An Introduction to Geological Structures and Maps, Eighth Edition

by Bennison,George M

• ISBN13: 9781444112122
• ISBN10: 1444112120
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Nonspecific Binding
• Copyright: 2011-03-25
• Publisher: Routledge

Summary

An Introduction to Geological Structures and Mapsis a concise and accessible textbook providing simple structural terminology and map problems which introduce geological structures. It is a perfect introduction to mapping for students of geology, engineering geology and civil engineering. Each topic is explained and illustrated by figures, and exercises follow on successive maps. If students are unable to complete an exercise, they can read on to obtain more specific instructions on how theory may be used to solve the problem. An appendix at the end of the book provides the solutions. This new, eighth edition contains simplified introductory matter to make the subject as easy to grasp as possible. Color photographs illustrating geological structures bring the subject to life. There is more on outcrop patterns, which will help students to think in 3D, and on structures and the relationship of topography to geological structure. Cliff sections have been added to reinforce the concept of apparent dip. The section on planetary geology has been more closely tied to igneous geology to aid understanding of the connection between the two. Finally, a new map on economic geology has been added for the benefit of engineering students. A geological glossary helps students to understand and memorize key terms and a new, colorful, text design enlivens the appearance of this popular book.

Author Biography

Dr George M. Bennison, Chartered Geologist, formerly Senior Lecturer in Geology, University of Birmingham, UK Dr Paul A. Olver, Chartered Geologist, formerly Lifelong Learning Development Officer, Herefordshire Council, UK Dr Keith A. Moseley, Head of Physics and Geology, Monmouth School, UK

Table of Contents

List of plates	p. vii
Preface to the current edition	p. viii
Preface to previous editions	p. ix
Key to maps	p. x
Strata - the ground rules	p. 1
Horizontal strata	p. 4
Contours	p. 6
Horizontal and vertical strata in the landscape	p. 7
Geological maps	p. 7
Dipping strata	p. 13
Structure contours (strike lines)	p. 13
Construction of structure contours	p. 14
True and apparent dip	p. 17
Calculation of the thickness of a bed	p. 18
Width of outcrop	p. 18
Inliers and outliers	p. 19
Exercises using geological survey maps	p. 22
Three-point problems	p. 23
Construction of structure contours	p. 23
Depth in boreholes	p. 23
Insertion of outcrops	p. 23
Unconformities	p. 28
Overstep	p. 30
Overlap	p. 30
Sub-unconformity outcrops	p. 33
Exercises using geological survey maps	p. 34
Folding	p. 35
Anticlines and synclines	p. 36
Asymmetrical folds	p. 38
Way-up criteria	p. 43
Similar and concentric folding	p. 45
Two possible directions of strike	p. 47
Exercise on published geological survey map	p. 51
Map solution without structure contours 1	p. 52
Faults	p. 60
Normal and reversed faults	p. 60
The effects of faulting on outcrops	p. 62
Classification of faults	p. 62
Calculation of the throw of a fault	p. 65
Faults and economic calculations	p. 65
Wrench or tear faults	p. 69
Pre- and post-unconformity faulting	p. 69
Structural inliers and outliers	p. 71
Posthumous faulting	p. 71
Isopachytes	p. 71
"Exercises on published geological survey maps	p. 74
Map solution without structure contours 2	p. 75
More folds and faulted folds	p. 85
Plunging folds	p. 85
Calculation of the amount of plunge	p. 86
The effects of faulting on fold structures	p. 86
Displacement of folds by strike-slip (wrench) faults	p. 89
Calculation of strike-slip displacement	p. 90
Faults parallel to the limbs of a fold	p. 90
Sub-surface structures	p. 90
Posthumous folding	p. 90
Polyphase folding	p. 91
Bed isopachytes	p. 91
Exercises on geological survey maps	p. 95
Igneous and impact features	p. 98
Lava flows	p. 98
Pyroclastic rocks	p. 102
Concordant intrusions	p. 103
Discordant intrusions	p. 107
Impact features	p. 113
Exercise on geological survey map	p. 113
Economic problems	p. 121
Complex structures	p. 134
Nappes	p. 134
Thrust faults	p. 136
Axial plane cleavage	p. 136
Description of a geological map	p. 137
The geological history of Map 45	p. 137
Exercise on geological survey map	p. 138
Appendix	p. 140
Glossary	p. 164
Index	p. 167
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