Introduction to Forensic Anthropology : A Textbook

by Byers, Steven N.

• ISBN13: 9780205435388
• ISBN10: 0205435386
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Comprehensive and engaging, Stephen Byers leaves readers rejoicing in the thoughtful pedagogy that leads them step by step through the most current and detailed explanation of forensic anthropology to date! This one-of-a-kind source offers comprehensive coverage of all the major topics in the field of forensics with accuracy, intensity, and clarity. Following the protocol developed for the field by Clyde Snow in his 1982 article in the Annual Review of Anthropology, this cutting-edge text includes coverage of all areas in the field. Extensive illustrations and photos ensure that the book is accessible to all levels of readers. New material through out this Second Edition takes the reader to the next level of anaylsis, expanding their understanding of what samples can reveal about their source. As one reviewer says, "There is no other source available that is so comprehensive in its coverage of the methods and issues in the current practice of forensic anthropology." Another raves, "The first edition has been a big hit with my students, and I have been very pleased with the ease with which this text has corresponded to my class lecture structure . . . I am anxiously awaiting the second edition!"

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Foreword	xix
Introduction	1	(27)
Historical Background	4	(4)
Formative Period: Early 1800s to 1938	5	(2)
Consolidation Period: 1939 to 1971	7	(1)
Modern Period: 1972 to the Present	8	(1)
Forensic Anthropologists and the Medicolegal Community	8	(2)
The Forensic Anthropology Protocol and the Layout of This Book	10	(2)
Methods of Forensic Anthropology	12	(14)
Data Gathering Methods	13	(2)
Data Analysis Methods	15	(1)
Decision Tables	16	(1)
Range Charts	17	(1)
Indexes	18	(2)
Discriminant Functions	20	(4)
Regression Equations	24	(2)
Summary	26	(1)
Exercises	27	(1)
Basics of Human Osteology and Odontology	28	(32)
Overview of the Human Skeleton	29	(9)
Cranial Skeleton	30	(1)
Bones	31	(2)
Sutures	33	(4)
Landmarks	37	(1)
Sinuses	38	(1)
Axial Skeleton and Thorax	38	(14)
Vertebral Column	38	(3)
Rib Cage	41	(2)
Appendicular Skeleton	43	(1)
Upper Limbs	43	(3)
Lower Limbs	46	(6)
Basic Topics in Osteology	52	(2)
Anatomy of Bone	52	(1)
Bone Growth	53	(1)
Joint Types	54	(1)
Overview of the Human Dentition	54	(4)
Summary	58	(1)
Exercises	58	(2)
Establishing the Forensic Context	60	(26)
Bone versus Nonbone	61	(1)
Human versus Nonhuman	61	(11)
Maturity Distinctions	62	(1)
Architectural Differences	62	(3)
Cranial Skeleton	65	(1)
Axial Skeleton and Thorax	66	(2)
Appendicular Skeleton	68	(2)
Histological Differences	70	(1)
Bear Paws and Pig's Teeth	70	(2)
Contemporary versus Noncontemporary	72	(12)
State of Preservation	75	(1)
Color	75	(2)
Texture	77	(1)
Hydration	77	(1)
Weight	77	(1)
Condition	77	(1)
Fragility	78	(1)
Soft Tissue	78	(1)
Body Modifications	79	(2)
Personal Belongings	81	(1)
Conditions of Interment	81	(3)
Summary	84	(1)
Exercises	85	(1)
Recovery Scene Methods	86	(21)
Preliminary Issues	87	(1)
Locating Remains	88	(6)
Searching for Human Remains	89	(3)
Searching for Associated Materials	92	(2)
Mapping Remains	94	(2)
Grave Excavation	96	(2)
Collecting Remains	98	(4)
Mass Disasters	102	(3)
Personnel	102	(1)
Locating, Mapping, Collecting	103	(1)
Temporary Morgue	103	(1)
Victim Information	104	(1)
DMORT	104	(1)
Summary	105	(1)
Exercises	105	(2)
Estimating Time Since Death	107	(22)
Overview of Decomposition	109	(2)
Decomposition and Skeletonization	111	(7)
Surface Finds	113	(1)
Warm, Moist Climates	113	(1)
Hot, Dry Climates	113	(4)
Cold Climates	117	(1)
Buried and Submerged Remains	118	(1)
Animal Scavenging	118	(3)
Other Methods	121	(5)
Forensic Entomology	121	(3)
Forensic Botany	124	(1)
Deterioration of Clothing and Other Materials	125	(1)
Chemical Methods	126	(1)
Summary	126	(1)
Exercises	127	(2)
Initial Treatment and Examination	129	(29)
Forensic Anthropology Laboratory	129	(2)
Preparation of Remains	131	(5)
Bulk Soft Tissue Removal	132	(1)
Disarticulation	133	(1)
Residual Soft Tissue Removal	134	(1)
Stabilizing Remains	135	(1)
Reconstruction, Sorting, and Reassembly	136	(9)
Reconstruction	136	(2)
Sorting	138	(2)
Reassembly	140	(5)
Inventorying Remains	145	(4)
Summary	149	(1)
Exercises	150	(1)
Appendix A. Skeletal Inventory Form (Adults)	151	(2)
Appendix B. Skeletal Inventory Form (Subadults)	153	(5)
Attribution of Ancestry	158	(24)
Anthroposcopic Traits	160	(11)
Cranial Skeleton	161	(1)
Nose	161	(6)
Face	167	(1)
Vault	168	(1)
Jaws and Teeth	169	(1)
Postcranial Skeleton	170	(1)
Metric Methods	171	(6)
Direct Measurements	172	(1)
Indexes	173	(1)
Discriminant Functions	174	(3)
Miscellaneous Ancestral Characteristics	177	(2)
Summary	179	(1)
Exercises	180	(2)
Attribution of Sex	182	(25)
Sexing the Pelvis	183	(7)
Anthroposcopic Traits	184	(5)
Metric Methods	189	(1)
Sexing the Skull	190	(8)
Anthroposcopic Traits	191	(5)
Metric Methods	196	(2)
Miscellaneous Methods	198	(5)
Multiple Postcranial Bones	199	(1)
Long Limb Bone Lengths	200	(1)
Scapula	200	(1)
Humerus	200	(1)
Femur	201	(2)
Sexing Subadults	203	(2)
Auricular Surface	203	(1)
Greater Sciatic Notch	204	(1)
Other Methods	205	(1)
Summary	205	(1)
Exercises	206	(1)
Estimation of Age at Death	207	(47)
Subadults	207	(19)
Long Bone Lengths	208	(4)
Union of Primary Ossification Centers	212	(1)
Tooth Formation	213	(6)
Tooth Eruption	219	(4)
Epiphyseal Union	223	(3)
Adults	226	(25)
Pubic Symphyses	227	(6)
Auricular Surface	233	(4)
Sternal Rib Ends	237	(1)
Cranial Suture Closure	238	(3)
Ectocranial Sutures	241	(2)
Endocranial Sutures	243	(2)
Palatal Sutures	245	(1)
Histological Methods	246	(1)
Cortical Bone Remodeling	246	(3)
Dental Changes	249	(2)
Other Methods	251	(1)
Summary	252	(1)
Exercises	252	(2)
Calculation of Stature	254	(20)
Basics of Stature Reconstruction	254	(2)
Full Skeleton Methods	256	(4)
Long Limb Bones	260	(5)
Other Skeletal Elements	265	(2)
Partial Long Limb Bones	267	(3)
Adjustments to Stature	270	(2)
Age of Individual	271	(1)
Bone Shrinkage	271	(1)
Reported versus Measured Stature	272	(1)
Summary	272	(1)
Exercises	273	(1)
Death, Trauma, and the Skeleton	274	(21)
Cause and Manner of Death	276	(2)
Basics of Bone Trauma	278	(6)
Characteristics of Forces Causing Trauma	284	(3)
Direction of Force	284	(1)
Tension	284	(1)
Compression	285	(1)
Torsion	285	(1)
Bending	285	(1)
Shearing	286	(1)
Speed of Force	286	(1)
Focus of Force	287	(1)
Types of Trauma	287	(2)
Blunt Force Trauma	287	(1)
Sharp Force Trauma	288	(1)
Projectile Trauma	288	(1)
Miscellaneous Trauma	288	(1)
Timing of Bone Injury	289	(4)
Antemortem Trauma	289	(1)
Perimortem Trauma	290	(1)
Postmortem Damage	291	(2)
Summary	293	(1)
Exercises	293	(2)
Projectile Trauma	295	(22)
Basics of Ammunition and Firearms	296	(3)
Size	297	(1)
Bullet Construction	298	(1)
Projectile Velocity	298	(1)
Basics of Bullet Travel	299	(1)
Effects of Bullets on Bone	299	(7)
Wound Beveling	299	(1)
Wound Shape	300	(2)
Wound Size	302	(2)
Fracture Lines	304	(2)
Bullet Wound Analysis	306	(5)
Description of Wound(s)	306	(1)
Estimation of Caliber	306	(2)
Estimation of Bullet Construction	308	(1)
Estimation of Velocity	308	(1)
Estimation of Direction of Fire	308	(1)
Estimation of Sequence	309	(1)
Miscellaneous Estimations	310	(1)
Pellet Wound Analysis	311	(1)
Miscellaneous Projectiles	311	(1)
Determining Cause and Manner of Death	312	(3)
Summary	315	(1)
Exercises	316	(1)
Blunt Trauma	317	(22)
Characteristics of Instruments	317	(3)
Size	318	(1)
Shape	319	(1)
Weight	319	(1)
Types of Fractures	320	(2)
Effects of Blunt Instruments	322	(6)
Skull	322	(5)
Long Bones	327	(1)
Other Bones	327	(1)
Wound Analysis	328	(7)
Description of Wound(s)	328	(2)
Estimation of Size	330	(1)
Estimation of Shape	330	(1)
Estimation of Direction	330	(2)
Estimation of Energy	332	(1)
Estimation of Number	333	(1)
Estimation of Sequence	334	(1)
Miscellaneous Estimations	335	(1)
Determining Manner and Cause of Death	335	(2)
Summary	337	(1)
Exercises	338	(1)
Sharp and Miscellaneous Trauma	339	(16)
Sharp Trauma	339	(11)
Effects of Sharp Instruments	340	(2)
Punctures	342	(1)
Incisions	343	(1)
Clefts	344	(2)
Wound Analysis	346	(1)
Description of Wound(s)	346	(1)
Instrument Characteristics	346	(2)
Direction of Force	348	(1)
Number of Traumatic Events	349	(1)
Sequence of Events	350	(1)
Strangulation	350	(3)
Chemical Trauma	353	(1)
Determining Cause and Manner of Death	353	(1)
Summary	354	(1)
Exercises	354	(1)
Antemortem Skeletal Conditions	355	(28)
Pathological Conditions	357	(6)
Lytic Lesions	358	(2)
Proliferative Lesions	360	(3)
Deformative Lesions	363	(1)
Skeletal Anomalies	363	(11)
Accessory Bones	364	(2)
Nonfusion Anomalies	366	(5)
Accessory Foramen	371	(2)
Miscellaneous Anomalies	373	(1)
Occupational Stress Markers	374	(7)
Summary	381	(1)
Exercises	382	(1)
Postmortem Changes to Bone	383	(23)
Dismemberments	384	(6)
Basics of Saws and Saw Damage	385	(2)
Analysis of Saw Marks	387	(1)
Basic Description	387	(1)
Direction of Saw Cut	388	(1)
Number of Teeth	388	(1)
Blade Width	388	(1)
Blade Shape	388	(2)
Source of Energy	390	(1)
Animal Scavenging	390	(4)
Carnivores	390	(4)
Rodents	394	(1)
Fire Damage	394	(4)
Weathering	398	(2)
Burial Damage	400	(1)
Water Transport Damage	401	(1)
Miscellaneous	402	(2)
Summary	404	(1)
Exercises	405	(1)
Additional Aspects of Individualization	406	(18)
Facial Reproduction	406	(11)
Assessing Handedness	417	(3)
Estimating Body Weight	420	(2)
Summary	422	(1)
Exercises	422	(2)
Identification Using Antemortem Records	424	(20)
Radiography	425	(3)
Frontal Sinus	425	(2)
Other Structures	427	(1)
Photographic Superimposition	428	(3)
Forensic Odontology	431	(10)
Ancestry (Race)	432	(1)
Age	433	(1)
Sex	433	(1)
``Civilized'' Teeth	434	(1)
Cause of Death	434	(1)
Antemortem Health	435	(2)
Positive Identification	437	(4)
Miscellaneous Techniques	441	(1)
Summary	442	(1)
Exercises	443	(1)
Conclusion	444	(10)
Ethical Responsibilities	444	(3)
The Final Report	447	(3)
Courtroom Testimony	450	(1)
Future of Forensic Anthropology	451	(2)
Summary	453	(1)
References	454	(10)
Note on Photography	464	(1)
Index	465