Introduction To Law Enforcement And Criminal Justice

by Wrobleski,Henry M.

• ISBN13: 9780534646684
• ISBN10: 0534646689
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-03-23
• Publisher: Cengage Learning

Summary

The strength of this book is that it provides coverage of both law enforcement and the criminal justice system in one convenient text. No other text offers a similar hybrid. Wrobleski and Hess offer a practical, yet comprehensive, approach and emphasize the law enforcement perspective as they examine the role of police in the criminal justice system. Another key strength of this book is that it has an easily accessible writing style and extensive pedagogy.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvi
SECTION I: THE EVOLUTION OF LAW ENFORCEMENT AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE	1	(112)
A Brief History: The Evolution of Law and Our Criminal Justice System	3	(38)
Introduction	4	(1)
Primitive and Ancient Law	4	(2)
Egypt	5	(1)
Greece	6	(1)
Rome	6	(1)
English Law and Law Enforcement	6	(6)
The Anglo-Saxons and the Tithing System	6	(1)
The Norman Frankpledge System	7	(1)
The Twelfth Century	7	(1)
The Magna Carta	8	(1)
The Next 500 Years	8	(2)
Henry Fielding and the Bow Street Runners	10	(1)
Peelian Reform	11	(1)
London Metropolitan Police (1829)	12	(1)
City and Borough Police Forces (1835)	12	(1)
Women Enter Law Enforcement	12	(1)
Early Law Enforcement in the United States	12	(4)
The First U.S. Police Forces	13	(1)
Slave Patrols	14	(1)
Evolution of the City Police	15	(1)
The Vigilante Movement	15	(1)
Establishment of Federal Agencies	16	(4)
The Department of Justice	17	(1)
The Department of the Treasury	18	(1)
Other Federal Law Enforcement Agencies	19	(1)
Current Organization	19	(1)
Establishment of State Agencies	20	(2)
Development of County Agencies	22	(1)
The County Sheriff	22	(1)
The County Police	22	(1)
The Coroner or Medical Examiner	22	(1)
Development of Local Agencies	22	(1)
District and Special Township Police	22	(1)
The Constable	23	(1)
The Marshal	23	(1)
Municipal Police	23	(1)
Overlap	23	(1)
The Three Eras of Policing	23	(10)
The Political Era (1840--1930)	24	(3)
The Reform or Professional Era (1930--1980)	27	(5)
The Community Era (1980--Present)	32	(1)
The Evolution of Our Juvenile Justice System	33	(4)
The Puritan Emphasis	34	(1)
Providing a Refuge	34	(1)
The Juvenile Court	34	(3)
A Brief Recap of U.S. Policing	37	(1)
Summary	37	(4)
The American Quest for Freedom and Justice: Our Laws	41	(27)
Introduction	42	(1)
The Declaration of Independence	43	(1)
Types of Law	43	(2)
Social or Moral Law	44	(1)
Precedents: Common Law and Case Law	44	(1)
Statutory Law	44	(1)
Equity	45	(1)
Constitutional Law	45	(1)
Order of Authority of Law	46	(1)
The Bill of Rights	46	(10)
The First Amendment	47	(1)
The Second Amendment	48	(1)
The Fourth Amendment	49	(1)
The Fifth Amendment	50	(2)
The Sixth Amendment	52	(2)
The Eighth Amendment	54	(1)
The Ninth Amendment	55	(1)
The Tenth Amendment	55	(1)
The Fourteenth Amendment	55	(1)
Criminal Law	56	(3)
Proving That a Crime Has Been Committed	58	(1)
Civil Law and Torts	59	(2)
The Law Enforcement Officer and Civil Liability	59	(2)
Police Power	61	(2)
The Needs of Society and the Rights of the Individual	63	(1)
Conflict Theory	64	(1)
Consensus Theory	64	(1)
Crime Control versus Due Process	64	(1)
Summary	64	(4)
Crime in the United States---Offenders and Victims	68	(45)
Introduction	69	(1)
Sources of Information on Crime	69	(7)
The Media	70	(1)
Self-Report Surveys	70	(1)
Official Sources	70	(6)
Classification and Definitions of Major Crimes	76	(16)
Violent Crimes	76	(1)
Crimes against Property	77	(3)
Part II Index Crimes	80	(1)
Other Crimes	80	(12)
Offenders---What Leads People to Commit Crime?	92	(7)
Theories of Criminality and Causes of Crime	92	(1)
The Influence of Biology	93	(1)
The Influence of the Environment	93	(3)
Career Criminals or Recidivists	96	(1)
Juvenile Offenders	97	(2)
Victims of Crime and Violence	99	(10)
Types of Victims	99	(1)
Victimization Factors---Who Is at Risk?	99	(1)
Other Factors in Victimization	100	(1)
Effects of Victimization	100	(1)
Fear of Victimization	101	(1)
The ``Second Wound'': Further Victimization by the Criminal Justice System	101	(1)
Assisting Victims---Historical Overview	102	(1)
Crime Victims' Rights	103	(1)
Should the U.S. Constitution Be Amended to Include Victims' Rights?	104	(1)
Programs and Services for Crime Victims	105	(3)
A Parallel Justice System for Victims?	108	(1)
The Role of the Police	108	(1)
Police Officers as Victims	109	(1)
Summary	110	(3)
SECTION II: CONTEMPORARY LAW ENFORCEMENT	113	(130)
Contemporary Policing: An Overview	115	(28)
Introduction	116	(1)
Why We Have Police	117	(1)
What Police Do	117	(1)
Policing and the People	118	(1)
Traditional Goals of Policing	119	(4)
Enforcing Laws	119	(1)
Preserving the Peace	120	(1)
Preventing Crime	120	(1)
Protecting Constitutional Rights	121	(1)
Providing Services	122	(1)
Contemporary Goals Resulting from Community Policing	123	(1)
Organization of the Department	123	(2)
Administrative Services	125	(6)
Communications	125	(4)
Records	129	(2)
Field Services	131	(1)
Patrol	131	(1)
Traffic	131	(1)
Investigation	132	(1)
Community Service/Community Relations	132	(1)
Specialized Officers	132	(1)
Rural Policing	132	(1)
The Police Subculture	133	(1)
Styles of Policing	134	(3)
Stereotypes	135	(2)
The Police Image	137	(2)
Factors Influencing Police Image	138	(1)
The Importance of Image	139	(1)
How the Public Really Feels about the Police	139	(1)
Summary	140	(3)
Community Policing, Problem-Solving Policing and Service	143	(38)
Introduction	144	(1)
Community Policing Defined	144	(1)
Historical Roots of Community Policing	145	(1)
The Importance of Community	145	(4)
Social Capital	146	(1)
Lack of Community	147	(2)
Involving and Educating Citizens	149	(1)
Civilian Review Boards	149	(1)
Citizen Patrols	149	(1)
Citizen Police Academies	150	(1)
Ride-Along Programs	150	(1)
Partnerships	150	(8)
Cooperative Policing	155	(1)
School/Law Enforcement/Community Partnerships	155	(1)
Partnerships with the Media	155	(2)
Community Policing, Partnerships and the Decrease in Crime	157	(1)
Problem-Oriented Policing and Problem Solving	158	(4)
The Crime Triangle	161	(1)
Common Mistakes in Problem Solving	162	(1)
Implementing Community Policing	162	(2)
Analyzing the Community	163	(1)
The Effect of Implementing Community Policing	164	(1)
A Community Service Orientation	164	(3)
Providing Emergency Services	165	(2)
Other Community Services	167	(1)
Youth Programs	167	(3)
The PAL Program	167	(1)
School Resource Officers	168	(1)
Operation CleanSweep	168	(1)
McGruff	168	(1)
Police Explorers	169	(1)
Dare	169	(1)
Other Programs	169	(1)
Community Crime Prevention Programs	170	(2)
Neighborhood or Block Watch Programs	170	(1)
Operation Identification Programs	170	(1)
Home Security	171	(1)
Store Security	171	(1)
Automobile Security	171	(1)
What Works/What Doesn't	172	(1)
Services and Programs That Implement Community Policing	173	(1)
Challenges to Community Policing	173	(1)
Resistance and Misguided Perceptions	174	(1)
Benefits of Community Policing to Officers	174	(1)
Serving and Protecting Our Increasingly Diverse Population	174	(3)
The Growing Elderly Population	175	(1)
The Growing Minority Population	175	(1)
The Growing Immigrant Population	175	(1)
The Growing Homeless Population	176	(1)
The Growing Number of Individuals with AIDS and Other Infectious Diseases	176	(1)
The Growing Number of Individuals with Disabilities	177	(1)
The Widening Gap between the Rich and the Poor	177	(1)
Summary	177	(4)
Patrol: The Backbone of Policing	181	(34)
Introduction	182	(1)
Patrol Officer Responsibilities	182	(1)
Management of Patrol Operations	183	(1)
Types of Patrol	184	(5)
General Patrol	184	(1)
Random/Preventive Patrol	184	(2)
Directed Patrol	186	(3)
Activities While on Patrol	189	(2)
Calls for Service	189	(1)
Self-Initiated Tasks	190	(1)
Administrative Duties	190	(1)
A Demanding Role	191	(1)
Methods of Patrol	191	(8)
Foot Patrol	191	(1)
Automobile Patrol	192	(1)
Motorcycle Patrol	193	(1)
Bicycle Patrol	193	(2)
Segways	195	(1)
Mounted Patrol	196	(1)
Air Patrol	196	(1)
Water Patrol	197	(1)
Special-Terrain Patrol	197	(1)
Combination Patrol	198	(1)
High Visibility versus Low Visibility	198	(1)
The Traffic Division: An Overview	199	(1)
Enforcing Traffic Laws	199	(9)
Selective Traffic Enforcement	199	(1)
Speeding	200	(1)
Red Light Running	201	(1)
Nonuse of Seat Belts	201	(1)
Aggressive Driving and Road Rage	202	(1)
Driving under the Influence of Alcohol or Drugs	202	(3)
The Traffic Stop	205	(1)
Racial Profiling	206	(1)
Traffic Enforcement and the Apprehension of Criminals	207	(1)
Directing and Controlling Traffic	208	(1)
Assisting at and Investigating Traffic Crashes	208	(2)
Responsibilities of the Officer Called to a Crash Scene	209	(1)
Crash Reconstruction	209	(1)
The Traffic Program	210	(1)
Public Education Programs	210	(1)
Patrol and Community Policing	210	(1)
Summary	211	(4)
Specialized Roles of Police	215	(28)
Introduction	216	(1)
Investigation	216	(11)
Forensic Science	216	(1)
The Investigator	217	(1)
The Preliminary Investigation	217	(1)
The Follow-Up Investigation	218	(1)
Investigative Responsibilities	218	(8)
Crime Scene Investigation Units	226	(1)
Case Management/Investigation	226	(1)
The Internet	226	(1)
Community Policing and Investigation	227	(1)
Profilers	227	(1)
Psychics	228	(1)
Intelligence Officers	228	(3)
Undercover Officers	228	(2)
Internal Affairs	230	(1)
Juvenile Officers	231	(1)
Vice Officers	232	(3)
Illegal and Legal Gambling	233	(1)
Prostitution and Pornography	234	(1)
SWAT Officers	235	(2)
K-9 Assisted Officers	237	(2)
K-9 Case Law	238	(1)
Reserve Officers	239	(1)
Summary	239	(4)
SECTION III: CHALLENGES TO THE PROFESSION	243	(198)
Policing within the Law	245	(39)
Introduction	246	(1)
The Fourth Amendment	247	(2)
Reasonable	247	(1)
Probable Cause	248	(1)
Stop and Frisk	249	(4)
Plain View and Plain Feel/Touch	252	(1)
Roadblocks and Checkpoints	253	(1)
Field Detention	254	(1)
Lawful Searches	255	(12)
Searches Conducted with a Warrant	255	(2)
Searches Conducted without a Warrant	257	(10)
Limitations on Searches	267	(1)
Lawful Arrests	267	(2)
Elements of Criminal Arrest	267	(1)
Arrest Warrants	267	(1)
Arrests without a Warrant	267	(2)
Right to Resist Arrest	269	(1)
De Facto Arrests	269	(1)
Protecting a Suspect's Rights---The Miranda Warning	269	(6)
Waiving the Right	273	(1)
The Public Safety Exception	273	(1)
Protecting the Rights of Foreign Nationals	274	(1)
Involuntary Confessions	274	(1)
Entrapment	275	(1)
A Recap of the Landmark Cases	275	(5)
Summary	280	(4)
Gangs and Drugs: Threats to Our National Security	284	(52)
Introduction	285	(1)
The Threat of Gangs	285	(1)
Gangs Defined	286	(1)
Types of Gangs	287	(1)
Racial or Ethnic Gangs	288	(5)
Hispanic Gangs	288	(1)
African American Gangs	288	(1)
Asian Gangs	289	(1)
White Ethnic Gangs	290	(1)
Motorcycle Gangs	290	(1)
Prison Gangs	290	(1)
Other Types of Gangs	290	(2)
Hybrid Gangs	292	(1)
Females and Gangs	292	(1)
Characteristics of Gangs	293	(2)
Leadership	293	(1)
Organization	293	(2)
Domain Identification	295	(1)
Criminal Activity	295	(1)
Identifying Gangs and Gang Members	295	(4)
Names	295	(1)
Symbols	295	(1)
Communication	296	(1)
Criteria for Identifying Gang Members	297	(1)
Stereotypes	298	(1)
The Gang Subculture	298	(1)
Why People Join Gangs	299	(3)
Risk Factors	301	(1)
Gang Control Strategies	302	(5)
Police Gang Units	304	(1)
Injunctions and Legislation	304	(2)
Gang Intelligence	306	(1)
School Programs	306	(1)
Gangs and Community Policing	307	(2)
Gangs and the Criminal Justice System	309	(1)
Prosecution Problems	309	(1)
The Enterprise Theory of Investigation	310	(1)
The Threat of Drugs	311	(2)
Studies on Current Drug Use	311	(2)
Narcotics, Marijuana and Other Dangerous Drugs	313	(4)
Narcotics	313	(1)
Marijuana	314	(1)
Other Dangerous Drugs	314	(3)
Alcohol	317	(2)
Illicit Drug Abuse and Crime	319	(2)
Drugs and Society	321	(1)
Drug Control	322	(9)
Crime Control	322	(3)
Punishment	325	(1)
Rehabilitation	326	(2)
Prevention	328	(1)
Legalization	329	(2)
The Need for a Combined Effort	331	(1)
Summary	331	(5)
Terrorism: The Newest Threat to Our National Security	336	(31)
Introduction	337	(1)
The Threat of Terrorism	337	(1)
Terrorism Defined	338	(1)
Classification of Terrorist Acts	339	(1)
Domestic Terrorism	339	(1)
International Terrorism	339	(1)
The Dual Threat	339	(1)
Motivations for Terrorism	339	(4)
White Supremacists	340	(1)
Black Supremacists	341	(1)
The Militia Movement	341	(1)
Other Right-Wing Extremists	341	(1)
Left-Wing Extremists	342	(1)
Pro-Life Extremists	342	(1)
Animal Rights Activists	342	(1)
Environmental Extremists	343	(1)
Methods Used by Terrorists	343	(4)
Explosives and Bombs	344	(1)
Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD)	344	(2)
Technological Terrorism	346	(1)
A Brief Chronology of Terrorism---Past to Present	347	(1)
September 11, 2001	348	(3)
Why Did It Happen?	349	(1)
Who Was Responsible?	350	(1)
The U.S. Response---Detect, Prepare, Prevent, Protect, Respond and Recover	351	(2)
The Department of Homeland Security	351	(1)
The USA Patriot Act	352	(1)
The Critical Role of Local Law Enforcement in Homeland Security	353	(7)
Needed Training	354	(1)
Investigating Terrorist Acts	355	(1)
Community Policing and Homeland Security	356	(1)
Intelligence Gathering and Sharing	357	(3)
A New Kind of War---An Asymmetric War	360	(1)
Another Homeland Security Initiative: The Center for Food Protection and Defense	360	(1)
The Role of the Media in the War on Terrorism	361	(1)
Concerns Related to the War on Terrorism	361	(2)
Concern for Civil Rights	361	(1)
Retaliation or Discrimination against People of Middle Eastern Descent	362	(1)
Summary	363	(4)
Issues Concerning Police Conduct	367	(37)
Introduction	367	(1)
Discretion	368	(1)
Discrimination or Disparity in Policing: Gender, Class and Race Issues	369	(6)
Gender Issues	370	(1)
Class Issues	371	(1)
Racial Issues	371	(1)
Racial Profiling	372	(3)
Use of Force	375	(8)
The Use of Force Continuum	377	(1)
Reasonable Force	378	(1)
Excessive Force	379	(1)
Less-Lethal Force	379	(3)
Deadly Force	382	(1)
Police Pursuits	383	(5)
To Pursue or Not to Pursue	384	(2)
Pursuit Policies	386	(1)
Liability in Police Pursuits	387	(1)
Civil Liability	388	(3)
Reducing Civil Liability	390	(1)
Corruption, Ethics and Integrity---Where to Draw the Line	391	(8)
What Constitutes Corruption?	392	(1)
How Corruption Arises and Perpetuates	393	(4)
How Police Learn about Ethics	397	(1)
The Importance of Police Integrity and Core Virtues	397	(1)
Building an Ethical Department	398	(1)
Summary	399	(5)
Departmental Issues	404	(37)
Introduction	405	(1)
Evaluating and Selecting an Agency for Employment	405	(1)
The Recruiting Process	406	(4)
Desired Qualities of Law Enforcement Officers	407	(1)
Finding Qualified Applicants	407	(1)
Recruiting Minorities	408	(1)
Recruiting Women	408	(2)
The Selection Process	410	(9)
The Formal Application---Basic Requirements to Become a Police Officer	410	(3)
The Written Examination	413	(1)
Physical Fitness Tests	414	(1)
Psychological Testing	414	(1)
The Interview	414	(2)
The Background Investigation	416	(1)
Testing or Assessment Centers	417	(1)
The Medical Examination	418	(1)
The Law Enforcement Candidate Ride-Along	418	(1)
The Human Resource Roundtable	418	(1)
The Final Result	419	(1)
Federal Guidelines and Regulations	419	(2)
Equal Employment Opportunity Act	419	(1)
Affirmative Action	419	(2)
Americans with Disabilities Act	421	(1)
Probation and Training	421	(2)
Failure to Train	423	(1)
Retention	423	(4)
Salary and Benefits	424	(1)
Promotional Opportunities	425	(1)
Stress and Burnout	425	(2)
Civilian Review Boards	427	(1)
Sexual Harassment	428	(1)
Unions	429	(1)
Privatization of Criminal Justice	430	(1)
Moonlighting	431	(1)
Accreditation	432	(4)
Police Professionalism	436	(1)
Sociological Elements of Professionalism	436	(1)
The Final Analysis---Does Law Enforcement Qualify?	436	(1)
Summary	437	(4)
SECTION IV: LAW ENFORCEMENT AND THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM	441	(49)
Courts and Corrections: Law Enforcement's Partners in the Criminal Justice System	443	(47)
Introduction	444	(1)
The Police as Gatekeepers to the Criminal Justice System	445	(1)
An American Courtroom	446	(1)
The Court System: An Overview	446	(4)
The State Court System	446	(1)
The Federal Court System	447	(1)
The Supreme Court	447	(3)
Specialized Courts	450	(4)
Community Courts	450	(1)
Tribal Courts	450	(1)
Drug Courts	451	(1)
Gun Courts	451	(1)
Domestic Violence (DV) Courts	452	(1)
Mental Health Courts	452	(1)
Juvenile Courts	452	(2)
The Adversary System	454	(1)
Key Players in the Judicial Process	455	(4)
The Defendant	455	(2)
The Prosecutor	457	(1)
The Defense Attorney	458	(1)
Judges	458	(1)
Critical Stages in the Criminal Justice Process	459	(4)
Bail and Writ of Habeas Corpus	460	(1)
Plea Bargaining	461	(1)
The Preliminary Hearing	461	(1)
The Grand Jury	462	(1)
The Coroner's Jury	462	(1)
The Arraignment	462	(1)
Alternatives to a Trial---Diversion	463	(1)
The Trial	463	(3)
Jury Selection	463	(1)
Testimony	464	(1)
Closing Statements and Jury Deliberation	465	(1)
Sentencing	466	(2)
Three-Strikes Laws, Mandatory Minimums and Truth-in-Sentencing	467	(1)
Case Review and Appeal	468	(1)
The Corrections System: An Overview	468	(1)
Purposes of Corrections	468	(1)
Purposes of Juvenile Corrections	469	(1)
Probation	469	(2)
Who Gets Probation?	470	(1)
Conditions of Probation	470	(1)
Partnerships between Law Enforcement and Probation Services	470	(1)
The Growing Use of Probation	470	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions/Community Corrections	471	(1)
Intermediate Sanctions for Juveniles	472	(1)
Boot Camps	472	(1)
Incarceration	473	(3)
Jails	474	(1)
Prisons	474	(2)
Parole	476	(1)
Community-Based Reintegration Programs	477	(1)
Halfway Houses	477	(1)
Restitution Centers	477	(1)
Other Reintegration Methods	477	(1)
Recidivism	478	(1)
The Death Penalty versus Life without Parole	478	(2)
The Restorative Justice Model	480	(2)
Community Corrections and the Role of Police	482	(1)
Community Justice	482	(2)
A Look to the Future	484	(2)
Summary	486	(4)
Glossary	490	(12)
Author Index	502	(4)
Subject Index	506	(14)
Photo Credits	520