Introduction to Communication Disorders: A Lifespan Evidence-Based Perspective

by Owens, Robert E.; Metz, Dale Evan; Farinella, Kimberly E.

• ISBN13: 9780205487875
• ISBN10: 0205487874
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Written in an appealing and highly readable manner, Introduction to Communication Disorders: A Lifespan Perspective has provided a multitude of students with a comprehensive introduction to the fields of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
A Journey: From Student to Professional	1	(24)
Helping Others to Help Themselves	2	(2)
The Professionals	4	(8)
Audiologists	4	(1)
Speech-Language Pathologists	5	(4)
Speech, Language, and Hearing Scientists	9	(2)
Related Professions: A Team Approach	11	(1)
Service through the Lifespan	12	(1)
Professional Organizations	13	(3)
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association	13	(2)
Related Professional Associations	15	(1)
Communication Disorders in Historical Perspective	16	(3)
Summary	19	(1)
Reflections	19	(1)
Suggested Readings	19	(1)
Online Resources	20	(1)
Appendix 1.1: American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Code of Ethics	21	(4)
Typical and Disordered Communication	25	(28)
Human Communication	26	(12)
The Social Animal	26	(2)
Means of Communication	28	(10)
Communication through the Lifespan	38	(1)
Communication Impairments	39	(11)
Language Disorders	40	(1)
Speech Disorders	41	(2)
Hearing Disorders	43	(2)
Central Auditory Processing Disorders	45	(1)
How Common Are Communication Disorders?	45	(5)
Summary	50	(1)
Reflections	50	(1)
Suggested Readings	50	(1)
Online Resources	51	(2)
Anatomy and Physiology Related to Speech, Hearing, and Language	53	(12)
The Physiological Subsystems Supporting Speech	54	(4)
The Respiratory System	55	(1)
The Laryngeal System	56	(1)
The Articulatory/Resonating System	57	(1)
The Speech Production Process	58	(3)
Anatomical and Physiological Changes to the Speech Mechanism through the Lifespan	61	(2)
The Respiratory System	62	(1)
The Laryngeal System	62	(1)
The Articulatory/Resonating System	62	(1)
Summary	63	(1)
Reflections	63	(1)
Suggested Readings	63	(1)
Online Resources	63	(2)
Assessment and Intervention	65	(26)
Differences, Dialects, Disorders	66	(3)
A Communication Continuum	66	(1)
Dialects	67	(2)
Disorders	69	(1)
Is There a Problem?	69	(1)
Referrals	69	(1)
Screening	70	(1)
Defining the Problem	70	(10)
Assessment Goals	70	(6)
Assessment Procedures	76	(4)
Intervention with Communication Disorders	80	(8)
Evidence-Based Practice	81	(1)
Objectives of Intervention	81	(1)
Target Selection	82	(1)
Baseline Data	83	(1)
Behavioral Objectives	83	(2)
Clinical Elements	85	(2)
Measuring Effectiveness	87	(1)
Follow-up and Maintenance	87	(1)
Summary	88	(1)
Reflections	88	(1)
Suggested Readings	89	(1)
Online Resources	89	(2)
Childhood Language Impairments	91	(50)
Language Development through the Lifespan	94	(11)
Pre-Language	94	(3)
Toddler Language	97	(2)
Preschool Language	99	(3)
School-Age and Adolescent Language	102	(3)
Adult Language	105	(1)
Associated Disorders and Related Causes	105	(17)
Mental Retardation/Developmental Disabilities	106	(4)
Learning Disabilities	110	(3)
Specific Language Impairment	113	(2)
Autism Spectrum and Pervasive Development Disorders	115	(4)
Brain Injury	119	(1)
Neglect and Abuse	120	(1)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and Drug-Exposed Children	121	(1)
Conclusion	122	(1)
Aspects of Language Affected	122	(1)
Assessment	123	(9)
Referral and Screening	124	(1)
Case History and Interview	125	(1)
Observation	126	(2)
Testing	128	(1)
Sampling	128	(4)
Intervention	132	(6)
Target Selection and Sequence of Training	133	(1)
Intervention Principles	134	(1)
Intervention Procedures	134	(2)
Intervention through the Lifespan	136	(2)
Summary	138	(1)
Reflections	139	(1)
Suggested Readings	139	(1)
Online Resources	139	(2)
Developmental Literacy Impairments	141	(38)
Reading	144	(17)
Phonological Awareness	145	(1)
Comprehension	146	(1)
Reading Development through the Lifespan	147	(3)
Reading Problems through the Lifespan	150	(3)
Assessment of Developmental Reading	153	(4)
Intervention for Developmental Reading Impairment	157	(4)
Writing	161	(15)
Spelling	162	(1)
Writing Development through the Lifespan	162	(3)
Writing Problems through the Lifespan	165	(3)
Assessment of Developmental Writing	168	(1)
Intervention for Developmental Writing Impairment	169	(7)
Summary	176	(1)
Reflections	176	(1)
Suggested Readings	176	(1)
Online Resources	176	(3)
Adult Language Impairments	179	(40)
Language Development through the Lifespan	181	(1)
Use	181	(1)
Content	182	(1)
Form	182	(1)
Aphasia	182	(20)
Concomitant or Accompanying Deficits	184	(2)
Types of Aphasia	186	(5)
Causes of Aphasia	191	(2)
Lifespan Issues	193	(3)
Assessment for Aphasia	196	(3)
Intervention	199	(3)
Conclusion	202	(1)
Right Hemisphere Injury	202	(3)
Characteristics	203	(1)
Assessment	204	(1)
Intervention	205	(1)
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)	205	(6)
Characteristics	206	(2)
Lifespan Issues	208	(2)
Assessment	210	(1)
Intervention	210	(1)
Dementia	211	(5)
Alzheimer's Disease	213	(3)
Summary	216	(1)
Reflections	216	(1)
Suggested Readings	217	(1)
Online Resources	217	(2)
Fluency Disorders	219	(26)
Fluent Speech versus Stuttering	222	(4)
Normal Disfluencies	223	(1)
Stuttered Disfluencies	223	(3)
The Onset and Development of Stuttering through the Lifespan	226	(3)
The Effects of Stuttering through the Lifespan	229	(2)
Theories and Conceptualizations of Stuttering	231	(3)
Organic Theory	231	(1)
Behavioral Theory	232	(1)
Psychological Theory	232	(1)
Current Conceptual Models of Stuttering	233	(1)
Therapeutic Techniques Used with Young Children	234	(3)
The Evaluation of Stuttering	234	(2)
Indirect and Direct Stuttering Intervention	236	(1)
Parental Counseling	237	(1)
Therapeutic Techniques Used with Older Children and Adults Who Stutter	237	(4)
Modifying the Timing of Speech Movements	238	(1)
Modifying the Physical Tension of Speech Movements	239	(1)
Selecting Intervention Techniques	240	(1)
The Effectiveness of Stuttering Intervention through the Lifespan	241	(1)
Efficacy of Intervention with Preschool-Age Children	241	(1)
Efficacy of Therapy with School-Age Children	241	(1)
Efficacy of Intervention with Adolescents and Adults	242	(1)
Summary	242	(1)
Reflections	243	(1)
Suggested Readings	243	(1)
Online Resources	243	(2)
The Voice and Voice Disorders	245	(24)
Changes in Voice Production through the Lifespan	247	(1)
Infancy and Childhood	247	(1)
Adulthood	247	(1)
Advanced Age	248	(1)
Pitch and the Pitch-Changing Mechanism	248	(2)
Vocal Intensity and the Intensity-Changing Mechanism	250	(1)
Disorders of Voice	251	(12)
Disorders of Vocal Pitch	252	(1)
Disorders of Vocal Loudness	252	(1)
Disorders of Vocal Quality	252	(1)
Nonphonatory Vocal Disorders	253	(2)
Voice Disorders Associated with Vocal Misuse or Abuse	255	(3)
Voice Disorders Associated with Medical or Physical Conditions	258	(1)
Voice Disorders Associated with Hypoadduction	259	(1)
Voice Disorders Associated with Hyperadduction	260	(1)
Other Conditions that Affect Voice Production	260	(1)
Voice Disorders Associated with Psychological or Stress Conditions	261	(2)
The Voice Evaluation and Intervention	263	(3)
The Voice Evaluation	263	(1)
Intervention for Voice Disorders Associated with Vocal Misuse or Abuse	263	(1)
Intervention for Voice Disorders Associated with Medical or Physical Conditions	264	(1)
Intervention for Voice Disorders Associated with Psychological or Stress Conditions	265	(1)
Efficacy of Voice Therapy	266	(1)
Summary	266	(1)
Reflections	267	(1)
Suggested Readings	267	(1)
Online Resources	267	(2)
Disorders of Articulation and Phonology	269	(42)
Understanding Speech Sounds	272	(3)
Classification of Consonants by Place and Manner	272	(1)
Classification of Vowels by Tongue and Lip Position and Tension	273	(2)
Distinctive Feature Analysis	275	(1)
Speech Sound Development through the Lifespan	275	(7)
Pre-Speech	275	(3)
Toddler Speech	278	(2)
Preschool Speech	280	(1)
School-Age Speech	280	(1)
Phonology and Articulation	281	(1)
Associated Disorders and Related Causes	282	(9)
Developmental Impairment in Children	282	(2)
Language Impairments	284	(1)
Hearing Impairments	285	(1)
Neuromuscular Disorders	286	(2)
Apraxia of Speech	288	(1)
Cleft Palate	289	(1)
Other Organic Abnormalities	290	(1)
Language and Dialectal Variations	291	(3)
Characteristics of Articulation and Phonology	292	(1)
Lifespan Issues	293	(1)
Assessment	294	(7)
Description of Phonological Status	294	(4)
Prognostic Indicators	298	(3)
Intervention	301	(7)
Target Selection	301	(1)
Intervention Approaches	302	(5)
Generalization and Maintenance	307	(1)
Summary	308	(1)
Reflections	308	(1)
Suggested Readings	308	(1)
Online Resources	309	(2)
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate	311	(32)
Physical Challenges of Clefts through the Lifespan	314	(1)
The Development of the Face and Palate	315	(3)
Facial Development	315	(1)
Development of the Secondary Palate	316	(2)
Cleft Lip and Palate Classification Systems	318	(1)
Clinical Features of Clefts	318	(4)
Cleft of the Lip	319	(1)
Unilateral Cleft of the Lip and Palate	319	(1)
Bilateral Cleft of the Lip and Palate	320	(1)
Submucous Cleft	321	(1)
Etiologies of Clefts	322	(3)
Genetic Disorders	322	(1)
Chromosomal Aberrations	323	(1)
Teratogenically Induced Disorders	324	(1)
Mechanically Induced Abnormalities	324	(1)
Incidence of Clefts	325	(1)
Gender and Racial Differences	325	(1)
The Cleft Palate Team and General Management Issues through the Lifespan	325	(6)
Surgical Management of Clefts	326	(1)
Dental Management of Clefts	327	(2)
Audiological Management of Clefts	329	(1)
Psychosocial Management of Clefts	330	(1)
Communicative Problems Associated with Clefts	331	(9)
Voice Disorders	331	(2)
Resonance Disorders	333	(3)
Articulation Disorders	336	(3)
Language Disorders	339	(1)
Summary	340	(1)
Reflections	341	(1)
Suggested Readings	341	(1)
Online Resources	341	(2)
Neurogenic Speech Disorders	343	(32)
Causes of Neurogenic Speech Disorders	345	(2)
Cerebral Palsy	347	(9)
Types of Cerebral Palsy	347	(3)
Motor Speech Problems Associated with Cerebral Palsy	350	(1)
Etiology	351	(1)
Lifespan Issues	352	(1)
Assessment	353	(2)
Intervention	355	(1)
The Dysarthrias	356	(11)
Types of Dysarthria and Associated Etiologies	357	(7)
Lifespan Issues	364	(1)
Assessment	364	(1)
Intervention	365	(2)
Apraxia of Speech	367	(5)
Etiology	369	(1)
Assessment	370	(1)
Intervention	370	(2)
Summary	372	(1)
Reflections	372	(1)
Suggested Readings	373	(1)
Online Resources	373	(2)
Disorders of Swallowing	375	(30)
Lifespan Perspectives	377	(1)
The Swallowing Process	378	(1)
Anticipatory Phase	378	(1)
Oral Phase	379	(1)
Pharyngeal Phase	379	(1)
Esophageal Phase	379	(1)
Disordered Swallowing	379	(8)
Anticipatory Phase	380	(1)
Oral Phase	380	(1)
Pharyngeal Phase	380	(1)
Esophageal Phase	380	(1)
Pediatric Dysphagia	380	(2)
Dysphagia in Adults	382	(5)
Evaluation for Swallowing	387	(8)
Screening for Dysphagia in Newborns and the Elderly	387	(2)
Case History and Background Information Regarding Dysphagia	389	(1)
Clinical Assessment	390	(3)
Instrumentation	393	(2)
Dysphagia Intervention and Treatment	395	(7)
Feeding Environment	395	(1)
Body and Head Positioning	396	(1)
Modification of Foods and Beverages	396	(1)
Oral-Motor Exercises and Swallowing Techniques	397	(3)
Medical and Pharmacological Approaches	400	(2)
Prognoses and Outcomes for Swallowing Disorders	402	(1)
Summary	402	(1)
Reflections	403	(1)
Suggested Resources	403	(1)
Online Resources	403	(2)
Audiology and Hearing Loss	405	(60)
Douglas Mackenzie
Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss	407	(1)
Hearing Loss through the Lifespan	407	(4)
Psychosocial Aspects of Hearing Loss	407	(2)
Classification of Impairment, Disability, and Handicap	409	(1)
Deafness, the Deaf Community, and Deaf Culture	409	(2)
What Is Audiology?	411	(1)
Fundamentals of Sound	412	(2)
Audibility versus Intelligibility	413	(1)
Anatomy and Physiology of the Auditory System	414	(5)
The Outer Ear	414	(1)
The Middle Ear	415	(1)
The Inner Ear	415	(3)
The Vestibulocochlear Nerve	418	(1)
The Central Auditory Nervous System	418	(1)
Types of Hearing Loss	419	(11)
Conductive Hearing Loss	419	(3)
Sensorineural Hearing Loss	422	(5)
Mixed Hearing Loss	427	(1)
Auditory Processing Disorders	428	(2)
Degrees of Hearing Loss	430	(1)
Audiological Assessment Procedures	430	(17)
Assessing Infants and Children versus Adults	431	(1)
Counseling	432	(1)
Referral and Case History	433	(1)
Otoscopic Examination	434	(1)
Electroacoustic and Electrophysiological Testing	434	(4)
Behavioral Testing	438	(9)
Aural Habilitation/Rehabilitation	447	(14)
Amplification	448	(4)
Assistive Listening Devices	452	(1)
Auditory Training	453	(2)
Communication Strategy Training	455	(1)
Treatment and Management of Auditory Processing Disorders	456	(1)
Communication Modality	456	(5)
Summary	461	(1)
Reflections	461	(1)
Suggested Readings	461	(1)
Online Resources	461	(4)
Augmentative and Alternative Communication	465	(25)
Laura Piche
Types of AAC	467	(8)
Unaided AAC	467	(3)
Aided AAC	470	(5)
Speech and AAC	475	(1)
Theory and Reality	476	(2)
Lifespan Issues	478	(2)
Assessment Considerations	480	(4)
AAC System Selection	483	(1)
AAC Symbol Selection	483	(1)
AAC Vocabulary Selection	484	(1)
Intervention Considerations	484	(3)
Summary	487	(1)
Reflections	488	(1)
Suggested Readings	488	(1)
Online Resources	488	(2)
Glossary	490	(16)
References	506	(29)
Author Index	535	(6)
Subject Index	541