Introduction to Remote Sensing, Third Edition

by Campbell, James B.

• ISBN13: 9781572306400
• ISBN10: 1572306408
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-03-20
• Publisher: The Guilford Press

Summary

Now in its revised and updated third edition, this comprehensive intro ductory text presents a timely overview of the most widely used forms of remote sensing imagery and their applications in plant sciences, hy drology, earth sciences, and land-use analysis. The third edition feat ures new coverage of lidar technology, radar interferometry, and the p resent generation of satellite sensors, as well as other topics of cur rent significance. Integrating knowledge from the many fields that con tribute to remote sensing, the text is richly illustrated with 28 colo r plates and more than 380 black-and-white images and figures.

Author Biography

updated 1/02 for 3rd edition James B. Campbell, PhD, is Professor and Head of the Department of Geography at Virginia Tech, where he teaches courses in remote sensing, quantitative methods, and physical geography. He has worked closely with students and faculty in related fields, such as forestry, geology, agronomy, environmental sciences, and planning. The author of numerous technical articles and several books, Dr. Campbell received the Outstanding Service Award of the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing in 1994 and its Fellow Award in 1996. In 1997 he received the Outstanding Service Medal awarded by the Remote Sensing Specialty Group of the Association of American Geographers. Dr. Campbell's research has been sponsored by numerous academic, governmental, and private organizations, including NASA, the National Science Foundation, and United States Geological Survey.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
List of Tables	xix
List of Figures	xxi
List of Plates	xxxi
PART I. FOUNDATIONS
History and Scope of Remote Sensing	3	(22)
Introduction	3	(1)
Definitions	4	(3)
Milestones in the History of Remote Sensing	7	(3)
Overview of the Reote Sensing Process	10	(2)
A Specific Example	12	(3)
Key Concepts of Remote Sensing	15	(3)
Career Preparation and Professional Development	18	(7)
Review Questions	21	(1)
References	22	(3)
Electromagentic Radiation	25	(28)
Introduction	25	(1)
The Electromagnetic Spectrum	25	(2)
Major Divisions of the Electromagnetic Spectrum	27	(3)
Radiation Laws	30	(2)
Interactions with the Atmosphere	32	(9)
Interactions with Surfaces	41	(5)
Summary: Three Models for Remote Sensing	46	(7)
Review Questions	48	(1)
References	49	(4)
PART II. IMAGE ACQUISITION
Photographic Sensors	53	(40)
Introduction	53	(1)
The Aerial Camera	54	(4)
Kinds of Aerial Cameras	58	(2)
Black-and-White Aerial Films	60	(9)
Color Reversal Films	69	(1)
Color Infrared Films	70	(2)
Film Format and Annotation	72	(1)
Geometry of the Vertical Aerial Photograph	73	(4)
Coverage by Multiple Photographs	77	(7)
Photogrammetry	84	(1)
Digital Photography	84	(1)
Softcopy Photogrammetry	84	(1)
Sources of Aerial Photography	85	(3)
Summary	88	(5)
Review Questions	89	(1)
References	89	(1)
Your Own Infrared Photographs	90	(1)
Your Own 3D Photographs	91	(2)
Digital Data	93	(29)
Introduction	93	(1)
Electronic Imagery	93	(6)
Spectral Sensitivity	99	(1)
Digital Data	100	(2)
Data Formats	102	(3)
Equipment for Digital Analysis	105	(6)
Image-Processing Software	111	(1)
The Internet	112	(5)
An Overview of the Image Analysis Process	117	(3)
Summary	120	(2)
Review Questions	120	(1)
References	121	(1)
Image Interpretation	122	(35)
Introduction	122	(1)
The Context for Image Interpretation	123	(1)
Image Interpretation Tasks	124	(1)
Elements of Image Interpretation	125	(5)
Image Interpretation Strategies	130	(2)
Collateral Information	132	(1)
Imagery Interpretability Rating Scales	132	(1)
Image Interpretation Keys	133	(1)
Interpretive Overlays	134	(1)
Photomorphic Regions	134	(1)
Image Interpretation Equipment	135	(8)
Preparation for Manual Interpretation	143	(1)
Use of the Pocket Stereoscope	143	(1)
Image Scale Calculations	144	(3)
Reporting Results of an Interpretation	147	(4)
Interpretation of Digital Imagery	151	(3)
Summary	154	(3)
Review Questions	155	(1)
References	156	(1)
Land Observation Satellites	157	(47)
Satellite Remote Sensing	157	(1)
Landsat Origins	157	(2)
Satellite Orbits	159	(2)
The Landsat System	161	(6)
Multispectral Scanner Subsystem Images	167	(5)
Landsat Thematic Mapper	172	(4)
Administration of the Landsat Program	176	(1)
Current Satellite Systems	177	(14)
Computer Searches	191	(2)
Summary	193	(11)
Review Questions	195	(1)
References	196	(1)
Corona	197	(7)
Active Microwave and Lidar	204	(40)
Introduction	204	(1)
Active Microwave	204	(5)
Geometry of the Radar Image	209	(3)
Wavelength	212	(1)
Penetration of the Radar Signal	213	(1)
Polarization	214	(1)
Look Direction and Angle	215	(2)
Real Aperture Systems	217	(3)
Synthetic Aperture Systems	220	(1)
Interpreting Brightness Values	221	(4)
Satellite Imaging Radars	225	(10)
Radar Interferometry	235	(2)
Lidar	237	(2)
Summary	239	(5)
Review Questions	241	(1)
References	242	(2)
Thermal Radiation	244	(28)
Introduction	244	(1)
Thermal Detectors	245	(2)
Thermal Radiometry	247	(3)
Microwave Radiometers	250	(1)
Thermal Scanners	251	(1)
Thermal Properties of Objects	252	(3)
Geometry of Thermal Images	255	(3)
The Thermal Image and Its Interpretation	258	(7)
Heat Capacity Mapping Mission	265	(2)
Landsat Multispectral Scanner Subsystem and Thematic Mapper Thermal Data	267	(1)
Summary	268	(4)
Review Questions	269	(1)
References	270	(2)
Image Resolution	272	(19)
Introduction and Definitions	272	(1)
Target Variables	273	(1)
System Variables	274	(1)
Operating Conditions	274	(1)
Measurement of Resolution	275	(2)
Mixed Pixels	277	(4)
Spatial and Radiometric Resolution: A Simple Example	281	(2)
Interactions with the Landscape	283	(2)
Summary	285	(6)
Review Questions	285	(1)
References	286	(5)
PART III. ANALYSIS
Preprocessing	291	(28)
Introduction	291	(1)
Feature Extraction	291	(3)
Subsets	294	(2)
Radiometric Preprocessing	296	(8)
Image Matching	304	(1)
Geometric Correction by Resampling	305	(3)
Map Projections for Representing Satellite Images and Ground Tracks	308	(4)
Effects of Preprocessing	312	(1)
Data Fusion	313	(2)
Summary	315	(4)
Review Questions	315	(1)
References	316	(3)
Image Classification	319	(42)
Introduction	319	(2)
Informational Classes and Spectral Classes	321	(2)
Unsupervised Classification	323	(10)
Supervised Classification	333	(15)
Textural Classifiers	348	(1)
Ancillary Data	349	(2)
Layered Classification	351	(1)
Fuzzy Clustering	352	(1)
Artificial Neural Networks	353	(2)
Contextual Classification	355	(1)
Relative Accuracies of Classification Procedures	356	(1)
Summary	357	(4)
Review Questions	357	(1)
References	358	(3)
Field Data	361	(22)
Introduction	361	(1)
Kinds of Field Data	361	(1)
Nominal Data	362	(1)
Documentation of Nominal Data	363	(1)
Biophysical Data	363	(2)
Field Radiometry	365	(3)
Unmanned Airborne Vehicles	368	(1)
Locational Information	369	(4)
Using Locational Information	373	(1)
Geographic Sampling	374	(5)
Summary	379	(4)
Review Questions	379	(1)
References	380	(3)
Accuracy Assessment	383	(24)
Definition and Significance	383	(2)
Sources of Classification Error	385	(1)
Error Characteristics	386	(1)
Measurement of Map Accuracy	386	(8)
Interpretation of the Error Matrix	394	(8)
Summary	402	(5)
Review Questions	403	(1)
References	404	(3)
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing	407	(14)
Introduction	407	(1)
Spectroscopy	407	(1)
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing	408	(1)
The Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer	408	(2)
The Image Cube	410	(1)
Data Libraries	410	(1)
Spectral Matching	411	(1)
Spectral Mixing Analysis	412	(3)
Analyses	415	(1)
Summary	415	(6)
Review Questions	416	(1)
References	416	(5)
PART IV. APPLICATIONS
Geographic Information Systems	421	(29)
Introduction	421	(2)
Equipment for a Geographic Information System	423	(1)
Geographic Information Systems Software	424	(2)
Data and Data Entry	426	(1)
Alternative Data Structures	427	(10)
Data for a Geographic Information System	437	(7)
Relationships between Remotely Sensed Data and Geographic Information Systems	444	(1)
Modeling Spatial Processes with Geographic Information Systems and Remote Sensing	445	(1)
National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis	445	(1)
Mobile Geographic Information Systems	446	(1)
Web-Based Geographic Information Systems	446	(1)
Summary	447	(3)
Review Questions	447	(1)
References	448	(2)
Plant Sciences	450	(36)
Introduction	450	(1)
Manual Interpretation	450	(9)
Structure of the Leaf	459	(2)
Spectral Behavior of the Living Leaf	461	(4)
Vegetation Indices	465	(2)
Applications of Vegetation Indices	467	(1)
Phenology	468	(3)
Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer	471	(4)
Separating Soil Reflectance from Vegetation Reflectance	475	(1)
Tasseled Cap Transformation	476	(3)
Foliar Chemistry	479	(1)
Lidar Data Forest Inventory and Structure	479	(1)
Precision Agriculture	480	(1)
Summary	481	(5)
Review Questions	481	(1)
References	482	(4)
Earth Sciences	486	(37)
Introduction	486	(1)
Photogeology	487	(2)
Lineaments	489	(6)
Geobotany	495	(4)
Direct Multispectral Observation of Rocks and Minerals	499	(2)
Photoclinometry	501	(4)
Band Ratios	505	(2)
Soil and Landscape Mapping	507	(8)
Integrated Terrain Units	515	(1)
Radar Imagery for Exploration	516	(1)
Summary	517	(6)
Review Questions	518	(1)
References	519	(4)
Hydrospheric Sciences	523	(31)
Introduction	523	(1)
Spectral Characteristics of Water Bodies	524	(3)
Spectral Changes as Water Depth Increases	527	(1)
Location and Extent of Water Bodies	528	(2)
Roughness of the Water Surface	530	(1)
Bathymetry	531	(5)
Landsat Chromaticity Diagram	536	(5)
Drainage Basin Hydrology	541	(2)
Evapotranspiration	543	(1)
Manual Interpretation	544	(4)
Sea Surface Temperature	548	(2)
Summary	550	(4)
Review Questions	550	(1)
References	551	(3)
Land use and Land Cover	554	(33)
Introduction	554	(1)
Significance of Land-Use and Land-Cover Information	555	(2)
Applications of Remote Sensing	557	(1)
Land-Use Classification	558	(1)
Mapping Land Use by Manual Interpretation	559	(17)
Land-Cover Mapping by Image Classification	576	(2)
Mapping Land-Use Change	578	(3)
Broad-Scale Land-Cover Studies	581	(1)
Sources of Compiled Land-Use Data	582	(1)
Summary	583	(4)
Review Questions	584	(1)
References	585	(2)
Global Remote Sensing	587	(20)
Introduction	587	(1)
Biogeochemical Cycles	587	(6)
Advanced Very-High-Resolution Radiometer	593	(1)
Earth Observing System	594	(1)
Earth Observing System Instruments	595	(4)
Earth Observing System Bus	599	(1)
Earth Observing System Data and Information System	600	(2)
Long-Term Environmental Research Sites	602	(1)
Earth Explorer	603	(1)
Summary	604	(3)
Review Questions	604	(1)
References	605	(2)
Index	607	(14)
About the Author	621