in Relating Music and the Arts

458

(12)

Using a Thematic Approach in Relating Music and the Arts

470

(9)

Using a Historical Approach in Relating Music and the Arts

479

(9)

Using a Cross-Cultural Approach in Relating Music and the Arts

488

(2)

Planning and Presenting a Program

490

(12)

Purpose

490

(1)

Planning

490

(1)

Rehearsals

490

(11)

Committees

501

(1)

Additional Ideas for Festivals or Programs

501

(1)

Questions for Discussion

502

(1)

EPILOGUE: THE CONTINUING PLACE OF MUSIC IN THE LIVES OF CHILDREN

503

(4)

A Trip to Buy a Recording

503

(1)

Attending Concerts

504

(1)

Performing with Friends

505

(2)

APPENDIX A: SELECTED SOPRANO RECORDER FINGERINGS (BAROQUE SYSTEM)

507

(1)

APPENDIX B: COMMON CHORD FINGERINGS FOR THE GUITAR

508

(1)

GLOSSARY

509

(3)

INDEX OF SONGS

512

(1)

TWO-CHORD SONGS

513

(1)

THREE-CHORD SONGS

513

(1)

INDEX OF NATIONALITY SONGS

514

(1)

INDEX OF LISTENING EXAMPLES

515

(1)

GENERAL INDEX

516

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