Introduction to Embedded Microcomputer Systems Motorola 6811/6812 Simulations

by Valvano, Jonathan W.

• ISBN13: 9780534391775
• ISBN10: 053439177X
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-08-02
• Publisher: CL Engineering

Summary

Jonathan Valvano's new text provides students with an introduction to the field of microcomputer programming and interfacing using the Motorola 6811 and 6812 chips. The objective of this book is to present basic computer architecture, teach assembly language programming, and introduce microcomputer interfacing. Valvano develops these topics around the TExaS simulator. Included free with the book on CD, the TExaS simulator is a self-contained program for testing microcomputer hardware and software. The simulator shows activity internal to the chip so one can experience the architecture by observing activity inside the microcomputer. Also, TExaS provides the ability to connect external hardware devices like switches, LEDs, LCDs, keyboards, serial port devices, motors, and analog circuits. One can use TExaS to learn microcomputer programming and interfacing, develop software in assembly language using the TExaS assembler, and program in C using a cross-compiler. Compared with Valvano's more advanced book titled "Embedded Microcomputer Systems: Real Time Interfacing," this book contains more hands on use of the TExaS simulator and places less emphasis on theory.

Table of Contents

Introduction to Embedded Microcomputer Systems	1	(17)
Overview	1	(3)
Attitude	4	(2)
Basic Components of an Embedded System	6	(1)
Flowcharts and Structured Programming	7	(3)
Product Development Cycle	10	(3)
Quality Programming	13	(1)
Quantitative Performance Measurements	13	(1)
Qualitative Performance Measurements	14	(1)
Tutorial 1. Getting Started	14	(1)
Homework Assignments	15	(3)
Information	18	(58)
Hexadecimal Representation	19	(1)
Boolean Information	20	(1)
8-bit Numbers	21	(6)
8-bit Unsigned Numbers	21	(2)
8-bit Signed Numbers	23	(2)
Character Information	25	(1)
8-bit Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)	26	(1)
Extended Precision Numbers	27	(3)
6-bit Unsigned Numbers	27	(1)
16-bit Signed Numbers	27	(1)
Big and Little Endian	28	(1)
Arbitrary Length Integers	29	(1)
Binary Coded Decimal (BCD)	30	(1)
Programming Numbers in Assembly Language	30	(1)
Logical Operations	31	(7)
Shift Operations	38	(3)
Arithmetic Operations	41	(16)
Conversions	57	(4)
Fixed-Point Numbers	61	(3)
*Floating-Point Numbers	64	(4)
Tutorial 2. Arithmetic and Logical Operations	68	(3)
Homework Assignments	71	(5)
Microcomputer Architecture	76	(66)
Introduction	76	(5)
Common Architecture of the 6811 and 6812	81	(17)
Registers	81	(1)
Terminology	82	(1)
Addressing Modes	83	(4)
6811 Machine Language Execution	87	(3)
Simulated 6812 Machine Language Execution	90	(3)
*Actual 12 Machine Language Execution	93	(5)
Introduction to Programming	98	(16)
Memory and Register Transfer Operations	98	(2)
Arithmetic Operations	100	(3)
Shift Operations	103	(1)
Logical Operations	104	(1)
Subroutines and the Stack	105	(5)
Branch Operations	110	(4)
6811 Architecture	114	(6)
MC68HC11 Family	114	(2)
The E Series 6811	116	(1)
MC68HC711D3	117	(1)
Expanded Mode	118	(1)
6811 Indexed Addressing Mode	119	(1)
6812 Architecture	120	(10)
MC68HC812A4	120	(3)
MC68HC912832	123	(1)
MC68HC12D601/MC68HC912D60	124	(1)
MC68HCl2DG128/MC68HC912DG128	125	(1)
Additional Addressing Modes on the 6812	125	(5)
Memory Allocation	130	(3)
Tutorial 3. Building a Microcomputer and Executing Machine Code	133	(3)
Homework Assignments	136	(3)
Laboratory Assignments	139	(3)
Assembly Language Programming	142	(34)
Introduction	142	(4)
Assembly Language Development	142	(3)
*Running on an Evaluation Board	145	(1)
Simulation	146	(1)
TExaS Help System	146	(4)
TExaS Editor	150	(1)
Assembly Language Syntax	151	(14)
Overall Structure	151	(1)
Label Field	152	(1)
Operation Field	152	(1)
Operand Field	153	(1)
Expressions	154	(2)
Comment Field	156	(2)
Assembly Listing	158	(1)
Assembly Errors	158	(1)
Assembler Pseudo-ops	159	(6)
S-19 Object Code	165	(1)
Tutorial 4. Editing and Assembling	166	(1)
Homework Assignments	167	(3)
Laboratory Assignments	170	(6)
I/O Programming	176	(39)
Basic Concept of an I/O Port Address and Direction Register	176	(4)
Parallel Port I/O Programming	180	(3)
Serial Communications Interface, SCI	183	(7)
Transmitting in Asynchronous Mode	183	(1)
Receiving in Asynchronous Mode	184	(2)
6811 SCI Details	186	(1)
6812 SCI Details	187	(1)
SCI I/O Programming	188	(2)
Synchronous Peripheral Interface, SPI	190	(7)
SPI Fundamentals	190	(2)
6811 SPI Details	192	(1)
6812 SPI Details	193	(1)
SPI DAC Interface	194	(3)
ADC Converters	197	(5)
6811 ADC Details	198	(1)
6812 ADC Details	199	(2)
ADC Software	201	(1)
16-bit Timer	202	(2)
6811 Timer Details	202	(1)
6812 Timer Details	203	(1)
Fixed Time Delay Software Using the Built-in Timer	203	(1)
Pulse Accumulator	204	(4)
6811 Pulse Accumulator Details	204	(1)
6812 Pulse Accumulator Details	205	(1)
Frequency Measurement	206	(1)
Pulse Width Measurement	207	(1)
Tutorial 5. I/O Programming	208	(2)
Homework Problems	210	(1)
Laboratory Assignments	211	(4)
Microcomputer Interfacing	215	(39)
Introduction	215	(1)
Switch Interfacing	216	(1)
LED Interfacing	217	(2)
Serial Port Interfacing	219	(2)
LCD Interfacing	221	(4)
Analog Interfacing	225	(1)
Scanned Key Pad Interfacing	226	(5)
DC Motor Interfacing	231	(5)
Infrared Remote Interfacing	236	(5)
Hitachi HD44780 LCD Display	241	(3)
Stepper Motor	244	(1)
Tutorial 6. Microcomputer-Based Lock	245	(5)
Homework Problems	250	(1)
Laboratory Assignments	251	(3)
Debugging	254	(21)
Debugging Theory	254	(2)
*Hardware Debugging Tools	256	(2)
TExaS ViewBox	258	(2)
Functional Debugging	260	(3)
Single Stepping	260	(1)
Breakpoints without Filtering	260	(1)
Conditional Breakpoints	260	(1)
Instrumentation: Print Statements	261	(1)
Instrumentation: Dump into Array without Filtering	261	(1)
Instrumentation: Dump into Array with Filtering	262	(1)
Monitor Using the LED Display	262	(1)
Performance Debugging	263	(3)
Instrumentation Measuring with an Independent Counter, TCNT	263	(1)
Instrumentation Output Port	263	(1)
Measurement of Dynamic Efficiency	263	(3)
Profiling	266	(1)
Profiling Using a Software Dump to Study Execution Pattern	266	(1)
Profiling Using an Output Port	266	(1)
*Thread Profile	267	(1)
*Reentrant Behavior	267	(1)
Tutorial 7. Debugging Techniques	267	(3)
Homework Problems	270	(2)
Laboratory Assignments	272	(3)
Program Structures	275	(74)
Local Variables	275	(6)
Introduction	275	(3)
Implementation	278	(2)
Stack Frames	280	(1)
Parameter Passing	281	(13)
Parameter Passing in C	281	(2)
Parameter Passing in Assembly Language	283	(5)
C Compiler Implementation of Local and Global Variables	288	(5)
*Recursion	293	(1)
Control Structures	294	(6)
Conditional if-then-else Statements	295	(2)
Switch Statements	297	(2)
For Loops	299	(1)
Extended Precision Calculations	300	(12)
Addition and Subtraction	300	(3)
Shift Operations	303	(2)
Mathematical instructions on the 6812	305	(2)
Multiplication and Division	307	(3)
Table Lookup and Interpolation	310	(2)
Expression Evaluation	312	(2)
OS Calls Using Software Interrupts	314	(4)
Finite State Machines with Statically-allocated Linked Structures	318	(10)
Abstraction	318	(1)
Stepper Motor Controller	319	(2)
Traffic Light Controller	321	(2)
A Mealy FSM	323	(2)
FSM Implementation of a Vending Machine	325	(3)
*6812 Paged Memory	328	(2)
Tutorial 8. Software Abstraction	330	(1)
Homework Problems	331	(8)
Laboratory Problems	339	(10)
Advanced Programming Techniques	349	(29)
Modular Design	349	(7)
Definition and Goals	350	(1)
2 Dividing a Software Task into Modules	351	(1)
Visualizing the System Using Call-graphs	352	(2)
Hierarchical Programming	354	(1)
Inappropriate I/O and Portability	355	(1)
Layered Software Systems	356	(1)
Naming Convention	357	(2)
Assemble Language Style Guidelines	359	(2)
*C Language Style Guidelines	361	(9)
Code File Structure, the *.c File	361	(2)
Header File Structure, the *.h File	363	(1)
Formatting	364	(2)
Code Structure	366	(4)
*Relocatable Code	370	(2)
Comments	372	(1)
Tutorial 9. Layered Programming	373	(1)
Homework Problems	374	(1)
Laboratory Assignments	375	(3)
Elementary Data Structures	378	(44)
Memory Allocation and Initialization	378	(2)
Arrays	380	(3)
Strings	383	(1)
Matrices	384	(6)
Structures	390	(1)
Tables	391	(2)
Multiple Access Circular Queues	393	(1)
First In First Out Queue and Double Buffers	394	(3)
Trees	397	(4)
*Dynamically Allocated Data Structures	401	(4)
Fixed Block Memory Manager	401	(2)
Linked List FIFO	403	(2)
Tutorial 10. Command Interpreters	405	(6)
Homework Problems	411	(5)
Laboratory Assignments	416	(6)
Interrupt Synchronization	422	(59)
Basic Concepts	422	(2)
First In First Out Queue	424	(6)
Interthread Communication and Synchronization	430	(4)
Reentrant Programming	434	(4)
Interrupts on the 6811/6812	438	(7)
General Concepts	438	(2)
6811 Interrupts	440	(2)
6812 Interrupts	442	(3)
External Edge Interrupt	445	(3)
MC68HC11 STRA Interrupt	445	(1)
MC68HC812A4 Key Wakeup Interrupts	446	(2)
Serial Port Interface Using Interrupt Synchronization	448	(8)
6811 SCI Details	448	(2)
6812 SCI Details	450	(2)
Interrupting SCI Interface	452	(2)
*Distributed Systems	454	(2)
Periodic Interrupts	456	(9)
Periodic Polling	457	(1)
6811 Periodic Interrupts	457	(4)
6812 Periodic Interrupts	461	(3)
Real-time Data Acquisition	464	(1)
Polled Versus Vectored Interrupts	465	(1)
Tutorial 11. Profiling	466	(2)
Homework Problems	468	(2)
Laboratory Assignments	470	(11)
Appendix 1. Embedded System Development Using TExaS	481	(24)
A1.1 Introduction to TExaS	482	(3)
A1.2 Major Components of TExaS	485	(4)
A1.3 Developing Assembly Software	489	(5)
A1.3.1 Running an Existing Assembly Language Program	492	(1)
A1.3.2 Modifying an Existing Assembly Language Program	493	(1)
A1.3.3 Developing an Assembly Program from Scratch	494	(1)
A1.4 *Developing C Language Software	494	(2)
A1.4.1 Running an Existing C Program	494	(1)
A1.4.2 Adapting an Existing C Program	495	(1)
A1.4.3 Developing a C Program from Scratch	496	(1)
A1.5 Tutorial A1. Getting Started	496	(9)
Appendix 2. Glossary of Terms	505	(14)
Appendix 3. Solutions Manual	519	(30)
A3.1 Checkpoint Solutions	519	(18)
A3.2 Tutorial Solutions	537	(12)
Index	549