Introduction to Cmos Op-Amps and Comparators

by Gregorian, Roubik

• ISBN13: 9780471317784
• ISBN10: 0471317780
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-02-26
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

A step-by-step guide to the design and analysis of CMOS operational amplifiers and comparators This volume is a comprehensive text that offers a detailed treatment of the analysis and design principles of two of the most important components of analog metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) circuits, namely operational amplifiers (op-amps) and comparators. The book covers the physical operation of these components, their design procedures, and applications to analog MOS circuits-particularly those involving switched-capacitor circuits, and analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters. Roubik Gregorian, a leading authority in the field, gives circuit designers the technical knowledge they need to design high-performance op-amps and comparators suitable for most analog circuit applications. In this self-contained treatment, which is loosely based on his well-received 1986 book, Analog MOS Integrated Circuits for Signal Processing (coauthored with Gabor C. Temes), Gregorian reviews the required basics before advancing to state-of-the-art topics and problem-solving techniques. This valuable guide: * Clearly explains configuration and performance limitation issues affecting the operation of CMOS op-amps and comparators * Details advanced design procedures to improve performance * Provides practical design examples suitable for a broad range of analog circuit applications * Incorporates hundreds of illustrations into the text * Concludes each chapter with problems and references to advanced topics, useful in textbook adoptions Introduction to CMOS Op-Amps and Comparators is invaluable for analog and mixed-signal designers, for senior and graduate students in electrical engineering, and for anyone who would like to keep up with this essential technology.

Author Biography

ROUBIK GREGORIAN is Senior Vice President, Chief Technology Officer, and General Manager for the Communications Division at Exar Corporation in Fremont, California. He is a well-known industry expert who has made many original contributions to analog MOS and switched-capacitor circuits. Dr. Gregorian earned his PhD and MSc in electrical engineering from the University of California at Los Angeles and his BSc in electrical engineering from Tehran University. He has published numerous papers, is the coauthor of Analog MOS Integrated Circuits for Signal Processing, and holds eighteen patents in the area of switched-capacitors and analog MOS circuits.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	ix
1 INTRODUCTION	1	(16)
1.1 Classification of Signal Processing Techniques	1	(5)
1.2 Examples of Applications of Op-Amps and Comparators in Analog MOS Circuits	6	(10)
Problems	16	(1)
References	16	(1)
2 MOS DEVICES AS CIRCUIT ELEMENTS	17	(31)
2.1 Semiconductors	17	(4)
2.2 MOS Transistors	21	(6)
2.3 MOS Transistor Types: Body Effect	27	(3)
2.4 Small-Signal Operation and Equivalent Circuit of MOSFET Transistors	30	(9)
2.5 Weak Inversion	39	(1)
2.6 Impact Ionization	40	(1)
2.7 Noise in MOSFETS	41	(3)
2.8 CMOS Process	44	(1)
Problems	45	(2)
References	47	(1)
3 BASIC ANALOG CMOS SUBCIRCUITS	48	(47)
3.1 Bias Circuits in MOS Technology	48	(7)
3.2 MOS Current Mirrors and Current Sources	55	(8)
3.3 MOS Gain Stages	63	(11)
3.4 MOS Source Followers	74	(3)
3.5 MOS Differential Amplifiers	77	(7)
3.6 Frequency Response of MOS Amplifier Stages	84	(8)
Problems	92	(2)
References	94	(1)
4 CMOS OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS	95	(80)
4.1 Operational Amplifiers	95	(5)
4.2 Single-Stage Operational Amplifiers	100	(6)
4.3 Two-Stage Operational Amplifiers	106	(6)
4.4 Stability and Compensation of CMOS Amplifiers	112	(14)
4.5 Dynamic Range of CMOS Op-Amps	126	(6)
4.6 Frequency Response, Transient Response, and Slew Rate of Compensated CMOS Op-Amps	132	(5)
4.7 Noise Performance of CMOS Op-Amps	137	(3)
4.8 Fully Differential Op-Amps	140	(9)
4.9 CMOS Output Stages	149	(15)
4.10 Op-Amps with Rail-to-Rail Input Common-Mode Range	164	(6)
Problems	170	(3)
References	173	(2)
5 COMPARATORS	175	(39)
5.1 Circuit Modeling of a Comparator	175	(2)
5.2 Single-Ended Auto-Zeroing Comparators	177	(5)
5.3 Differential Comparators	182	(10)
5.4 Regenerative Comparators (Schmitt Triggers)	192	(6)
5.5 Fully Differential Comparators	198	(7)
5.6 Latches	205	(7)
Problems	212	(1)
References	213	(1)
6 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTERS	214	(41)
6.1 Digital-to-Analog Conversion: Basic Principles	214	(4)
6.2 Voltage-Mode D/A Converter Stages	218	(13)
6.3 Charge-Mode D/A Converter Stages	231	(3)
6.4 Hybrid D/A Converter Stages	234	(4)
6.5 Current-Mode D/A Converter Stages	238	(6)
6.6 Segmented Current-Mode D/A Converter Stages	244	(8)
Problems	252	(2)
References	254	(1)
7 ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTERS	255	(48)
7.1 Analog-to-Digital Conversion: Basic Principles	255	(8)
7.2 Flash A/D Converters	263	(7)
7.3 Interpolating Flash A/D Converters	270	(3)
7.4 Two-Step A/D Converters	273	(9)
7.5 Successive-Approximation A/D Converters	282	(12)
7.6 Counting and Tracking A/D Converters	294	(1)
7.7 Integrating A/D Converters	295	(5)
Problems	300	(1)
References	301	(2)
8 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND DESIGN EXAMPLES	303	(54)
8.1 Practical Considerations in CMOS Op-Amp Design	303	(13)
8.2 Op-Amp Design Techniques and Examples	316	(33)
8.3 Comparator Design Techniques and Examples	349	(6)
Problems	355	(1)
References	355	(2)
INDEX	357