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Preface | p. xi |
A General Introduction to Islam's Basic Teachings and Practices | p. 1 |
Religion and Common Life in the Pre-Islamic Near East | p. 5 |
Early Civilizations and the Origins of Judaism and Christianity | p. 7 |
Egypt the Land | p. 7 |
Mesopotamia the Land | p. 11 |
The Origins of Judaism | p. 15 |
Abraham | p. 15 |
Moses | p. 18 |
Later Religious Development | p. 19 |
The Prophets | p. 20 |
From Ancient Israelite Religion to Judaism | p. 22 |
Awaiting God's Messiah | p. 23 |
Jesus of Nazareth | p. 23 |
Paul | p. 25 |
Christianity | p. 26 |
Christianity and Judaism | p. 27 |
Pre-Islamic Arabia: Beliefs, Values, Way of Life | p. 32 |
Pre-Islamic Arabia | p. 32 |
Social Structure and Economy | p. 34 |
Poetry | p. 39 |
Pre-Islamic Religion | p. 40 |
The Coming of Islam: The Prophet, His People, and God's Religion | p. 47 |
Muhammad and the Early Muslim Community | p. 49 |
Before Muhammad | p. 49 |
Muhammad the Person | p. 50 |
Muhammad the Prophet | p. 53 |
The Qur'an | p. 55 |
The First Muslims | p. 56 |
The Development of Islam | p. 57 |
The Qur'an's Divine Message | p. 61 |
The Hijra | p. 63 |
Muhammad's Later Life | p. 69 |
Muhammad's Personal Life | p. 71 |
The Arab Conquests and Islamic Rule: The Struggle for a Unified Umma | p. 74 |
Muhammad's Heirs | p. 74 |
The Muslims' Foreign Conquests | p. 75 |
Early Muslim Governments and the Spread of the Umma | p. 78 |
Two Approaches to Politics and Rule | p. 83 |
The Spread of the Islamic Empire | p. 84 |
The Abbasids | p. 87 |
Other Muslim Peoples | p. 90 |
Islam's Achievements | p. 94 |
The Islamic Religious System | p. 97 |
The Basic Beliefs and Worship Practices of Islam | p. 99 |
The Five Doctrines of Islamic Faith | p. 99 |
The Five Acts of Worship | p. 105 |
Purification | p. 105 |
Ritual Impurity | p. 107 |
The Pillars of Islam | p. 110 |
The Nature and Function of the Qur'an | p. 130 |
Language, Format, and Chronology | p. 130 |
Recitation and Ritual Observances | p. 134 |
Contents and Nature of the Qur'an | p. 140 |
Interpretation of the Qur'an | p. 142 |
The "Inimitability" of the Qur'an | p. 146 |
The Prophet's Sunna as Preserved in the Hadith | p. 150 |
Muhammad and Scripture | p. 150 |
The Form of the Had?th | p. 152 |
Major Collections of Had?th | p. 156 |
The Prophet's and His Companions' Sunnas | p. 159 |
Muhammad as an Ideal Human | p. 160 |
Muslim Creeds and Theologies: Their Purposes and Varieties | p. 164 |
Theology | p. 164 |
Islamic Theology | p. 166 |
Theological Issues | p. 167 |
The Place of Reason | p. 170 |
The Mu'tazilite Rationalists | p. 171 |
Mu'tazilite Thought | p. 173 |
Three Muslim Creeds | p. 180 |
Orthodox Kal?m and the Challenge of Philosophy | p. 184 |
Law and the State in Classical Islamic Formulations | p. 187 |
Islam as a Way of Life | p. 187 |
The Shari'a and Fiqh | p. 187 |
The Qur'an and the Law | p. 188 |
The Legal Scholars | p. 191 |
Schools of Law | p. 193 |
The Five Principles | p. 194 |
Sunni Law Schools | p. 195 |
Shi'iLaw Schools | p. 197 |
Islamic Political Institutions: Forms, Functions, and Theories | p. 198 |
Islamic Law and the State in the Present Era | p. 207 |
The Sufi Way of Mysticism and Fellowship | p. 209 |
Islamic Mysticism and the Disciplines of Esoteric Piety | p. 211 |
Sufism | p. 211 |
Asceticism in Early Islamic Contexts | p. 217 |
Sufi Symbolism | p. 221 |
Sufism as an Esoteric Discipline: The Tariqa or Way | p. 223 |
Al-Junayd and Sober Sufism | p. 225 |
Antinomian Sufism | p. 227 |
Intoxicated Sufism; Al-Hallaj | p. 228 |
States and Stations | p. 231 |
Al-Ghazadli and the Reconciliation of Shari'aand Tariqa | p. 232 |
Masters and Disciples: The Forms and Functions of Sufi Orders | p. 238 |
The Rise of Sufi Orders | p. 238 |
Shaykhs and Faqirs: The Master-Disciple Relationship | p. 239 |
The Qadiri Order: Islam's Major International Sufi Brotherhood | p. 240 |
Other Classic Sufi Orders | p. 242 |
Jalal al-Din al-Rumi and the Mawlawis | p. 246 |
Rumi's Poetry | p. 248 |
The Silsila or Spiritual Lineage | p. 251 |
Dhikr and Sama': Remembrance and the Spiritual Concert | p. 252 |
Sufi Theosophy: The Thought of Ibn 'Arabi | p. 256 |
Patterns of Islamic Personal and Communal Life | p. 261 |
The Islamic Life Cycle and the Family | p. 263 |
Islamic Domestic Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs | p. 263 |
Rites of Infancy and Childhood | p. 264 |
Marriage (Nikah) | p. 268 |
Divorce (Talaq) | p. 273 |
Inheritance | p. 274 |
Property | p. 275 |
Interest | p. 275 |
Family Life | p. 276 |
Food and Eating Habits | p. 278 |
Clothing, Ornamentation, and Toilet | p. 280 |
Death Rituals | p. 282 |
Mourning Customs | p. 285 |
Ideals and Realities of Islamic Community Life | p. 289 |
The Closeness of the Community | p. 289 |
The Mosque | p. 290 |
The Marketplace | p. 293 |
Public Behavior | p. 294 |
Recreation | p. 297 |
Official Islam | p. 299 |
Popular Islam | p. 301 |
The Veneration of Saints | p. 301 |
Distinctive Shi'i Ritual Practices | p. 307 |
Islam in the Modern World | p. 313 |
Major Movements and Trends in Renewal and Reform | p. 315 |
Three Phases of Islamic History | p. 315 |
TheWahhabis | p. 318 |
Other Reform Movements | p. 321 |
Some Modernist Thinkers | p. 324 |
Islam and Nationalism | p. 330 |
Three Forms of Islamic Revival: "Fundamentalism," Feminism, and Establishing the Umma in North America | p. 341 |
Fundamentalism | p. 342 |
Islam and the Status of Women | p. 348 |
Islam and Muslims in North America | p. 352 |
Whither Islam and the Muslims? Progressive Muslims with a Vision of an "Islam without Borders" | p. 365 |
Westoxication | p. 366 |
Modernity and Westernization in the Post 9/11 World | p. 367 |
Progressive Muslims | p. 371 |
Progressive Assertiveness | p. 373 |
An Iranian Shi'ite Muslim's Voice in Human Rights and Rational Discourse | p. 374 |
Muslim Women Scholar-Activists | p. 377 |
Conclusion | p. 380 |
Suggestions for Further Reading | p. 383 |
Glossary | p. 402 |
Acknowledgments | p. 410 |
Index | p. 412 |
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