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Introduction to Educational Research,9780801318726
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Introduction to Educational Research

by Charles, C. M.
ISBN13:

9780801318726

ISBN10:
0801318726
Format:
Hardcover
Pub. Date:
10/1/1997
Publisher(s):
Pearson College Div
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Table of Contents

Preface xvii
part I Orientation to Educational Research 1(48)
chapter 1 Educational Research: Its Nature and Rules of Operation
3(23)
Preview
3(1)
Targeted Learnings
3(1)
Chapter Information Organizer
4(1)
New Questions About Elmwood's Schools
5(1)
Seeking Answers to Questions
6(1)
The Scientific Method
7(2)
Research and the Scientific Method
9(3)
The Meaning of Research
9(1)
The Process of Educational Research
10(2)
Research and Educational Research
12(1)
Rules of Operation in Educational Research
13(8)
Legal Principles
13(2)
Ethical Principles
15(1)
Philosophical Principles
16(2)
Procedural Principles
18(3)
Teachers as Researchers
21(1)
Chapter Summary
22(1)
List of Important Terms
23(1)
Your Current Status
23(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
23(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
24(1)
References and Recommended Readings
24(2)
chapter 2 Types of Educational Research and Corresponding Sources of Data
26(23)
Preview
26(1)
Chapter 2 Information Organizer
27(1)
Targeted Learnings
27(1)
Variables and Educational Research
28(1)
Continuous and Discrete Variables
28(1)
Independent and Dependent Variables
28(1)
Types of Educational Research
29(8)
Types of Research Categorized by Practicality
29(1)
Types of Research Differentiated by Methodology
30(1)
Types of Research Defined by Questions Addressed
31(6)
Primary and Secondary Sources of Research Data
37(1)
Specific Sources of Research Data
38(1)
Procedures Used in Collecting Data
39(2)
Qualities Required in Research Data
41(2)
Authenticity and Believability
41(1)
Validity and Reliability
42(1)
Treatment and Presentation of Data
43(1)
Additional Terminology Related to Data
44(1)
Participants, Samples, and Populations
44(1)
Chapter Summary
44(1)
List of Important Terms
45(1)
Your Current Status
45(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
46(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
46(1)
References and Recommended Readings
47(2)
part II Preliminary Skills Needed for Conducting Research 49(64)
chapter 3 Selecting, Refining, and Proposing a Topic for Research
51(24)
Preview
51(1)
Chapter 3 Information Organizer
52(1)
Targeted Learnings
52(1)
Where to Find Good Research Topics
53(2)
Topics for Teachers
53(1)
Topics for Administrators
54(1)
Topics for Other Educators
55(1)
Preliminary Considerations in Selecting Topics
55(2)
Refining the Research Topic
57(1)
Some Necessary Terminology
58(5)
Regulating the Size of Research Topics
63(1)
Foreseeing the Research Report Format
64(1)
The Value of Conventional Procedures and Report
64(1)
Refining the Topic: Two Illustrative Cases
65(3)
Case 1. Jan's Concern About Students' Entry Age to Kindergarten
65(2)
Case 2. Tony's Concern About Sexual Harassment Among High School Students
67(1)
Preparing a Research Proposal
68(3)
Chapter Summary
71(1)
List of Important Terms
71(1)
Your Current Status
72(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
72(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
73(1)
References and Recommended Readings
73(2)
chapter 4 Locating Published Research
75(18)
Preview
75(1)
Targeted Learnings
75(1)
Chapter 4 Information Organizer
76(1)
Using the Research Library
76(1)
Secondary Sources in the Library
77(4)
Locating Secondary Sources
80(1)
Primary Sources in the Library
81(7)
Specific Directories of Primary References
82(2)
Locating Primary Sources
84(4)
A Purposeful Visit to the Library
88(1)
Chapter Summary
89(1)
List of Important Terms
89(1)
Your Current Status
90(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
90(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
91(1)
References and Recommended Readings
91(2)
chapter 5 Interpreting and Summarizing Published Research
93(20)
Preview
93(1)
Chapter 5 Information Organizer
94(1)
Targeted Learnings
94(1)
Reading Research Reports
95(4)
Skimming the Information
95(2)
Summarizing the Reports
97(2)
Interpreting the Statistical Information You Encounter
99(8)
Status Reports
100(2)
Review of Terminology Used in Status Reports
102(1)
Comparison Reports
103(2)
Review of Terminology Used in Comparison Reports
105(1)
Correlational Reports
105(1)
Review of Terminology Used in Correlational Reports
106(1)
The Concept of Significance
107(2)
Chapter Summary
109(1)
List of Important Terms
110(1)
Your Current Status
110(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
110(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
111(1)
References and Recommended Readings
111(2)
part III Conducting Your Own Research Project 113(98)
chapter 6 Designing a Research Project
115(25)
Preview
115(1)
Targeted Learnings
115(1)
Chapter 6 Information Organizer
116(1)
How Planning Should Be Done
116(1)
The Approach to Planning Advocated in This Book
117(1)
Tasks to Be Accomplished When Planning Research
118(15)
Task 1. State the Topic, Problem, and Questions and/or Hypotheses
118(6)
Task 2. Outline the Library Search for Related Information
124(2)
Task 3. Identify Needed Data and Sources
126(2)
Task 4. List the Steps You Will Need to Carry Out to Complete the Study
128(1)
Task 5. Specify the Procedures and Tools You Will Employ in Collecting Data
129(1)
Task 6. Foresee How Data Can Best Be Analyzed and Interpreted
130(2)
Task 7. Anticipate the Appropriate Report Format for Your Research
132(1)
Illustrative Example of Planning a Research Project
133(2)
Topic and Problem
133(1)
Examination of the Literature
134(1)
Required Data and Data Sources
134(1)
Appraisal of Holly's Plan
135(1)
Chapter Summary
135(3)
Comprehensive Guide for Planning Educational Research
135(3)
Your Current Status
138(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
139(1)
References and Recommended Readings
139(1)
chapter 7 Procedures and Tools for Gathering Data
140(26)
Preview
140(1)
Chapter 7 Information Organizer
141(1)
Targeted Learnings
141(1)
Types of Research and Their Typical Focuses
142(1)
Types of Data Needed
143(1)
Sources of Data for Various Types of Research
143(1)
Samples and Their Selection
144(3)
Are Samples Necessary in Research?
144(1)
Can Small Samples Represent Large Populations?
145(1)
Probability Sampling
145(1)
Nonprobability Sampling
146(1)
Size of Samples
147(1)
Relationships Among Research Focus, Data, Source, and Sample
148(1)
Validity and Reliability in Data Collection
148(2)
Validity of Data
148(1)
Determining Validity of Test Data
149(1)
Determining Validity of Non-Test Data
150(1)
Reliability in Data Collection
150(1)
Determining Reliability of Test Data
151(1)
Determining Reliability of Non-Test Data
151(1)
Procedures in Data Collection
151(9)
Notation
151(2)
Description
153(1)
Analysis
154(1)
Questioning
155(3)
Testing
158(1)
Measurement
159(1)
Relationships Between Types of Research and Data Collection
160(1)
Relationships Among Procedures, Tools, and Formats
161(1)
A Composite of Research Types and Data Collection Procedures
162(1)
Data Collection Profiles
162(1)
Chapter Summary
163(1)
List of Important Terms
164(1)
Your Current Status
164(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
164(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
165(1)
References and Recommended Readings
165(1)
chapter 8 Analyzing Research Data and Presenting Findings
166(19)
Preview
166(1)
Chapter 8 Information Organizer
167(1)
Targeted Learnings
167(1)
Qualitative Data and Quantitative Data
168(3)
An Example of Qualitative Analysis
169(1)
An Example of Quantitative Analysis
170(1)
Analyzing Ethnographic Data
171(3)
Cautions and Reminders in Qualitative Data Analysis
174(1)
Analyzing Quantitative Data
174(2)
Populations and Parameters; Samples and Statistics
175(1)
What Statistics Are Used For
176(1)
Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics
177(4)
Cautions in Using Statistics
180(1)
Presenting Your Findings
181(1)
Chapter Summary
182(1)
Your Current Status
182(1)
List of Important Terms
182(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
183(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
183(1)
References and Recommended Readings
184(1)
chapter 9 Preparing a Research Report
185(26)
Preview
185(1)
Targeted Learnings
185(1)
Chapter 9 Information Organizer
186(1)
Conventions in Research and Reporting
186(1)
Conventions of Style
187(3)
Title
187(1)
Person and Voice
187(1)
Tense
187(1)
Tentative Versus Definite Statements
188(1)
Simplicity of Language
189(1)
Consistency
189(1)
Conventions of Format
190(8)
Introduction
191(1)
Review of Related Literature
192(1)
Procedures or Method
193(1)
Findings or Results
194(2)
Conclusions or Discussion
196(1)
Front and Back Material
197(1)
Style Guides
198(1)
A Composite Outline of Format Conventions
198(1)
Sample Pages
199(10)
For Research Papers and Journal Articles
199(2)
For Masters' Theses
201(1)
For a Thesis That Reports Action Research
202(5)
Thesis Format for Other Types of Research
207(2)
Chapter Summary
209(1)
Your Current Status
209(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
209(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
210(1)
part IV Procedures and Exemplars in Eight Types of Research 211(150)
chapter 10 Ethnographic Research
213(27)
Preview
213(1)
Targeted Learnings
213(1)
Chapter 10 Information Organizer
214(1)
The Nature of Ethnographic Research
214(5)
Topics in Ethnographic Research
215(1)
Procedures in Ethnographic Research
216(1)
The Richness of Ethnographic Research
217(1)
Strengths and Concerns in Ethnographic Research
218(1)
An Example of Ethnographic Research: "Teachers in Bars: From Professional to Personal Self"
219(10)
A Second Example of Ethnographic Research: "I Wouldn't Want to Shoot Nobody: The Out-of-School Curriculum as Described by Urban Students"
229(7)
Organizing for Ethnographic Research
236(1)
Chapter Summary
237(1)
List of Important Terms
238(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
238(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
239(1)
References and Recommended Readings
239(1)
chapter 11 Descriptive Research and Historical Research
240(20)
Preview
240(1)
Chapter 11 Information Organizer
240(1)
Targeted Learnings
240(2)
The Nature of Descriptive Research and Historical Research
242(5)
Purpose and Topics
242(1)
Hypotheses and Questions
242(1)
Data Sources and Collection
242(3)
Tools for Obtaining Data
245(1)
Treatment and Analysis of Data
246(1)
An Example of Descriptive Research: "Urban Teachers Who Quit: Why They Leave and What They Do"
247(3)
An Example of Historical Research: "An A Is Not an A Is Not an A: A History of Grading"
250(5)
Organizing for Descriptive Research and Historical Research
253(2)
Case Study
255(2)
Purposes of a Case Study
255(1)
Organizing and Conducting the Case Study
255(2)
Chapter Summary
257(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
258(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
258(1)
References and Recommended Readings
259(1)
chapter 12 Correlational Research
260(19)
Preview
260(1)
Targeted Learnings
260(1)
Chapter 12 Information Organizer
261(1)
Weather and the Process of Education
261(1)
Correlations
262(1)
The Nature of Correlational Research
263(1)
Cautions Concerning Cause and Effect
263(1)
Topics for Correlational Research
264(1)
Hypotheses and Questions in Correlational Research
264(1)
Correlational Research Design
265(1)
Data Sources and Collection
266(1)
What Can Be Correlated, and How
266(1)
Product-Moment Correlation
267(1)
Biserial Correlation and Point-Biserial Correlation
267(1)
Phi Correlation and Tetrachoric Correlation
267(1)
Correlations from Rankings
267(1)
Multivariate Correlations
267(1)
Partial Correlation
268(1)
Multiple Regression
268(1)
Discriminant Analysis
268(1)
Factor Analysis
268(1)
An Example of Correlational Research: "Relationship of Computer Science Aptitude with Selected Achievement Measures Among Junior High Students"
268(4)
Organizing for Correlational Research
272(4)
Selecting the Variables
272(1)
Stating Questions or Hypotheses
273(1)
Assessing and Quantifying the Variables
274(1)
Selecting a Sample
274(1)
Collecting Data
274(1)
Analyzing the Data
275(1)
Chapter Summary
276(1)
List of Important Terms
276(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
277(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
277(1)
References and Recommended Readings
277(2)
chapter 13 Action Research and Evaluation Research
279(26)
Preview
279(1)
Chapter 13 Information Organizer
280(1)
Targeted Learnings
280(1)
Action Research
281(11)
The Action Research Process
283(3)
A Published Example of Action Research: "Designing an Authentic Assessment"
286(4)
Review of Action Research
290(1)
Organizing for Action Research
290(2)
Strengths and Cautions in Action Research
292(1)
Evaluation Research
292(9)
Evaluating Methods, Materials, and Programs
292(2)
An Example of Evaluation Research: "Class Size Does Make a Difference"
294(5)
Organizing for Evaluation Research
299(2)
Chapter Summary
301(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
301(3)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
304(1)
References and Recommended Readings
304(1)
chapter 14 Experimental, Quasi-Experimental, and Causal-Comparative Research
305(32)
Preview
305(1)
Chapter 14 Information Organizer
306(1)
Targeted Learnings
306(1)
The Search for Causation
307(1)
Experimental Research
307(1)
Quasi-Experimental Research
308(1)
Causal-Comparative Research
308(1)
Fundamentals of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Research
309(5)
Cause and Effect
309(1)
Random Selection and Assignment
309(1)
Use of Experimental Research
310(1)
Experimental Designs
310(3)
Quasi-Experimental Designs
313(1)
The Commonality of Experimental and Quasi-Experimental Designs
314(1)
Threats to Internal and External Validity
314(2)
An Example of Experimental Research: "The Development of a Positive Self-Concept in Preservice Teachers"
316(6)
Causal-Comparative Research
322(3)
The Nature of Causal-Comparative Research
322(2)
Conducting Causal-Comparative Research
324(1)
An Example of Causal-Comparative Research: "The Relation of Gender and Academic Achievement to Career Self-Efficacy and Interests"
325(8)
Chapter Summary
333(1)
List of Important Terms
333(1)
Activities for Thought and Discussion
334(1)
Answers to Chapter Exercises
334(1)
References and Recommended Readings
335(2)
Appendix Statistical Concepts and Procedures
337(24)
The Nature and Uses of Statistics
337(2)
Populations and Samples
339(1)
Parametric Statistics and Nonparametric Statistics
340(1)
The Calculation and Interpretation of Descriptive Statistics
340(6)
Measures of Central Tendency
340(1)
Measures of Variability
341(3)
Relative Position
344(1)
Relationships
344(2)
Descriptive Statistics and the Normal Probability Curve
346(1)
Relative Standings Associated with the Normal Curve
347(2)
Percentile Rankings
347(1)
Stanines
348(1)
z scores
348(1)
T scores
348(1)
Calculating and Interpreting Inferential Statistics
349(1)
Chi-square--Its Calculation and Interpretation
350(2)
Calculating and Interpreting Standard Error and Confidence Limits
352(3)
Testing for Significance
355(1)
Type I and Type II Errors
356(2)
Review of Statistical Terminology
358(1)
Exercise in Calculating a Coefficient of Correlation
358(1)
Answers to Exercises
359(2)
Glossary 361(14)
Name Index 375(2)
Subject Index 377


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