Interaction Design : Beyond Human-Computer Interaction

by Jenny Preece (Univ. of Maryland); Yvonne Rogers (Sussex Univ., UK); Helen Sharp (Open Univ., UK)

• ISBN13: 9780471492788
• ISBN10: 0471492787
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-02-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

The book covers psychological and social aspects of user/s, interaction styles, user requirements, design approaches, usability and evaluation, traditional and future interface paradigms and the role of theory in informing design. The topics will be grounded in the design process and the aim is to present relevant issues in an integrated and coherent way, rather than assembling a collection of chapters on individual HCI topics. This book is intended for undergraduate students in computing, graphic design, web design and multimedia.

Table of Contents

What is interaction design?	1	(34)
Introduction	1	(1)
Good and poor design	2	(4)
What to design	4	(2)
What is interaction design?	6	(6)
The makeup of interaction design	6	(3)
Working together as a multidisciplinary team	9	(1)
Interaction design in business	10	(2)
What is involved in the process of interaction design?	12	(1)
The goals of interaction design	13	(7)
Usability goals	14	(4)
User experience goals	18	(2)
More on usability: design and usability principles	20	(11)
Heuristics and usability principles	26	(5)
Interview with Gitta Salomon	31	(4)
Understanding and conceptualizing interaction	35	(38)
Introduction	35	(1)
Understanding the problem space	36	(3)
Conceptual models	39	(16)
Conceptual models based on activities	41	(10)
Conceptual models based on objects	51	(3)
A case of mix and match?	54	(1)
Interface metaphors	55	(5)
Interaction paradigms	60	(4)
From conceptual models to physical design	64	(6)
Interview with Terry Winograd	70	(3)
Understanding users	73	(32)
Introduction	73	(1)
What is cognition?	74	(16)
Applying knowledge from the physical world to the digital world	90	(2)
Conceptual frameworks for cognition	92	(9)
Mental models	92	(4)
Information processing	96	(2)
External cognition	98	(3)
Informing design: from theory to practice	101	(4)
Designing for collaboration and communication	105	(36)
Introduction	105	(1)
Social mechanisms used in communication and collaboration	106	(23)
Conversational mechanisms	107	(3)
Designing collaborative technologies to support conversation	110	(8)
Coordination mechanisms	118	(4)
Designing collaborative technologies to support coordination	122	(2)
Awareness mechanisms	124	(2)
Designing collaborative technologies to support awareness	126	(3)
Ethnographic studies of collaboration and communication	129	(1)
Conceptual frameworks	130	(8)
The language/action framework	130	(3)
Distributed cognition	133	(5)
Interview with Abigail Sellen	138	(3)
Understanding how interfaces affect users	141	(24)
Introduction	141	(1)
What are affective aspects?	142	(1)
Expressive interfaces	143	(4)
User frustration	147	(6)
Dealing with user frustration	152	(1)
A debate: the application of anthropomorphism to interaction design	153	(4)
Virtual characters: agents	157	(8)
Kinds of agents	157	(3)
General design concerns	160	(5)
The process of interaction design	165	(36)
Introduction	165	(1)
What is interaction design about?	166	(4)
Four basic activities of interaction design	168	(2)
Three key characteristics of the interaction design process	170	(1)
Some practical issues	170	(12)
Who are the users?	171	(1)
What do we mean by ``needs''?	172	(2)
How do you generate alternative designs?	174	(5)
How do you choose among alternative designs?	179	(3)
Lifecycle models: showing how the activities are related	182	(16)
A simple lifecycle model for interaction design	186	(1)
Lifecycle models in software engineering	187	(5)
Lifecycle models in HCI	192	(6)
Interview with Gillian Crampton Smith	198	(3)
Identifying needs and establishing requirements	201	(38)
Introduction	201	(1)
What, how, and why?	202	(2)
What are we trying to achieve in this design activity?	202	(1)
How can we achieve this?	202	(1)
Why bother? The importance of getting it right	203	(1)
Why establish requirements?	204	(1)
What are requirements?	204	(6)
Different kinds of requirements	205	(5)
Data gathering	210	(9)
Data-gathering techniques	211	(4)
Choosing between techniques	215	(1)
Some basic data-gathering guidelines	216	(3)
Data interpretation and analysis	219	(3)
Task description	222	(9)
Scenarios	223	(3)
Use cases	226	(3)
Essential use cases	229	(2)
Task analysis	231	(5)
Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA)	231	(5)
Interview with Suzanne Robertson	236	(3)
Design, prototyping and construction	239	(40)
Introduction	239	(1)
Prototyping and construction	240	(9)
What is a prototype?	240	(1)
Why prototype?	241	(2)
Low-fidelity prototyping	243	(2)
High-fidelity prototyping	245	(1)
Compromises in prototyping	246	(2)
Construction: from design to implementation	248	(1)
Conceptual design: moving from requirements to first design	249	(15)
Three perspectives for developing a conceptual model	250	(7)
Expanding the conceptual model	257	(2)
Using scenarios in conceptual design	259	(3)
Using prototypes in conceptual design	262	(2)
Physical design: getting concrete	264	(11)
Guidelines for physical design	266	(2)
Different kinds of widget	268	(7)
Tool support	275	(4)
User-centered approaches to interaction design	279	(38)
Introduction	279	(1)
Why is it important to involve users at all?	280	(5)
Degrees of involvement	281	(4)
What is a user-centered approach?	285	(3)
Understanding users' work: applying ethnography in design	288	(18)
Coherence	293	(2)
Contextual Design	295	(11)
Involving users in design: Participatory Design	306	(7)
PICTIVE	307	(2)
CARD	309	(4)
Interview with Karen Holtzblatt	313	(4)
Introducing evaluation	317	(22)
Introduction	317	(1)
What, why, and when to evaluate	318	(6)
What to evaluate	318	(1)
Why you need to evaluate	319	(4)
When to evaluate	323	(1)
Hutch World case study	324	(12)
How the team got started: early design ideas	324	(3)
How was the testing done?	327	(6)
Was it tested again?	333	(1)
Looking to the future	334	(2)
Discussion	336	(3)
An evaluation framework	339	(20)
Introduction	339	(1)
Evaluation paradigms and techniques	340	(8)
Evaluation paradigms	341	(4)
Techniques	345	(3)
Decide: A framework to guide evaluation	348	(8)
Determine the goals	348	(1)
Explore the questions	349	(1)
Choose the evaluation paradigm and techniques	349	(1)
Identify the practical issues	350	(1)
Decide how to deal with the ethical issues	351	(4)
Evaluate, interpret, and present the data	355	(1)
Pilot studies	356	(3)
Observing users	359	(30)
Introduction	359	(1)
Goals, questions and paradigms	360	(4)
What and when to observe	361	(2)
Approaches to observation	363	(1)
How to observe	364	(9)
In controlled environments	365	(3)
In the field	368	(2)
Participant observation and ethnography	370	(3)
Data collection	373	(4)
Notes plus still camera	374	(1)
Audio recording plus still camera	374	(1)
Video	374	(3)
Indirect observation: tracking users' activities	377	(2)
Diaries	377	(1)
Interaction logging	377	(2)
Analyzing, interpreting and presenting data	379	(8)
Qualitative analysis to tell a story	380	(1)
Qualitative analysis for categorization	381	(3)
Quantitative data analysis	384	(1)
Feeding the findings back into design	384	(3)
Interview with Sara Bly	387	(2)
Asking users and experts	389	(40)
Introduction	389	(1)
Aking users: interviews	390	(8)
Developing questions and planning an interview	390	(2)
Unstructured interviews	392	(2)
Structured interviews	394	(1)
Semi-structured interviews	394	(2)
Group interviews	396	(1)
Other sources of interview-like feedback	397	(1)
Data analysis and interpretation	398	(1)
Asking users: Questionnaires	398	(9)
Designing questionnaires	398	(2)
Question and response format	400	(4)
Administering questionnaires	404	(1)
Online questionnaires	405	(2)
Analyzing questionnaire data	407	(1)
Asking experts: Inspections	407	(13)
Heuristic evaluation	408	(2)
Doing heuristic evaluation	410	(2)
Heuristic evaluation of websites	412	(7)
Heuristics for other devices	419	(1)
Asking experts: walkthroughs	420	(6)
Cognitive walkthroughs	420	(3)
Pluralistic walkthroughs	423	(3)
Interview with Jakob Nielsen	426	(3)
Testing and modeling users	429	(32)
Introduction	429	(1)
User testing	430	(8)
Testing MEDLINEplus	432	(6)
Doing user testing	438	(5)
Determine the goals and explore the questions	439	(1)
Choose the paradigm and techniques	439	(1)
Identify the practical issues: Design typical tasks	439	(1)
Identify the practical issues: Select typical users	440	(1)
Identify the practical issues: Prepare the testing conditions	441	(1)
Identify the practical issues: Plan how to run the tests	442	(1)
Deal with ethical issues	443	(1)
Evaluate, analyze, and present the data	443	(1)
Experiments	443	(5)
Variables and conditions	444	(1)
Allocation of participants to conditions	445	(1)
Other practical issues	446	(1)
Data collection and analysis	446	(2)
Predictive models	448	(9)
The GOMS model	449	(1)
The Keystroke level model	450	(3)
Benefits and limitations of GOMS	453	(1)
Fitts' Law	454	(3)
Interview with Ben Shneiderman	457	(4)
Design and evaluation in the real world: communicators and advisory systems	461	(30)
Introduction	461	(1)
Key Issues	462	(1)
Designing mobile communicators	463	(19)
Background	463	(1)
Nokia's approach to developing a communicator	464	(10)
Philip's approach to designing a communicator for children	474	(8)
Redesigning part of a large interactive phone-based response system	482	(9)
Background	483	(1)
The redesign	483	(8)
Reflections from the Authors	491	(2)
References	493	(10)
Credits	503	(6)
Index	509