Introducing Cultural Anthropology

by LENKEIT

• ISBN13: 9780073107738
• ISBN10: 0073107735
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-05-12
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages

Summary

This shorter, but comprehensive and academically sound, anchor text is an approachable, full-color introduction to cultural anthropology. This edition continues to give students the opportunity to explore anthropology's relevance to their own lives through stories, examples, and new, unique chapter-opening vignettes. The rich visual program allows professors to assign outside reading without sacrificing visual appeal in a concise text. A relaxed writing style offers students an accessible text, which is to-the-point and well-organized yet academically solid. Unique "Try This" pedagogy asks students to think critically and apply anthropological concepts, perspectives and methods, and the "Anthropology Around Us" boxes focus on the application of anthropological concepts featured in each chapter. An appendix on "How to Read Ethnography" gives students practical steps for getting the most out of reading and comparing ethnographies.

Table of Contents

To the Instructor	xx
To the Student	xviii
PART ONE BASIC CONCEPTS AND METHODS IN ANTHROPOLOGY	1	(92)
Anthropology: What Are Its Subfields and Perspectives?	2	(22)
What Anthropologists Study	4	(1)
The Subfields of Anthropology	4	(8)
Cultural Anthropology	5	(1)
Archaeology	6	(4)
Linguistics	10	(1)
Biological Anthropology	11	(1)
How Anthropology Is Unique	12	(7)
Anthropology Is Holistic	12	(1)
Anthropologists Do Fieldwork	13	(1)
Anthropology Around Us Forensic Anthropology in the News	14	(2)
Anthropologists Focus on the Comparative Method	16	(1)
Anthropologists Use the Perspective of Cultural Relativism	17	(1)
Should There Be Any Universal Values?	18	(1)
The Scientific Approach in Anthropology	19	(2)
Postmodernism in Anthropology	21	(1)
Summary	22	(1)
Study Questions	22	(1)
Suggested Readings	22	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	23	(1)
Culture: What Makes Us Strangers When We Are Away from Home?	24	(24)
Defining Culture	26	(10)
Components of Culture	28	(2)
Cultural Processes	30	(2)
Blueprints	32	(1)
Additional Features of Culture	32	(4)
Ideal Culture and Real Culture	36	(1)
Anthropology Around Us Cute Protein	37	(1)
Subcultures and Ethnic Groups	37	(1)
Subcultures	37	(1)
Ethnic Groups	38	(1)
Race	38	(5)
Human Biological Variation: Clines and Plasticity	39	(4)
Race as a Social Construct	43	(1)
Culture in the Subfields of Anthropology	43	(2)
Challenges to the Culture Concept	45	(1)
Summary	46	(1)
Study Questions	46	(1)
Suggested Readings	47	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	47	(1)
Fieldwork: How Are Data Gathered?	48	(24)
Preparing for the Field	50	(3)
Ethics	50	(1)
Theoretical Models	51	(1)
Approaches to Ethnography	51	(1)
Research Proposals, Funding, and Budgets	52	(1)
Anthropology Around Us Ethnography in the Workplace	53	(1)
Entering the Native Community and Adapting	53	(8)
Adapting Physically and Psychologically	54	(6)
Establishing Rapport	60	(1)
Gathering Data	61	(8)
Role of the Fieldworker	62	(1)
Sampling Methods	63	(1)
Problems with Sampling	64	(1)
Use of Informants	64	(2)
Interview Methods	66	(1)
Genealogical Method	67	(1)
Life Histories	67	(1)
Photography	67	(2)
Analyzing Data and Preparing a Report	69	(1)
Summary	70	(1)
Study Questions	70	(1)
Suggested Readings	71	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	71	(1)
Language: Is This What Makes Us Human?	72	(21)
The Study of Language	74	(8)
Descriptive Linguistics	74	(3)
Historical Linguistics	77	(1)
Language and Culture	77	(4)
The Complexity of Languages	81	(1)
Anthropology Around Us Language and Gender	82	(1)
Human Versus Nonhuman Systems of Communication	82	(2)
Silent Language as Part of Symbolic Communication	84	(6)
Kinesics	86	(1)
Proxemics	87	(1)
Cultural Time	88	(1)
Words	88	(2)
Silence	90	(1)
Material Culture	90	(1)
Summary	90	(1)
Study Questions	91	(1)
Suggested Readings	91	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	91	(2)
PART TWO CROSS-CULTURAL ADAPTIVE PATTERNS	93	(196)
Subsistence Strategies and Resource Allocation I: What Challenges Face Foragers?	94	(24)
An Evolutionary-Ecological Paradigm	96	(5)
The Evolutionary Model	96	(3)
The Ecological Model	99	(1)
The Evolutionary-Ecological Model	100	(1)
Economics and the Model	100	(1)
Technology as an Element in Production Strategies	101	(4)
Anthropology Around Us Edible Insects	104	(1)
Foraging as a Subsistence Strategy	105	(11)
The Foraging Spectrum	105	(2)
Features Associated with Foraging Lifeways	107	(8)
Foraging Societies Today	115	(1)
Summary	116	(1)
Study Questions	116	(1)
Suggested Readings	117	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	117	(1)
Subsistence Strategies and Resource Allocation II: How Did Food Production Transform Culture?	118	(22)
The Evolutionary-Ecological Model Continued	120	(1)
Horticulture as a Subsistence Strategy	120	(7)
Features Associated with Horticultural Lifeways	121	(6)
Pastoralism as a Subsistence Strategy	127	(4)
Features Associated with Pastoral Lifeways	128	(2)
Horticulturalists and Pastoralists Today	130	(1)
Agriculture as a Subsistence Strategy	131	(7)
Features Associated with Intensive Agricultural Lifeways	132	(5)
Anthropology Around Us Is Slow Food Making a Fast Comeback?	137	(1)
Summary	138	(1)
Study Questions	138	(1)
Suggested Readings	139	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	139	(1)
Marriage, Family, and Residence: What Are the Possibilities?	140	(28)
Diagramming Kinship	142	(1)
Marriage Rules	143	(4)
Exogamy and Endogamy	143	(2)
The Levirate and the Sororate	145	(1)
Anthropology Around Us Outdated Traditions?	146	(1)
Marriage Forms and Functions	147	(6)
Monogamy	148	(1)
Polygamy	148	(4)
Sister Exchange Marriage	152	(1)
Mate Choice and Marriage Finance	153	(2)
Mate Choice	153	(1)
Marriage Finance	154	(1)
Family	155	(6)
Traditional Family Forms	156	(4)
Family Forms in Industrialized Societies	160	(1)
Residence Patterns	161	(4)
Summary	165	(1)
Study Questions	165	(1)
Suggested Readings	165	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	166	(2)
Kinship and Descent: Are These the Ties That Bind?	168	(22)
Functions of Kinship Systems	170	(1)
Ideal Versus Real Patterns of Kinship	171	(1)
Descent Groups	172	(9)
Unilineal Descent Groups	172	(4)
Nonunilineal Descent Groups	176	(2)
Other Descent Groups	178	(1)
Associations Based on Descent	178	(2)
Voluntary Association Groups	180	(1)
Parallel-Cousins and Cross-Cousins Revisited	181	(2)
Terminological Systems	183	(5)
The Inuit Terminology System	183	(1)
The Iroquois Terminology System	184	(1)
Anthropology Around Us North American Kin Term Variations	185	(2)
The Hawaiian Terminology System	187	(1)
Other Systems	187	(1)
Summary	188	(1)
Study Questions	188	(1)
Suggested Readings	188	(2)
Suggested Web Sites	190	(1)
Gender and Sexuality: Nature or Nurture?	190	(24)
Margaret Mead and Early Gender Studies	192	(1)
Sex and Gender	193	(4)
Cultures with More Than Two Genders	197	(3)
Factors Affecting Gender Roles	200	(5)
Kinship	201	(1)
Economic Resources	201	(3)
Ideology	204	(1)
Perspectives on Human Sexual Behavior	205	(2)
Sexual Attraction and Behavior	207	(1)
Sexual Prohibitions	208	(1)
Sexual Orientation	209	(3)
Anthropology Around Us Does Gender Affect Attitudes About Circumcision?	211	(1)
Summary	212	(1)
Study Questions	212	(1)
Suggested Readings	212	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	213	(1)
Political Order, Disorder, and Social Control: Who Decides?	214	(24)
Politics	216	(1)
Power and Authority	217	(1)
Forms of Political Organization and Leadership	217	(10)
Anthropology Around Us Who Has the Power?	218	(1)
Band Societies	219	(1)
Tribal Societies	220	(5)
Chiefdom Societies	225	(1)
State Societies	226	(1)
Rank and Stratification	227	(2)
Disorder and Social Control	229	(5)
Informal Means of Social Control	231	(2)
Formal Means of Social Control	233	(1)
External Relations: War and Peace	234	(1)
Summary	235	(1)
Study Questions	235	(1)
Suggested Readings	236	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	236	(2)
Belief Systems: How Do We Explain the Unexplainable?	238	(28)
Definitions of the Supernatural	240	(1)
Why People Develop Belief Systems	241	(5)
Cohesion and Support	241	(1)
Education and Discipline	242	(1)
Revitalization and Euphoria	243	(2)
Ecology	245	(1)
Explanation	245	(1)
Types of Beliefs	246	(12)
Supernatural Beings	246	(4)
Supernatural Forces	250	(3)
Supernatural Practices and Practitioners	253	(5)
Ritual	258	(3)
Anthropology Around Us Thanksgiving as a Rite of Intensification	259	(2)
Revitalization Movements	261	(2)
Summary	263	(1)
Study Questions	264	(1)
Suggested Readings	264	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	264	(2)
Expressions: Is This Art?	266	(23)
Parameters of Human Expression	268	(1)
Expressive Beginnings: Art in the Upper Paleolithic Period	269	(5)
Why Do Artists Create Art?	274	(2)
Art for Art's Sake	274	(1)
Imitative Magic	275	(1)
Cave Art as a Backdrop for Ceremonies	275	(1)
Art as Symbol	276	(1)
Decorative Arts	276	(7)
Carving	277	(2)
Textiles	279	(4)
Anthropology Around Us Storytelling Festivals	283	(1)
Musical Arts	283	(2)
Expressive Beginnings	283	(1)
Ethnomusicology	284	(1)
Summary	285	(1)
Study Questions	286	(1)
Suggested Readings	286	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	287	(2)
PART THREE APPLYING THE ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE	289
Culture Change and Globalization: What Have We Learned?	290	(26)
How Cultures Change	292	(1)
How Change Is Studied	293	(1)
Culture Change: A Brief Historical Overview	293	(4)
Lessons Learned from Directed-Change Programs	297	(3)
Cultural Barriers to Change	297	(2)
Social and Psychological Barriers to Change	299	(1)
Stimulants to Change	299	(1)
Human Problems in Change	300	(4)
A Case Study of Hybrid Corn	300	(2)
A Case Study of Economic Change Among Pastoralists	302	(2)
Anthropology and Globalization	304	(6)
Globalization, Tourism, and the Spread of Capitalism	306	(3)
Technology, Mass Communication, and Transportation	309	(1)
Urban Settings and Change	310	(3)
Anthropology Around Us Mother's Milk	312	(1)
Summary	313	(1)
Study Questions	313	(1)
Suggested Readings	313	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	314	(2)
Applying Anthropology: How Does It Make a Difference?	316
What Is Applied Anthropology?	318	(1)
Useful Concepts in Applied Anthropology	318	(1)
Anthropology in Business	319	(4)
A Case Study of Anthropology in Business	321	(2)
Anthropology in Health Care	323	(5)
Anthropology Around Us Folk Illness and Medical Anthropology	324	(1)
A Case Study of Anthropology in Health Care	325	(3)
Anthropology in Economic Development	328	(3)
A Case Study of Reforestation in Haiti	328	(3)
Anthropology and You---On the Job and in the Community	331	(1)
Summary	331	(1)
Study Questions	332	(1)
Suggested Readings	332	(1)
Suggested Web Sites	333
Appendix A How Do You Read an Ethnography?	1	(5)
Appendix B How Do You Make String Figures?	6
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Index	1