Introducing Public Administration

by Shafritz, Jay M.; Russell, E.W.; Borick, Christopher

• ISBN13: 9780321439437
• ISBN10: 0321439430
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

This updated text provides students with a solid conceptual foundation in public administration and contains the latest information on trENDs in the discipline. To further engage students and deepen interest in its narrative, the text uses unique chapter-opening vignettes called "Keynotes," chapter ENDing case studies and a boxed reading program with real-life excerpts and quotes.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Defining Public Administration	1	(36)
Keynote: Go Tell the Spartans	1	(5)
The Definitions of Public Administration	6	(22)
Political Definitions of Public Administration	7	(6)
Legal Definitions of Public Administration	13	(6)
Managerial Definitions of Public Administration	19	(4)
Occupational Definitions of Public Administration	23	(5)
The Evolution of Public Administration	28	(5)
The Core Content	29	(2)
It's an Adventure!	31	(1)
A Case Study: How a President Undeservedly Received Credit for Founding a Discipline	32	(1)
Summary	33	(1)
Review Questions	34	(1)
Key Concepts	34	(1)
Bibliography	35	(1)
Recommended Books	35	(1)
Related Web Sites	36	(1)
The Political and Cultural Environment of Public Policy and Its Administration	37	(46)
Keynote: Who Decides If the United States Should Wage War?	37	(4)
What Is Public Policy?	41	(7)
Public Policymaking in a Republic	42	(3)
Executive Powers	45	(3)
The Policymaking Process	48	(12)
Agenda Setting	50	(2)
Decision Making	52	(2)
A Single Calculating Decision Maker---Not!	54	(1)
Implementation	55	(4)
Evaluation	59	(1)
Power---The External Perspective	60	(7)
Pluralism	61	(2)
Group Theory	63	(4)
Power---The Internal Perspective	67	(4)
Organizational Goals	68	(1)
Internal Power Relationships	69	(2)
The Cultures of Public Organizations	71	(9)
The Outside Cultural Environment	71	(2)
The Inside Cultural Environment	73	(2)
Professional Socialization	75	(1)
Symbolic Management	76	(1)
A Case Study: Were the Space Shuttle Astronauts Killed by Fog?	77	(3)
Summary	80	(1)
Review Questions	80	(1)
Key Concepts	80	(1)
Bibliography	81	(1)
Recommended Books	82	(1)
Related Web Sites	82	(1)
The Continuous Reinventing of the Machinery of Government	83	(48)
Keynote: The New Feudalism	83	(3)
What Is the Machinery of Government?	86	(2)
Fine-Tuning the Machinery	86	(1)
The Rise and Fall of Governmental Machinery	87	(1)
The Administrative Architecture of the U.S. Government	88	(7)
Executive Branch Machinery	90	(5)
State and Local Government Machinery	95	(9)
State Government	96	(1)
County Government	97	(1)
Municipal Government	98	(1)
Towns and Special Districts	99	(1)
Local Management Machinery	100	(1)
Metropolitan Government	101	(1)
Continuous State and Local Reform	102	(2)
Reforming the National Machinery of Government	104	(12)
The Brownlow Committee	106	(2)
The Hoover Commissions	108	(1)
The Ash Council	109	(1)
The President's Private Sector Survey on Cost Control	109	(1)
Reinventing Government	110	(2)
The Gore Report	112	(1)
The End of Reinvention	113	(1)
The Micromanagers	114	(2)
The Pressure for Privatization	116	(11)
Strategies for Privatization	117	(1)
Privatization in the Military	118	(2)
The Nonprofit Gambit	120	(2)
Voluntarism and Philanthropy	122	(3)
A Case Study: The Revolution in the British Machinery of Government 1979-2005	125	(2)
Summary	127	(1)
Review Questions	128	(1)
Key Concepts	128	(1)
Bibliography	129	(1)
Recommended Books	130	(1)
Related Web Sites	130	(1)
Intergovernmental Relations	131	(43)
Keynote: The Age of Devolution	132	(4)
The Evolution of Federal Systems	136	(3)
Alliances and Confederations	137	(1)
Defining Intergovernmental Relations	137	(2)
The Fundamental Settlement	139	(2)
The Constitution	139	(1)
The European Union	140	(1)
The American Federal System	141	(3)
Three Categories of Governments	142	(2)
The Structure of Intergovernmental Relations	144	(3)
The Effects of Pluralism	145	(1)
The Marble-Cake Metaphor	146	(1)
Dynamic Federalism	147	(4)
Dual Federalism	147	(1)
Cooperative Federalism	148	(1)
Creative Federalism	149	(1)
New Federalism	150	(1)
New New Federalism	150	(1)
Intergovernmental Management	151	(7)
Picket Fence Federalism	153	(1)
Councils of Government and Intergovernmental Agreements	153	(1)
Mandate Mania	154	(2)
Mandates and the War on Terrorism	156	(2)
The Transformation of Governance	158	(1)
Fiscal Federalism---Following the Money	158	(7)
The Theory of Fiscal Federalism	159	(3)
Grant Programs	162	(2)
From Contractive to Coercive Federalism	164	(1)
The Devolution Revolution	165	(5)
The Public Choice Solution	166	(1)
The Race to the Bottom	167
Two Case Studies: How Intergovernmental Management Became Intergovernmental Chaos: The Cases of United Flight	93	(75)
And Hurricane Katrina	168	(2)
Summary	170	(1)
Review Questions	171	(1)
Key Concepts	171	(1)
Bibliography	172	(1)
Recommended Books	173	(1)
Related Web Sites	173	(1)
Honor, Ethics, and Accountability	174	(41)
Keynote: Niccolo Machiavelli, the Preeminent Public Administration Ethicist	175	(3)
The Origins and Nature of Honor	178	(5)
National Honor	179	(1)
Why Honor Precedes Ethics	180	(1)
Dimensions of Honor	180	(2)
Regime Values	182	(1)
Corruption in Government	183	(3)
Bribery	183	(1)
Watergate	184	(2)
Lying for Your Country	186	(5)
The Dirty Hands Dilemma	188	(1)
Lying About Sex	189	(2)
Hierarchy of Ethics	191	(3)
The Four Levels of Ethics	192	(1)
The Iran-Contra Affair	192	(1)
The Higher Law Defense	193	(1)
Codes of Honor, Conduct, and Ethics	194	(4)
The New Face of Dueling	194	(1)
Honorable Behavior	195	(1)
Was ``Deep Throat's'' Behavior Honorable?	196	(1)
Standards of Conduct	197	(1)
The Challenge of Accountability	198	(6)
Constitutional and Legal Constraints	200	(1)
Obsessive Accountability	201	(2)
Avoiding Accountability	203	(1)
Legislative Oversight	204	(6)
Hearings	204	(2)
Casework	206	(1)
A Case Study: The Blood on Robert McNamara's Hands--- and Conscience	207	(3)
Summary	210	(1)
Review Questions	211	(1)
Key Concepts	211	(1)
Bibliography	212	(1)
Recommended Books	213	(1)
Related Web Sites	214	(1)
The Evolution of Management and Organization Theory	215	(44)
Keynote: Moses Meets the First Management Consultant	216	(2)
The Origins of Public Management	218	(5)
The Continuing Influence of Ancient Rome	220	(2)
The Military Heritage of Public Administration	222	(1)
The Evolution of Management Principles	223	(4)
Comparing Military and Civilian Principles	223	(3)
The Principles Approach	226	(1)
What Is Organization Theory?	227	(5)
Classical Organization Theory	228	(1)
Adam Smith and the Pin Factory	229	(3)
The Origins of Scientific Management	232	(6)
The Staff Concept	232	(1)
The Influence of Frederick W. Taylor	233	(5)
Fayol's General Theory of Management	238	(1)
The Period of Orthodoxy	238	(3)
Paul Appleby's Polemic	239	(1)
Luther Gulick's POSDCORB	240	(1)
The Many Meanings of Bureaucracy	241	(3)
All Government Offices	241	(1)
All Public Officials	242	(1)
A General Invective	242	(1)
Max Weber's Structural Arrangements	242	(2)
Neoclassical Organization Theory	244	(3)
Herbert A. Simon's Influence	245	(1)
The Impact of Sociology	245	(2)
``Modern'' Structural Organization Theory	247	(1)
Basic Assumptions	247	(1)
Mechanistic and Organic Systems	247	(1)
Systems Theory	248	(6)
Cybernetics	249	(1)
The Learning Organization	250	(1)
Complex Adaptive Systems	251	(1)
A Case Study: The Critical Importance of Administrative Doctrine	251	(3)
Summary	254	(1)
Review Questions	255	(1)
Key Concepts	256	(1)
Bibliography	256	(1)
Recommended Books	257	(1)
Related Web Sites	258	(1)
Organizational Behavior	259	(46)
Keynote: Organization Development in Hollywood: From The Sands of Iwo Jima to G.I. Jane	259	(5)
Organizational Behavior	264	(10)
Group Dynamics	266	(3)
Organization Development	269	(4)
The Impact of Personality	273	(1)
The Impact of Bureaucratic Structure on Behavior	274	(8)
Burceaucratic Dysfunctions	275	(1)
Bureaucratic Impersonality	276	(2)
Bureaucrat Bashing	278	(3)
The Case for Bureaucracy	281	(1)
Motivation	282	(7)
The Hawthorne Experiments	282	(1)
The Needs Hierarchy	283	(1)
The Motivation-Hygiene Theory	284	(1)
Toward a Democratic Environment	285	(1)
Theory X and Theory Y	286	(3)
The Future of Organizations	289	(11)
Postbureaucratic Organizations	289	(2)
Postmodernism	291	(1)
The Problem of Technocracy	292	(1)
The Core Themes of Postmodernism	293	(1)
Postmodern Public Administration	294	(1)
A Feminist Perspective	295	(3)
A Case Study: The Dangers of Groupthink from Pearl Harbor to the War in Iraq	298	(2)
Summary	300	(1)
Review Questions	301	(1)
Key Concepts	301	(1)
Bibliography	302	(1)
Recommended Books	303	(1)
Related Web Sites	304	(1)
Managerialism and Performance Management	305	(33)
Keynote: Socrates Discovers Universal Management	305	(4)
Managerialism	309	(3)
A New Managerial Revolution	310	(1)
Policy Entrepreneurs	311	(1)
Reengineering	312	(2)
Radical as Opposed to Incremental Change	312	(1)
Becoming a Reengineer	313	(1)
Empowerment	314	(2)
Empowering Teams	315	(1)
Entrepreneurialism	316	(5)
Toward a Competitive Public Administration	318	(1)
The New Public Management	319	(2)
What Is Performance Management?	321	(3)
The Politics of Performance Management	323	(1)
Management Control	324	(1)
Productivity Improvement	324	(10)
Productivity Measurement	325	(1)
Barriers to Productivity Improvement	326	(1)
Total Quality Management	327	(2)
It's the Customer, Stupid!	329	(2)
A Case Study: From E-Commerce to E-Government	331	(3)
Summary	334	(1)
Review Questions	334	(1)
Key Concepts	335	(1)
Bibliography	335	(2)
Recommended Books	337	(1)
Related Web Sites	337	(1)
Strategic Management in the Public Sector	338	(31)
Keynote: When Short-Term Leaders Do Long-Term Planning	338	(3)
What Is Strategic Management?	341	(9)
Objectives	342	(3)
The Planning Horizon	345	(2)
Capabilities	347	(2)
Game Theory	349	(1)
Four Strategic Factors	350	(7)
The Public-Private Paradox	351	(3)
The Importance of Being Close to the Center	354	(1)
Organizational Language and Culture	355	(1)
Organizational Place	356	(1)
Strategic Management Tools	357	(8)
Best Practices	358	(1)
Benchmarking	359	(1)
Management Scorecards	360	(2)
A Case Study: How Military General Staffs Became the First Strategic Think Tanks	362	(3)
Summary	365	(1)
Review Questions	366	(1)
Key Concepts	366	(1)
Bibliography	367	(1)
Recommended Books	367	(1)
Related Web Sites	368	(1)
Leadership	369	(27)
Keynote: The Hedgehog, the Fox or Henry V	369	(3)
Leading for Performance	372	(13)
Defining Leadership	373	(1)
Leadership and Management	374	(1)
Trait Theories	375	(2)
Transactional Approaches	377	(3)
Contingency Approaches	380	(1)
Transformational Leadership	381	(2)
The Importance of Optimism	383	(2)
Too Much Leadership	385	(2)
Micromanagement	386	(1)
Overmanagement	387	(1)
Moral Leadership	387	(5)
The Bully Pulpit	387	(1)
Rhetorical Leadership	387	(2)
A Case Study: Transforming the Postal Service	389	(3)
Summary	392	(1)
Review Questions	392	(1)
Key Concepts	393	(1)
Bibliography	393	(1)
Recommended Books	394	(1)
Related Web Sites	395	(1)
Personnel Management and Labor Relations	396	(46)
Keynote: The Adventures of a Young Man as a Personnel Technician	396	(6)
The Personnel Function	402	(10)
Recruitment	403	(1)
Merit Selection	404	(2)
Position Classification and Pay	406	(2)
Performance Appraisal	408	(1)
Training	409	(2)
Management Development	411	(1)
The Bittersweet Heritage of Civil Service Reform	412	(12)
The Netherworld of Public Personnel Administration	413	(2)
From Spoils to Merit	415	(1)
The Pendleton Act	416	(1)
State and Local Reform	417	(1)
The Rise and Fall of the Civil Service Commission	418	(2)
The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978	420	(1)
Reinventing Public Personnel Administration	421	(2)
Privatizing Public Personnel	423	(1)
Patronage Appointments	424	(4)
The Constitutionality of Patronage	426	(1)
Veterans Preference	426	(1)
Patronage Gone Bad	427	(1)
Public Sector Labor Relations	428	(10)
The AFL-CIO	429	(1)
Administrative Agencies	429	(2)
Collective Bargaining	431	(2)
Impasse Resolution	433	(1)
Strikes	434	(1)
Why Strikes Occur	435	(2)
A Case Study: The Air Traffic Controllers Strike	437	(1)
Summary	438	(1)
Review Questions	439	(1)
Key Concepts	439	(1)
Bibliography	440	(1)
Recommended Books	441	(1)
Related Web Sites	441	(1)
Social Equity	442	(38)
Keynote: Three Thousand Years of Sexual Harassment	442	(2)
What Is Social Equity?	444	(3)
Mandating Social Equity	445	(1)
The New Public Administration	446	(1)
The Challenge of Equality	447	(6)
Racism	447	(1)
The Bitter Heritage of Slavery	448	(2)
From Reconstruction to Second Reconstruction	450	(1)
An Administrative Fix for Racism	451	(2)
Equal Employment Opportunity	453	(10)
Origins of Affirmative Action	453	(2)
The Case for Affirmative Action	455	(1)
The Case Against Affirmative Action	456	(1)
Representative Bureaucracy	457	(1)
Reverse Discrimination	458	(3)
Justifying Diversity	461	(1)
The Ongoing Role of Race in Public Administration	462	(1)
Nonracial Discrimination	463	(13)
Sex Discrimination	463	(1)
Sexual Harassment	464	(3)
Pregnancy Discrimination	467	(1)
Gender Discrimination and Education	467	(1)
Age Discrimination	468	(1)
Disabilities Discrimination	468	(2)
Sexual Orientation Discrimination	470	(1)
A Case Study: Social Equity Through Social Insurance	471	(5)
Summary	476	(1)
Review Questions	476	(1)
Key Concepts	476	(1)
Bibliography	477	(1)
Recommended Books	478	(1)
Related Web Sites	479	(1)
Public Financial Management	480	(42)
Keynote: Take Me Out to the Ball Game and You Buy the Ticket: Public Stadium Financing	481	(2)
The Importance of Public Financial Management	483	(3)
Six Principles	484	(1)
Balanced Budgets	485	(1)
The Fiscal Year	486	(1)
Budgeting Theory and Practice	486	(5)
The Taft Commission	487	(2)
The Influence of Keynes	489	(1)
The Objectives of Budgeting	490	(1)
The Two Types of Budgets	491	(1)
Waves of Innovation in Budget Making	491	(7)
The Executive Budget	492	(1)
Line-Item Budgeting	493	(1)
Performance Budgeting	493	(1)
Program Budgeting Versus Incrementalism	494	(3)
Zero-Based Budgeting	497	(1)
Contemporary Budget Reform	498	(2)
Integrated Budgets	498	(1)
Multiyear Budgets	499	(1)
Financing Public Expenditure	500	(7)
Taxation	502	(1)
The Ability-to-Pay Principle	503	(2)
The Flat Tax	505	(1)
User Charges	506	(1)
Grants	507	(1)
The Problem of Debt	507	(4)
Abuse of Public Debt	508	(1)
Municipal Bonds	508	(1)
The Rating Agencies	509	(1)
Bonds, Debt, and Emergency Recovery	510	(1)
Economic Policy	511	(6)
Monetary Policy	512	(1)
Fiscal Policy	513	(1)
A Case Study: Social Security Reform	514	(3)
Summary	517	(1)
Review Questions	518	(1)
Key Concepts	519	(1)
Bibliography	519	(1)
Recommended Books	520	(1)
Related Web Sites	521	(1)
Program Audit and Evaluation	522	(30)
Keynote: Captain Bligh's Program Evaluation of the Mutiny on the Bounty	522	(7)
What Is an Audit?	529	(5)
Multiple Applications	530	(1)
History of Auditing	531	(3)
Types of Audit	534	(4)
Compliance Audit	534	(2)
Performance Audit	536	(1)
Internal Audit	537	(1)
Program Evaluation	538	(10)
Policy Analysis Is Not Program Evaluation	538	(2)
Legislative Program Evaluation	540	(1)
Types of Evaluation	541	(1)
Evaluation Standards	542	(2)
Management Control: Evaluation in Microcosm	544	(1)
Evaluation and the Democratic Process	545	(1)
A Case Study: Jeremy Bentham, the Philosopher of Policy Analysis and Program Evaluation	546	(2)
Summary	548	(1)
Review Questions	549	(1)
Key Concepts	549	(1)
Bibliography	550	(1)
Recommended Books	550	(1)
Related Web Sites	551	(1)
Glossary	552	(7)
Appendix: Additional Sources	559	(1)
Index	560