Introduction to Optical Mineralogy

by Nesse, William D.

• ISBN13: 9780195149104
• ISBN10: 0195149106
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-08-21
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

The purpose of this book is to serve the needs of students in learning the procedures and theory required to use the petrographic microscope. In the second edition the book has been updated and there has been a number of changes.

Author Biography

WILLIAM D. NESSE is Professor of Geology at the University of Northern Colorado, where he has taught for more than 25 years. He is the author of Introduction to Mineralogy (OUP, 2000) and the Instructor's Manual for Putnam's Geology (OUP, 1989). He is a member of the Geological Society of America, the Mineralogical Society of America, the Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, and the Colorado Scientific Society.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
CHAPTER 1: LIGHT	1	(13)
The Nature of Light	1	(1)
Electromagnetic Radiation	1	(2)
Phase	3	(1)
The Perception of Color	4	(1)
Interaction of Light and Matter	5	(5)
Transmitted Light	5	(2)
Velocity	5	(1)
Index of Refraction	5	(2)
Reflection	7	(1)
Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection	7	(1)
Optical Class	8	(1)
Dispersion	9	(1)
Light Absorption and Color	10	(1)
Polarized Light	10	(4)
Polarization by Double Refraction	11	(1)
Polarization by Reflection	12	(1)
Polarization by Scattering	13	(1)
CHAPTER 2: THE PETROOGRAPHIC MICROSCOPE	14	(11)
Direction Conventions	14	(1)
Examples	14	(1)
Illuminator	15	(1)
Substage Assembly	16	(1)
Microscope Stage	17	(1)
Objective Lenses	17	(1)
Vertical Illuminator	18	(1)
Upper Polarizer	18	(1)
Bertrand Lens	19	(1)
Ocular	19	(1)
Focusing Mechanism	19	(1)
Accessories	20	(1)
Additional Equipment	20	(1)
General Care of the Microscope	20	(1)
Adjustment of the Microscope	21	(3)
Adjusting the Oculars	21	(1)
Focusing	22	(1)
Adjusting the Illuminator	22	(1)
Centering the Objectives	22	(1)
Adjusting the Substage	23	(1)
Alignment of Polarizers	23	(1)
General Considerations	24	(1)
CHAPTER 3: REFRACTOMETRY	25	(9)
Relief	25	(1)
Becke Line Method	25	(5)
Dispersion Effects	28	(2)
Oblique Illumination Method	30	(1)
Practical Considerations	31	(1)
Accuracy of the Immersion Method	32	(1)
Determining Indices of Refraction in Thin Section	33	(1)
CHAPTER 4: OPTICS OF ISOTROPIC MATERIALS	34	(3)
Isotropic Indicatrix	34	(1)
Distinguishing Between Isotropic and Anisotropic Minerals	34	(1)
Identification of Isotropic Minerals	35	(2)
Grain Mount	35	(1)
Thin Section	36	(1)
CHAPTER 5: OPTICS OF ANISOTROPIC MINERALS: INTRODUCTION	37	(16)
Interference Phenomena	39	(4)
Monochromatic Illumination	39	(2)
Retardation	39	(1)
Birefringence	40	(1)
Interference of the Two Rays	40	(1)
Polychromatic Illumination	41	(2)
Orders of Interference Colors	43	(1)
Anomalous Interference Colors	43	(1)
Determining Thickness of a Sample	43	(2)
Thin Section	43	(1)
Grain Mount	44	(1)
Determining Birefringence from the Color Chart	45	(1)
Thin Section	45	(1)
Grain Mount	45	(1)
Recognizing the Different Orders of Interference Colors	45	(1)
Extinction	45	(2)
Categories of Extinction	46	(1)
Use of the Accessory Plates	47	(3)
Sign of Elongation	50	(1)
Relief	51	(1)
Pleochroism	51	(2)
CHAPTER 6: UNIAXIAL OPTICS	53	(23)
Optic Sign	53	(1)
Crystallographic Considerations	54	(1)
Uniaxial Indicatrix	55	(3)
Use of the Indicatrix	56	(2)
Birefringence and Interference Colors	58	(2)
Extinction	60	(4)
Tetragonal Minerals	61	(1)
Hexagonal Minerals	61	(4)
Rhombohedral Cleavage	61	(2)
Prismatic and Pinacoidal Cleavage	63	(1)
Pleochroism	64	(1)
Interference Figure	65	(7)
Optic Axis Interference Figure	65	(4)
Formation of Isochromes	66	(1)
Formation of Isogyres	67	(1)
Determining Optic Sign	67	(2)
Off-Center Optic Axis Figure	69	(1)
Flash Figure	69	(3)
Selecting Grains to Give Interference Figures	72	(1)
Optic Axis Figure	72	(1)
Flash Figure	72	(1)
Determining Indices of Refraction	72	(4)
Grain Mount	72	(2)
Determining nw	72	(1)
Determining ne	73	(1)
Thin Section	74	(1)
Spindle Stage	74	(2)
CHAPTER 7: BIAXIAL OPTICS	76	(34)
Biaxial Indicatrix	76	(3)
Mathematical Relationships	78	(1)
Use of the Indicatrix	79	(4)
Normal Incidence Parallel to an Indicatrix Axis	81	(1)
Normal Incidence Parallel to an Optic Axis	81	(1)
Normal Incidence in a Random Direction	82	(1)
Inclined Incidence	82	(1)
Crystallographic Orientation of Indicatrix Axes	83	(1)
Orthorhombic Minerals	83	(1)
Monoclinic Minerals	84	(1)
Triclinic Minerals	84	(1)
Biaxial Interference Figure	84	(7)
Acute Bisectrix Figure	85	(3)
Formation of Isochromes	85	(1)
Vibration Directions and Formation of Isogyres	86	(2)
Centered Optic Axis Figure	88	(1)
Obtuse Bisectrix Figure	89	(1)
Optic Normal Figure	89	(1)
Off-Center Figures	90	(1)
Determining Optic Sign	91	(4)
Acute Bisectrix Figure	91	(3)
Obtuse Bisectrix Figure	94
Optic Axis Figure	91	(1)
Flash Figures	91	(4)
Determining 2V	95	(4)
2V Versus 2E	95	(1)
Mallard's Method	95	(1)
Tobi's Method	96	(1)
Kamb's Method	97	(1)
Wright Method	98	(1)
Selecting Grains to Produce Interference Figures	99	(2)
Pleochroism	101	(1)
Extinction	101	(2)
Orthorhombic Minerals	101	(1)
Monoclinic Minerals	102	(1)
Triclinic Minerals	103	(1)
Sign of Elongation	103	(1)
Indices of Refraction	104	(2)
Grain Mount	104	(1)
Spindle Stage	104	(2)
Dispersion in Biaxial Minerals	106	(4)
Orthorhombic Minerals	106	(1)
Monoclinic Minerals	107	(1)
Triclinic Minerals	108	(2)
CHAPTER 8: REFLECTED LIGHT OPTICS	110	(12)
Physical Properties Observed with Polished Sections	110	(4)
Crystal Form and Habit	110	(1)
Hardness	111	(3)
Observation in Plane Polarized Light	114	(4)
Reflectance	114	(1)
Bireflectance	115	(2)
Measurement of Reflectance and Bireflectance	116	(1)
Color and Pleochroism	117	(1)
Isotropic Minerals	117	(1)
Anisotropic Minerals	117	(1)
Observations with Crossed Polarizers	118	(2)
Polarization Colors	118	(1)
Isotropic Minerals	118	(1)
Anisotropic Minerals	118	(1)
Internal Reflections	119	(1)
Observations Related to Conoscopic Illumination	120	(1)
Practical Considerations	120	(2)
CHAPTER 9: IDENTIFICATION OFMINERALS	122	(6)
Descriptive Features	122	(1)
Cleavage	122	(1)
Twinning	123	(1)
Alteration	123	(1)
Association	123	(1)
Tactics for Mineral Identification	123	(3)
Thin Section Identification	123	(1)
Grain Mount Identification	124	(1)
Polished Section Identification	125	(1)
Use of the Identification Tables	125	(1)
Nonminerals	126	(1)
Problems in Paradise	126	(2)
Inconsistencies in Crystallographic Settings	127	(1)
Poor Data	127	(1)
CHAPTER 10: FRAMEWORK SILICATES	128	(36)
Silica Group	128	(6)
Quartz	128	(1)
Chalcedony	128	(3)
Tridymite	131	(1)
Cristobalite	132	(1)
Opal	132	(1)
Volcanic Glass	133	(1)
Feldspars	134	(17)
Plagioclase	135	(9)
Thin Section	138	(4)
Grain Mount	142	(2)
Alkali Feldspars	144	(4)
Sanidine	148	(1)
Orthoclase	149	(1)
Microcline	150	(1)
Adularia	150	(1)
Anorthoclase	151	(1)
Feldspathoids	151	(4)
Nepheline	151	(2)
Sodalite Group	153	(1)
Leucite	153	(1)
Cancrinite-Vishnevite	154	(1)
Zeolites	155	(7)
Analcime (Analcite)	156	(1)
Natrolite	157	(1)
Thomsonite	158	(1)
Stilbite	159	(1)
Chabazite	159	(1)
Heulandite	160	(1)
Laumontite	161	(1)
Other Minerals and Mineraloids	162	(2)
Scapolite	162	(2)
CHAPTER 11: SHEET SILICATES	164	(20)
TO Layer Silicates	166	(1)
Kaolinite	166	(1)
Serpentine	166	(1)
TOT Layer Silicates	167	(2)
Pyrophyllite	167	(1)
Talc	168	(1)
TOT + Interlayer Cation Layer Silicates	169	(7)
Muscovite	169	(2)
Biotite	171	(2)
Lepidolite	173	(1)
Glauconite	174	(1)
Margarite	175	(1)
Clintonite	175	(1)
TOT + O Layer Silicates	176	(2)
Chlorite	176	(2)
Clay Minerals	178	(2)
Other Sheet Silicates	180	(4)
Stilpnomelane	180	(1)
Prehnite	181	(1)
Apophyllite	182	(2)
CHAPTER 12: CHAIN SILICATES	184	(39)
Pyroxenes	185	(14)
Enstatite-Ferrosilite (Orthopyroxene)	187	(3)
Pigeonite	190	(2)
Calcic Clinopyroxene (Augite)	192	(2)
Aegirine, Aegirine-Augite	194	(2)
Omphacite	196	(1)
Jadeite	197	(1)
Spodumene	198	(1)
Amphiboles	199	(18)
Anthophyllite	202	(2)
Gedrite	204	(1)
Cummingtonite-Grunerite	205	(2)
Tremolite-Actinolite-Ferro-Actinolite	207	(1)
Hornblende	208	(2)
Oxyhornblende	210	(1)
Kaersutite	211	(1)
Richterite	212	(1)
Arfvedsonite and Eckermannite	213	(2)
Glaucophane-Riebeckite Series	215	(2)
Pyroxenoids	217	(3)
Wollastonite	217	(1)
Rhodonite	218	(1)
Pectolite	219	(1)
Other Chain Silicates	220	(3)
Sapphirine	220	(3)
CHAPTER 13: DISILICATES AND RING SILICATES	223	(18)
Disilicates	223	(11)
Lawsonite	223	(1)
Pumpellyite	224	(2)
Melilite	226	(1)
Vesuvianite (Idocrase)	227	(1)
Epidote Group	227	(1)
Zoisite	228	(1)
Clinozoisite-Epidote	229	(3)
Piemontite	232	(1)
Allanite	233	(1)
Ring Silicates	234	(7)
Tourmaline	234	(2)
Axinite	236	(1)
Beryl	237	(1)
Cordierite	238	(3)
CHAPTER 14: ORTHOSILICATES	241	(21)
Olivine	241	(2)
Monticellite	243	(1)
Humite Group	244	(2)
Garnet Group	246	(2)
Andalusite	248	(2)
Sillimanite	250	(2)
Kyanite	252	(1)
Staurolite	253	(2)
Chloritoid	255	(1)
Titanite (Sphene)	256	(1)
Topaz	257	(2)
Zircon	259	(1)
Dumortierite	260	(2)
CHAPTER 15: CARBONATES, BORATES, SULFATES, AND PHOSPHATES	262	(23)
Carbonates	262	(11)
Calcite	264	(2)
Magnesite	266	(1)
Sidente	266	(1)
Rhodochrosite	267	(1)
Dolomite-Ankerite	268	(2)
Aragonite	270	(1)
Strontianite	271	(1)
Witherite	272	(1)
Borates	273	(2)
Borax	273	(2)
Colemanite	275	(1)
Sulfates	275	(5)
Barite	275	(1)
Celestine (Celestite)	276	(1)
Gypsum	277	(1)
Anhydrite	278	(1)
Alunite	279	(1)
Phosphates	280	(5)
Apatite	280	(2)
Monazite	282	(1)
Xenotime	283	(2)
CHAPTER 16: NATIVE ELEMENTS, SULFIDES, HALIDES, OXIDES, AND HYDROXIDES	285	(31)
Native Elements	285	(3)
Sulfur	285	(1)
Graphite	286	(1)
Gold	286	(1)
Silver	287	(1)
Copper	287	(1)
Sufides and Related Minerals	288	(9)
Pyrite	293	(1)
Marcasite	294	(1)
Sphalerite	295	(1)
Galena	296	(1)
Pyrrhotite	296	(1)
Chalcopyrite	297	(1)
Halides	297	(2)
Halite	297	(1)
Sylvite	298	(1)
Fluorite	299	(1)
Oxides	299	(8)
Periclase	299	(1)
Cuprite	300	(1)
Rutile	300	(1)
Anatase	301	(1)
Cassiterite	302	(1)
Corundum	303	(1)
Hematite	304	(1)
Ilmenite	305	(1)
Perovskite	306	(1)
The Spinel Group	307	(2)
Spinel Series	307	(1)
Magnetite	308	(1)
Chromite	309	(1)
Hydroxides	309	(7)
Brucite	309	(1)
Gibbsite	310	(1)
Diaspore	311	(1)
Böhmite (Boehmite)	312	(1)
Goethite	313	(1)
Lepidocrocite	314	(1)
Limonite	315	(1)
Appendix A: Sample Preparation	316	(3)
Grain Mount	316	(1)
Thin Section	316	(1)
Spindle Stage	317	(1)
Polished Section	317	(2)
Appendix B: Identification Tables	319	(16)
Appendix C: Mineral Associations	335	(4)
Mineral Index	339	(4)
Subject Index	343