Introduction to Probability and Statistics (with InfoTrac and CD-ROM)

by Mendenhall, William; Beaver, Robert J.; Beaver, Barbara M.

• ISBN13: 9780534395193
• ISBN10: 0534395198
• Edition: CD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-08-02
• Publisher: Duxbury Press

Summary

INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS is one of the first texts published by Duxbury and has been blending innovation with tradition for over thirty years. It was the first statistics text to include case studies in it, and now in the eleventh edition, this text is the first to include java applets in the body of the text. It has been used by hundreds of thousands of students since its first edition. This new edition retains the excellent examples, exercises and exposition that have made it a market leader, and builds upon this tradition of excellence with new technology integration.

Table of Contents

Introduction: An Invitation to Statistics	1	(1)
The Population and the Sample	2	(1)
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics	3	(1)
Achieving the Objective of Inferential Statistics: The Necessary Steps	4	(3)
Describing Data with Graphs	7	(43)
Variables and Data	8	(1)
Types of Variables	9	(2)
Graphs for Categorical Data	11	(6)
Graphs for Quantitative Data	17	(6)
Pie Charts and Bar Charts	17	(1)
Line Charts	18	(1)
Dotplots	19	(1)
Stem and Leaf Plots	20	(2)
Interpreting Graphs with a Critical Eye	22	(1)
Relative Frequency Histograms	23	(27)
Key Concepts	32	(3)
About MINITAB-Introduction to MINITAB	35	(5)
Supplementary Exercises	40	(7)
Do It Yourself Exercises	47	(1)
Case Study How Is Your Blood Pressure?	48	(2)
Describing Data with Numerical Measures	50	(43)
Describing a Set of Data with Numerical Measures	51	(1)
Measures of Center	51	(6)
Measures of Variability	57	(6)
On the Practical Significance of the Standard Deviation	63	(4)
A Check on the Calculation of s	67	(6)
Measures of Relative Standing	73	(3)
The Five-Number Summary and the Box Plot	76	(17)
Key Concepts and Formulas	82	(1)
About MINITAB-Numerical Descriptive Measures	83	(3)
Supplementary Exercises	86	(4)
Do it Yourself Exercises	90	(1)
Case Study the Boys of Summer	91	(2)
Describing Bivariate Data	93	(26)
Bivariate Data	94	(1)
Graphs for Qualitative Variables	94	(4)
Scatterplots for Two Quantitative Variables	98	(2)
Numerical Measures for Quantitative Bivariate Data	100	(19)
Key Concepts	108	(1)
About MINITAB-Describing Bivariate Data	109	(3)
Supplementary Exercises	112	(4)
Do It Yourself Exercises	116	(1)
Case Study Do You Think Your Dishes Are Really Clean?	117	(2)
Probability and Probability Distributions	119	(55)
The Role of Probability in Statistics	120	(1)
Events and the Sample Space	120	(3)
Calculating Probabilities Using Simple Events	123	(6)
Useful Counting Rules (Optional)	129	(7)
Event Relations and Probability Rules	136	(4)
Calculating Probabilities for Unions and Complements	138	(2)
Conditional Probability, Independence, and the Multiplicative Rule	140	(9)
Calculating Probabilities for Intersections	143	(6)
Bayes' Rule (Optional)	149	(5)
Discrete Random Variables and Their Probability Distributions	154	(20)
Random Variables	154	(1)
Probability Distributions	154	(3)
The Mean and Standard Deviation for a Discrete Random Variable	157	(7)
Key Concepts and Formulas	164	(1)
About MINITAB-Discrete Probability Distributions	164	(3)
Supplementary Exercises	167	(4)
Do It Yourself Exercises	171	(1)
Case Study Probability and Decision Making in the Congo	172	(2)
Several Useful Discrete Distributions	174	(31)
Introduction	175	(1)
The Binomial Probability Distribution	175	(12)
The Poisson Probability Distribution	187	(4)
The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution	191	(14)
Key Concepts and Formulas	194	(1)
About MINITAB-Binomial and Poisson Probabilities	195	(3)
Supplementary Exercises	198	(4)
Do It Yourself Exercises	202	(1)
Case Study A Mystery: Cancers Near a Reactor	203	(2)
The Normal Probability Distribution	205	(31)
Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables	206	(2)
The Normal Probability Distribution	208	(2)
Tabulated Areas of the Normal Probability Distribution	210	(10)
The Standard Normal Random Variable	210	(3)
Calculating Probabilities for a General Normal Random Variable	213	(7)
The Normal Approximation to the Binomial Probability Distribution (Optional)	220	(16)
Key Concepts and Formulas	228	(1)
About MINITAB-Normal Probabilities	228	(2)
Supplementary Exercises	230	(3)
Do It Yourself Exercises	233	(1)
Case Study The Long and the Short of It	234	(2)
Sampling Distributions	236	(38)
Introduction	237	(1)
Sampling Plans and Experimental Designs	237	(4)
Statistics and Sampling Distributions	241	(2)
The Central Limit Theorem	243	(4)
The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean	247	(6)
Standard Error	248	(5)
The Sampling Distribution of the Sample Proportion	253	(5)
A Sampling Application: Statistical Process Control (Optional)	258	(16)
A Control Chart for the Process Mean: The x Chart	259	(1)
A Control Chart for the Proportion Defective: The p Chart	260	(3)
Key Concepts and Formulas	263	(2)
About MINITAB-The Central Limit Theorem at Work	265	(2)
Supplementary Exercises	267	(4)
Do It Yourself Exercises	271	(1)
Case Study Sampling the Roulette at Monte Carlo	271	(3)
Large-Sample Estimation	274	(46)
Where We've Been	275	(1)
Where We're Going-Statistical Inference	275	(1)
Types of Estimators	276	(1)
Point Estimation	277	(7)
Interval Estimation	284	(10)
Constructing a Confidence Interval	284	(2)
Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Mean μ	286	(1)
Interpreting the Confidence Interval	287	(3)
Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion p	290	(4)
Estimating the Difference between Two Population Means	294	(5)
Estimating the Difference between Two Binomial Proportions	299	(4)
One-Sided Confidence Bounds	303	(2)
Choosing the Sample Size	305	(15)
Key Concepts and Formulas	310	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	311	(4)
Do It Yourself Exercises	315	(1)
Case Study How Reliable Is That Poll?	316	(4)
Large-Sample Tests of Hypotheses	320	(42)
Testing Hypotheses about Population Parameters	321	(1)
A Statistical Test of Hypothesis	321	(3)
A Large-Sample Test about a Population Mean	324	(13)
The Essentials of the Test	324	(3)
Calculating the p-Value	327	(4)
Two Types of Errors	331	(1)
The Power of a Statistical Test	332	(5)
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for the Difference between Two Population Means	337	(6)
Hypothesis Testing and Confidence Intervals	339	(4)
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for a Binomial Proportion	343	(5)
Statistical Significance and Practical Importance	345	(3)
A Large-Sample Test of Hypothesis for the Difference between Two Binomial Proportions	348	(5)
Some Comments on Testing Hypotheses	353	(9)
Key Concepts and Formulas	354	(1)
Supplementary Exercises	355	(3)
Do It Yourself Exercises	358	(1)
Case Study An Aspirin a Day...?	359	(3)
Inference from Small Samples	362	(64)
Introduction	363	(1)
Student's t Distribution	363	(4)
Assumptions behind Student's t Distribution	367	(1)
Small-Sample Inferences Concerning a Population Mean	367	(8)
Small-Sample Inferences for the Difference between Two Population Means: Independent Random Samples	375	(11)
Small-Sample Inferences for the Difference between Two Means: A Paired-Difference Test	386	(8)
Inferences Concerning a Population Variance	394	(7)
Comparing Two Population Variances	401	(8)
Revisiting the Small-Sample Assumptions	409	(17)
Key Concepts and Formulas	410	(1)
About MINITAB-Small-Sample Testing and Estimation	411	(3)
Supplementary Exercises	414	(9)
Do It Yourself Exercises	423	(1)
Case Study How Would You Like u Four-Day Work Week?	424	(2)
The Analysis of Variance	426	(57)
The Design of an Experiment	427	(1)
What Is an Analysis of Variance?	428	(1)
The Assumptions for an Analysis of Variance	428	(1)
The Completely Randomized Design: A One-Way Classification	429	(1)
The Analysis of Variance for a Completely Randomized Design	430	(12)
Partitioning the Total Variation in an Experiment	430	(3)
Testing the Equality of the Treatment Means	433	(2)
Estimating Differences in the Treatment Means	435	(7)
Ranking Population Means	442	(3)
The Randomized Block Design: A Two-Way Classification	445	(1)
The Analysis of Variance for a Randomized Block Design	446	(12)
Partitioning the Total Variation in the Experiment	446	(3)
Testing the Equality of the Treatment and Block Means	449	(2)
Identifying Differences in the Treatment and Block Means	451	(1)
Some Cautionary Comments on Blocking	452	(6)
The a x b Factorial Experiment: A Two-Way Classification	458	(1)
The Analysis of Variance for an a x b Factorial Experiment	459	(8)
Revisiting the Analysis of Variance Assumptions	467	(3)
Residual Plots	468	(2)
A Brief Summary	470	(13)
Key Concepts and Formulas	470	(1)
About MINITAB Analysis of Variance Procedures	471	(3)
Supplementary Exercises	474	(7)
Case Study ``A Fine Mess''	481	(2)
Linear Regression and Correlation	483	(49)
Introduction	484	(1)
A Simple Linear Probabilistic Model	484	(2)
The Method of Least Squares	486	(3)
An Analysis of Variance for Linear Regression	489	(5)
Testing the Usefulness of the Linear Regression Model	494	(8)
Inferences Concerning β, the Slope of the Line of Means	495	(3)
The Analysis of Variance F Test	498	(1)
Measuring the Strength of the Relationship: The Coefficient of Determination	498	(1)
Interpreting the Results of a Significant Regression	499	(3)
Diagnostic Tools for Checking the Regression Assumptions	502	(4)
Dependent Error Terms	503	(1)
Residual Plots	503	(3)
Estimation and Prediction Using the Fitted Line	506	(7)
Correlation Analysis	513	(19)
Key Concepts and Formulas	519	(1)
About MINITAB-Linear Regression Procedures	520	(3)
Supplementary Exercises	523	(5)
Do It Yourself Exercises	528	(1)
Case Study Is Your Car ``Made in the U.S.A.''?	529	(3)
Multiple Regression Analysis	532	(43)
Introduction	533	(1)
The Multiple Regression Model	533	(1)
A Multiple Regression Analysis	534	(6)
The Method of Least Squares	535	(1)
The Analysis of Variance for Multiple Regression	536	(1)
Testing the Usefulness of the Regression Model	537	(1)
Interpreting the Results of a Significance Regression	538	(1)
Checking the Regression Assumptions	539	(1)
Using the Regression Model for Estimation and Prediction	540	(1)
A Polynomial Regression Model	540	(8)
Using Quantitative and Qualitative Predictor Variables in a Regression Model	548	(8)
Testing Sets of Regression Coefficients	556	(3)
Interpreting Residual Plots	559	(1)
Stepwise Regression Analysis	560	(1)
Misinterpreting a Regression Analysis	561	(2)
Causality	561	(1)
Multicollinearity	561	(2)
Steps to Follow when Building a Multiple Regression Model	563	(12)
Key Concepts and Formulas	563	(1)
About MINITAB-Multiple Regression Procedures	564	(2)
Supplementary Exercises	566	(7)
Case Study ``Made in the U.S.A.''-Another Look	573	(2)
Analysis of Categorical Data	575	(35)
A Description of the Experiment	576	(1)
Pearson's Chi-Square Statistic	577	(1)
Testing Specified Cell Probabilities: The Goodness-of Fit Test	578	(4)
Contingency Tables: A Two-Way Classification	582	(8)
The Chi-Square Test of Independence	583	(7)
Comparing Several Multinomial Populations: A Two-Way Classification with Fixed Row or Column Totals	590	(4)
The Equivalence of Statistical Tests	594	(1)
Other Applications of the Chi-Square Test	595	(15)
Key Concepts and Formulas	596	(101)
About MINITAB-The Chi-Square Test	697
Supplementary Exercises	600	(7)
Do It Yourself Exercises	607	(1)
Case Study Can a Marketing Approach Improve Library Services?	608	(2)
Nonparametric Statistics	610	(53)
Introduction	611	(1)
The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test: Independent Random Samples	611	(9)
Normal Approximation for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test	615	(5)
The Sign Test for a Paired Experiment	620	(5)
Normal Approximation for the Sign Test	622	(3)
A Comparison of Statistical Tests	625	(1)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for a Paired Experiment	626	(6)
Normal Approximation for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test	629	(3)
The Kruskal-Wallis H Test for Completely Randomized Designs	632	(6)
The Friedman Fr- Test for Randomized Block Designs	638	(5)
Rank Correlation Coefficient	643	(7)
Summary	650	(13)
Key Concepts and Formulas	650	(2)
About MINITAB - Nonparametric Procedures	652	(3)
Supplementary Exercises	655	(6)
Case Study How's Your Cholesterol Level?	661	(2)
Appendix I	663	(33)
Table 1 Cumulative Binomial Probabilities	664	(6)
Table 2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities	670	(2)
Table 3 Areas under the Normal Curve	672	(3)
Table 4 Critical Values of t	675	(1)
Table 5 Critical Values of Chi-Square	676	(2)
Table 6 Percentage Points of the F Distribution	678	(8)
Table 7 Critical Values of T for the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test, n1 ≤ n2	686	(2)
Table 8 Critical Values of T for the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test, n = 5(1)50	688	(1)
Table 9 Critical Values of Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient for a One-Tailed Test	689	(1)
Table 10 Random Numbers	690	(2)
Table 11 Percentage Points of the Studentized Range, qα(k, df)	692	(4)
Answers to Selected Exercises	696	(19)
Index	715	(4)
Credits	719