Introduction to Organic and Biochemistry (with CD-ROM and CengageNOW Printed Access Card)

by Bettelheim, Frederick A.; Brown, William H.; Campbell, Mary K.; Farrell, Shawn O.

• ISBN13: 9780495014775
• ISBN10: 049501477X
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-03-06
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

With this innovative split version of INTRODUCTION TO GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOCHEMISTRY (and the accompanying access to ThomsonNOW, the online personalized learning tool), you will find the tools you need for success! This text is designed to make challenging information accessible to everyone and will give you a solid foundation in the chemistry of the human body as well as a better understanding of biochemical interactions. Ideal for those entering a health career, the book shows chemistry appied to normal human biochemical pathways and discusses biochemical conditions present in diseases.

Table of Contents

Organic Chemistry	1	(17)
What Is Organic Chemistry?	1	(2)
Where Do We Obtain Organic Compounds?	3	(2)
How Do We Write Structural Formulas of Organic Compounds?	5	(2)
What Are Functional Groups?	7	(11)
Summary of Key Questions	14	(1)
Problems	14
Taxol: A Story of Search and Discovery	4	(1)
Combinatorial Chemistry	5	(13)
Alkanes	18	(28)
How Do We Write Structural Formulas of Alkanes?	18	(3)
What Are Constitutional Isomers?	21	(2)
How Do We Name Alkanes?	23	(4)
What Are Cycloalkanes?	27	(1)
What Are the Shapes of Alkanes and Cycloalkanes?	28	(4)
What Is Cis-Trans Isomerism in Cycloalkanes?	32	(2)
What Are the Physical Properties of Alkanes?	34	(3)
What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkanes?	37	(1)
What Are Some Important Haloalkanes?	38	(1)
Where Do We Obtain Alkanes?	39	(7)
Summary of Key Questions	41	(1)
Summary of Key Reactions	41	(1)
Problems	42
The Poisonous Puffer Fish	31	(8)
The Environmental Impact of Freons	39	(1)
Octane Rating: What Those Numbers at the Pump Mean	40	(6)
Alkenes and Alkynes	46	(28)
What Are Alkenes and Alkynes?	46	(1)
What Are the Structures of Alkenes and Alkynes?	47	(1)
How Do We Name Alkenes and Alkynes?	48	(7)
What Are the Physical Properties of Alkenes and Alkynes?	55	(1)
What Are Terpenes?	55	(1)
What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alkenes?	56	(8)
What Are the Important Polymerization Reactions of Ethylene and Substituted Ethylenes?	64	(10)
Summary of Key Questions	68	(1)
Summary of Key Reactions	68	(1)
Problems	69
Ethylene: A Plant Growth Regulator	47	(4)
The Case of the Iowa and New York Strains of the European Corn Borer	51	(3)
Cis-Trans Isomerism in Vision	54	(13)
Recycling Plastics	67	(7)
Benzene and Its Derivatives	74	(16)
What Is the Structure of Benzene?	74	(2)
How Do We Name Aromatic Compounds?	76	(4)
What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Benzene and Its Derivatives?	80	(2)
What Are Phenols?	82	(8)
Summary of Key Questions	86	(1)
Summary of Key Reactions	86	(1)
Problems	87
DDT: A Boon and a Curse	78	(1)
Carcinogenic Polynuclear Aromatics and Smoking	79	(1)
Iodide Ion and Goiter	80	(1)
The Nitro Group in Explosives	81	(2)
FD & C No. 6 (a.k.a. Sunset Yellow)	83	(1)
Capsaicin, for Those Who Like It Hot	84	(6)
Alcohols, Ethers, and Thiols	90	(22)
What Are the Structures, Names, and Properties of Alcohols?	90	(5)
What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Alcohols?	95	(5)
What Are the Structures, Names, and Properties of Ethers?	100	(3)
What Are the Structures, Names, and Properties of Thiols?	103	(2)
What Are the Most Commercially Important Alcohols?	105	(7)
Summary of Key Questions	106	(1)
Summary of Key Reactions	107	(1)
Problems	108
Nitroglycerin: An Explosive and a Drug	92	(6)
Breath-Alcohol Screening	98	(3)
Ethylene Oxide: A Chemical Sterilant	101	(1)
Ethers and Anesthesia	102	(10)
Chirality: The Handedness of Molecules	112	(21)
What Is Enantiomerism?	112	(6)
How To ... Draw Enantiomers	117	(1)
How Do We Specify the Configuration of a Stereocenter?	118	(4)
How Many Stereoisomers Are Possible for Molecules with Two or More Stereocenters?	122	(4)
What Is Optical Activity, and How Is Chirality Detected in the Laboratory?	126	(2)
What Is the Significance of Chirality in the Biological World?	128	(5)
Summary of Key Questions	129	(1)
Problems	130
Chiral Drugs	126	(7)
Acids and Bases	133	(34)
What Are Acids and Bases?	133	(2)
How Do We Define the Strength of Acids and Bases?	135	(2)
What Are Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs?	137	(2)
How Can We Tell the Position of Equilibrium in an Acid-Base Reaction?	139	(3)
How Do We Use Acid Ionization Constants?	142	(1)
What Are the Properties of Acids and Bases?	143	(3)
What Are the Acidic and Basic Properties of Pure Water?	146	(3)
How To ... Use Logs and Antilogs	148	(1)
What Are pH and pOH?	149	(2)
How Do We Use Titrations to Calculate Concentration?	151	(3)
What Are Buffers?	154	(4)
How Do We Calculate the pH of a Buffer?	158	(2)
What Are TRIS, HEPES, and These Buffers with the Strange Names?	160	(7)
Summary of Key Questions	162	(1)
Problems	163
Some Important Acids and Bases	136	(4)
Acid and Base Burns of the Cornea	140	(5)
Drugstore Antacids	145	(14)
Respiratory and Metabolic Acidosis	159	(1)
Alkalosis and Sprinter's Trick	160	(7)
Amines	167	(17)
What Are Amines?	167	(3)
How Do We Name Amines?	170	(2)
What Are the Physical Properties of Amines?	172	(1)
How Do We Describe the Basicity of Amines?	173	(2)
What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Amines?	175	(9)
Summary of Key Questions	178	(1)
Summary of Key Reactions	179	(1)
Problems	179
Amphetamines (Pep Pills)	168	(1)
Alkaloids	169	(3)
Tranquilizers	172	(4)
The Solubility of Drugs in Body Fluids	176	(1)
Epinephrine: A Prototype for the Development of New Bronchodilators	177	(7)
Aldehydes and Ketones	184	(18)
What Are Aldehydes and Ketones?	184	(1)
How Do We Name Aldehydes and Ketones?	185	(3)
What Are the Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones?	188	(1)
What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones?	189	(6)
What Is Keto-Enol Tautomerism?	195	(7)
Summary of Key Questions	196	(1)
Summary of Key Reactions	196	(1)
Problems	197
Some Naturally Occurring Aldehydes and Ketones	187	(15)
Carboxylic Acids	202	(22)
What Are Carboxylic Acids?	202	(1)
How Do We Name Carboxylic Acids?	202	(3)
What Are the Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids?	205	(1)
What Are Soaps and Detergents?	206	(6)
What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Carboxylic Acids?	212	(12)
Summary of Key Questions	219	(1)
Summary of Key Reactions	219	(1)
Problems	220
Trans Fatty Acids: What Are They and How Do You Avoid Them?	208	(8)
Esters as Flavoring Agents	216	(2)
Ketone Bodies and Diabetes	218	(6)
Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides	224	(19)
What Are Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides?	224	(3)
How Do We Prepare Esters?	227	(1)
How Do We Prepare Amides?	228	(1)
What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Carboxylic Anhydrides, Esters, and Amides?	229	(6)
What Are Phosphoric Anhydrides and Phosphoric Esters?	235	(1)
What Is Step-Growth Polymerization?	235	(8)
Summary of Key Questions	238	(1)
Summary of Key Reactions	238	(1)
Problems	239
The Pyrethrins: Natural Insecticides of Plant Origin	226	(1)
The Penicillins and Cephalosporins: β-Lactam Antibiotics	227	(1)
From Willow Bark to Aspirin and Beyond	228	(4)
Ultraviolet Sunscreens and Sunblocks	232	(2)
Barbiturates	234	(2)
Stitches That Dissolve	236	(7)
Carbohydrates	243	(28)
Carbohydrates: What Are Monosaccharides?	243	(5)
What Are the Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides?	248	(5)
What Are the Characteristic Reactions of Monosaccharides?	253	(6)
What Are Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides?	259	(3)
What Are Polysaccharides?	262	(2)
What Are Acidic Polysaccharides?	264	(7)
Summary of Key Questions	265	(1)
Summary of Key Reactions	266	(1)
Problems	267
Galactosemia	248	(4)
L-Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)	252	(4)
Testing for Glucose	256	(2)
A, B, AB, and O Blood Types	258	(5)
High-Fructose Corn Syrup	263	(8)
Lipids	271	(30)
What Are Lipids?	271	(1)
What Are the Structures of Triglycerides?	272	(1)
What Are Some Properties of Triglycerides?	273	(2)
What Are the Structures of Complex Lipids?	275	(1)
What Role Do Lipids Play in the Structure of Membranes?	276	(1)
What Are Glycerophospholipids?	277	(3)
What Are Sphingolipids?	280	(1)
What Are Glycolipids?	281	(2)
What Are Steroids?	283	(5)
What Are Some of the Physiological Roles of Steroid Hormones?	288	(5)
What Are Bile Salts?	293	(1)
What Are Prostaglandins, Thromboxanes, and Leukotrienes?	293	(8)
Summary of Key Questions	296	(1)
Problems	297
Rancidity	274	(1)
Waxes	275	(3)
Transport Across Cell Membranes	278	(4)
The Myelin Sheath and Multiple Sclerosis	282	(2)
Lipid Storage Diseases	284	(6)
Anabolic Steroids	290	(2)
Oral Contraception	292	(3)
Action of Anti-inflammatory Drugs	295	(6)
Proteins	301	(33)
What Are the Many Functions of Proteins?	301	(1)
What Are Amino Acids?	302	(4)
What Are Zwitterions?	306	(1)
What Determines the Characteristics of Amino Acids?	307	(2)
What Are Uncommon Amino Acids?	309	(1)
How Do Amino Acids Combine to Form Proteins?	310	(3)
What Are the Properties of Proteins?	313	(2)
What Is the Primary Structure of a Protein?	315	(3)
What Is the Secondary Structure of a Protein?	318	(2)
What Is the Tertiary Structure of a Protein?	320	(3)
What Is the Quaternary Structure of a Protein?	323	(3)
How Are Proteins Denatured?	326	(8)
Summary of Key Questions	329	(1)
Problems	330
Glutathione	312	(1)
AGE and Aging	313	(3)
The Use of Human Insulin	316	(1)
Sickle Cell Anemia	317	(4)
Protein/Peptide Conformation-Dependent Diseases	321	(2)
Proteomics, Ahoy!	323	(4)
Quaternary Structure and Allosteric Proteins	327	(1)
Laser Surgery and Protein Denaturation	328	(6)
Enzymes	334	(24)
What Are Enzymes?	334	(2)
How Are Enzymes Named and Classified?	336	(2)
What Is the Terminology Used with Enzymes?	338	(1)
What Factors Influence Enzyme Activity?	338	(1)
What Are the Mechanisms of Enzyme Action?	339	(6)
How Are Enzymes Regulated?	345	(3)
How Are Enzymes Used in Medicine?	348	(2)
What Are Transition-State Analogs and Designer Enzymes?	350	(8)
Summary of Key Questions	353	(1)
Problems	353
Muscle Relaxants and Enzyme Specificity	336	(5)
Acidic Environment and Helicobacter	341	(1)
Active Sites	342	(2)
Medical Uses of Inhibitors	344	(5)
Glycogen Phosphorylase: A Model of Enzyme Regulation	349	(1)
One Enzyme, Two Functions	350	(2)
Catalytic Antibodies Against Cocaine	352	(6)
Chemical Communications: Neurotransmitters and Hormones	358	(24)
What Molecules Are Involved in Chemical Communications?	358	(2)
How Are Chemical Messengers Classified as Neurotransmitters and Hormones?	360	(2)
How Does Acetylcholine Act as a Messenger?	362	(6)
What Amino Acids Act as Neurotransmitters?	368	(1)
What Are Adrenergic Messengers?	369	(5)
What Is the Role of Peptides in Chemical Communication?	374	(2)
How Do Steroid Hormones Act as Messengers?	376	(6)
Summary of Key Questions	378	(1)
Problems	379
Calcium as a Signaling Agent (Secondary Messenger)	363	(2)
Nerve Gases and Antidotes	365	(1)
Botulism and Acetylcholine Release	366	(1)
Alzheimer's Disease and Acetylcholine Transferase	367	(5)
Parkinson's Disease: Depletion of Dopamine	372	(1)
Nitric Oxide as a Secondary Messenger	373	(3)
Diabetes	376	(1)
Tamoxifen and Breast Cancer	377	(5)
Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Heredity	382	(29)
What Are the Molecules of Heredity?	382	(1)
What Are Nucleic Acids Made of?	383	(4)
What Is the Structure of DNA and RNA?	387	(6)
What Are the Different Classes of RNA?	393	(3)
What Are Genes?	396	(1)
How Is DNA Replicated?	396	(6)
How Is DNA Repaired?	402	(3)
How Do We Amplify DNA?	405	(6)
Summary of Key Questions	407	(1)
Problems	408
Anticancer Drugs	387	(11)
Telomeres, Telomerase, and Immortality	398	(3)
DNA Fingerprinting	401	(3)
Why Does DNA Contain Thymine and Not Uracil?	404	(1)
Pharmacogenomics: Tailoring Medication to an Individual's Predisposition	405	(6)
Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis	411	(31)
How Does DNA Lead to RNA and Protein?	411	(2)
How Is DNA Transcribed into RNA?	413	(3)
What Is The Role of RNA in Translation?	416	(1)
What Is the Genetic Code?	416	(2)
How Is Protein Synthesized?	418	(6)
How Are Genes Regulated?	424	(8)
What Are Mutations?	432	(2)
How and Why Do We Manipulate DNA?	434	(3)
What Is Gene Therapy?	437	(5)
Summary of Key Questions	439	(1)
Problems	440
``Antisense'' Makes Sense	415	(9)
Breaking the Dogma: The Twenty-First Amino Acid	424	(1)
Viruses	425	(4)
CREB: The Most Important Protein You Have Never Heard Of?	429	(3)
Mutations and Biochemical Evolution	432	(1)
Oncogenes	433	(1)
p53: A Central Tumor Suppressor Protein	434	(8)
Bioenergetics: How the Body Converts Food to Energy	442	(22)
What Is Metabolism?	442	(2)
What Are Mitochondria, and What Role Do They Play in Metabolism?	444	(1)
What Are the Principal Compounds of the Common Metabolic Pathway?	445	(4)
What Role Does the Citric Acid Cycle Play in Metabolism?	449	(4)
How Do Electron and H+ Transport Take Place?	453	(2)
What Is the Role of the Chemiosmotic Pump in ATP Production?	455	(2)
What Is the Energy Yield Resulting from Electron and H+ Transport?	457	(1)
How Is Chemical Energy Converted to Other Forms of Energy?	458	(6)
Summary of Key Questions	459	(1)
Problems	460
Uncoupling and Obesity	454	(2)
Protection Against Oxidative Damage	456	(8)
Specific Catabolic Pathways: Carbohydrate, Lipid, and Protein Metabolism	464	(26)
What Is the General Outline of Catabolic Pathways?	464	(1)
What Are the Reactions of Glycolysis?	465	(5)
What Is the Energy Yield from Glucose Catabolism?	470	(2)
How Does Glycerol Catabolism Take Place?	472	(1)
What Are the Reactions of β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids?	472	(2)
What Is the Energy Yield from Stearic Acid Catabolism?	474	(1)
What Are Ketone Bodies?	475	(2)
How Is the Nitrogen of Amino Acids Processed in Catabolism?	477	(5)
How Are the Carbon Skeletons of Amino Acids Processed in Catabolism?	482	(2)
What Are the Reactions of Catabolism of Heme?	484	(6)
Summary of Key Questions	485	(1)
Problems	486
Lactate Accumulation	469	(5)
Effects of Signal Transduction on Metabolism	474	(3)
Ketoacidosis in Diabetes	477	(4)
Ubiquitin and Protein Targeting	481	(1)
Hereditary Defects in Amino Acid Catabolism: PKU	482	(2)
Jaundice	484	(6)
Biosynthetic Pathways	490	(15)
What Is the General Outline of Biosynthetic Pathways?	490	(1)
How Does the Biosynthesis of Carbohydrates Take Place?	491	(4)
How Does the Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids Take Place?	495	(2)
How Does the Biosynthesis of Membrane Lipids Take Place?	497	(2)
How Does the Biosynthesis of Amino Acids Take Place?	499	(6)
Summary of Key Questions	502	(1)
Problems	502
Photosynthesis	494	(5)
Prenylation of Ras Protein and Cancer	499	(1)
Amino Acid Transport and Blue Diaper Syndrome	500	(1)
Essential Amino Acids	501	(4)
Nutrition	505	(20)
How Do We Measure Nutrition?	505	(4)
Why Do We Count Calories?	509	(1)
How Does the Body Process Dietary Carbohydrates?	510	(1)
How Does the Body Process Dietary Fats?	511	(1)
How Does the Body Process Dietary Protein?	512	(1)
What Is the Importance of Vitamins, Minerals, and Water?	513	(12)
Summary of Key Questions	521	(1)
Problems	522
The New Food Guide Pyramid	508	(3)
Why Is It So Hard to Lose Weight?	511	(3)
Dieting and Artificial Sweeteners	514	(6)
Food for Performance Enhancement	520	(5)
Immunochemistry	525
How Does the Body Defend Itself from Invasion?	525	(3)
What Organs and Cells Make Up the Immune System?	528	(3)
How Do Antigens Stimulate the Immune System?	531	(1)
What Are Immunoglobulins?	532	(6)
What Are T Cells and T-Cell Receptors?	538	(3)
How Is the Immune Response Controlled?	541	(1)
How Does the Body Distinguish ``Self'' from ``Nonself''?	542	(3)
How Does the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Cause AIDS?	545
Summary of Key Questions	551	(2)
Problems	553
The Mayapple and Chemotherapy Agents	533	(4)
Antibodies and Cancer Therapy	537	(3)
Immunization	540	(4)
Antibiotics: A Double-Edged Sword	544	(6)
Why Are Stem Cells Special?	550
Blood Chemistry and Body Fluids
Appendix I Exponential Notation	1	(4)
Appendix II Significant Figures	5	(3)
Answers	8
Glossary	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1