Introduction To Sociology

by Tischler, Henry L.

Edition:

9th

ISBN13:

9780495093343

ISBN10:

0495093343

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

4/6/2006

Publisher(s):

Cengage Learning

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Summary

This revised edition of Tischler's INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY continues a tradition of providing a proven and comprehensive textbook to students and professors at a lower, very reasonable price. With its built in study guide, practice tests, and available access to SociologyNow, no other textbook on the market provides students with a complete suite of study aids at an affordable price as INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY. Tischler is known for providing full coverage of sociological concepts in a student-friendly manner, and threading two basic ideas throughout the text- 1) sociology is a rigorous, scientific discipline and 2) a basic knowledge of sociology is essential for understanding social interaction in many work and social settings. Each chapter progresses from a specific to a general analysis of society - each part introducing increasingly comprehensive factors necessary for a broad-based understanding of social organization.

Preface

xix

About the Author

xxvii

A Word to the Student

xxix

PART 1 The Study of Society

(52)

The Sociological Perspective

(28)

Sociology as a Point of View

(3)

The Sociological Imagination

(1)

Is Sociology Common Sense?

(1)

For Further Thinking: If You Are Thinking about Sociology as a Career, Read This

(1)

Social Change: Too Smart to Marry?

(3)

Sociology and Science

(1)

Sociology as a Social Science

(2)

Controversies in Sociology: Is There a Difference between Sociology and Journalism?

(1)

The Development of Sociology

(7)

Auguste Comte (1798--1857)

(1)

Harriet Martineau (1802--1876)

(1)

Herbert Spencer (1820--1903)

(1)

Karl Marx (1818--1883)

(1)

Emile Durkheim (1858--1917)

(2)

Max Weber (1864--1920)

(1)

News You Can Use: Is There an Epidemic of College Student Suicides?

(3)

The Development of Sociology in the United States

(2)

Theoretical Perspectives

(3)

Functionalism

(1)

Conflict Theory

(1)

The Interactionist Perspective

(1)

Contemporary Sociology

(1)

Theory and Practice

(1)

Summary

(6)

Doing Sociology: Research Methods

(24)

The Research Process

(10)

Define the Problem

(1)

Review Previous Research

(1)

Develop One or More Hypotheses

(1)

Determine the Research Design

(3)

Define the Sample and Collect Data

(4)

News You Can Use: How to Spot a Bogus Poll

(2)

Analyze the Data and Draw Conclusions

(1)

Controversies in Sociology: Truth in the Courtroom versus Truth in the Social Sciences

(2)

Prepare the Research Report

(1)

News You Can Use: How to Read a Table

(1)

Objectivity in Sociological Research

(1)

Ethical Issues in Sociological Research

(1)

Controversies in Sociology: Famous Research Studies You Cannot Do Today

(1)

Summary

(5)

PART 2 The Individual in Society

(136)

Culture

(26)

The Concept of Culture

(2)

Culture and Biology

(1)

Culture Shock

(1)

Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism

(1)

Components of Culture

(1)

Material Culture

(1)

Global Sociology: Is McDonald's Practicing Cultural Imperialism or Cultural Accommodation?

(3)

Nonmaterial Culture

(2)

Controversies in Sociology: Is There a Culture of Violence in the South?

(3)

The Origin of Language

(1)

Language and Culture

(1)

Social Change: Is There a Culture Clash between the United States and Saudi Arabia?

(1)

The Symbolic Nature of Culture

(2)

Symbols and Culture

(2)

News You Can Use: Symbols in Cyberspace

(1)

Cultural and Adaptation

(3)

Mechanisms of Cultural Change

(2)

Cultural Lag

(1)

Animals and Culture

(1)

Subcultures

(1)

Types of Subcultures

(1)

Universals of Culture

(2)

The Division of Labor

(1)

The Incest Taboo, Marriage, and the Family

(1)

Rites of Passage

(1)

Ideology

(1)

Culture and Individual Choice

(1)

Summary

(1)

For Further Thinking: The Conflict between Being a Researcher and a Human Being

(6)

Socialization and Development

(30)

Becoming a Person: Biology and Culture

(4)

Nature versus Nurture: A False Debate

(1)

Sociobiology

(1)

Deprivation and Development

(2)

The Concept of Self

(3)

Dimensions of Human Development

(2)

Theories of Development

(3)

Charles Horton Cooley (1864--1929)

(1)

George Herbert Mead (1863--1931)

(1)

Sigmund Freud (1856--1939)

(1)

Erik H. Erikson (1902--1994)

(2)

Daniel Levinson (1920--1994)

(1)

Early Socialization in American Society

(2)

The Family

(1)

The School

(1)

Controversies in Sociology: Is Day Care Harmful to Children?

(4)

Peer Groups

(1)

Our Diverse Society: Win Friends and Lose Your Future: The Costs of Not ``Acting White''

(2)

Television, Movies, and Video Games

(2)

Social Change: Should Television Be Used to Teach Values?

100

(1)

Adult Socialization

101

(2)

Marriage and Responsibility

102

(1)

Parenthood

102

(1)

Career Development: Vocation and Identity

102

(1)

Aging and Society

103

(1)

Summary

103

(1)

Global Sociology: An American Success Story Does Not Translate into Japanese

104

(6)

Society and Social Interaction

110

(24)

Understanding Social Interaction

112

(2)

Contexts

112

(1)

Norms

113

(1)

Global Sociology: Cross-Cultural Social Interaction Quiz

114

(2)

Ethnomethodology

115

(1)

Dramaturgy

115

(1)

Types of Social Interaction

116

(2)

Nonverbal Behavior

116

(1)

Exchange

117

(1)

Cooperation

117

(1)

News You Can Use: Laugh and the World Laughs with You

118

(1)

Conflict

118

(1)

Competition

118

(1)

Technology and Society: Does Television Reduce Social Interaction?

119

(1)

Elements of Social Interaction

120

(3)

Statuses

120

(1)

Roles

121

(1)

Role Sets

122

(1)

Role Strain

122

(1)

Role Conflict

123

(1)

Role-Playing

123

(1)

Institutions and Social Organization

123

(2)

Social Institutions

123

(1)

Social Organization

124

(1)

Societies

125

(2)

Types of Societies

125

(2)

Summary

127

(7)

Social Groups and Organizations

134

(18)

The Nature of Groups

135

(3)

Primary and Secondary Groups

137

(1)

Functions of Groups

138

(2)

Defining Boundaries

138

(1)

Choosing Leaders

138

(1)

Making Decisions

138

(1)

Setting Goals

138

(1)

Assigning Tasks

138

(1)

Controlling Members' Behavior

139

(1)

Controversies in Sociology: Does Society Shape Our Memories?

140

(1)

Reference Groups

140

(1)

Small Groups

141

(1)

Large Groups: Associations

141

(2)

Formal Structure

142

(1)

Informal Structure

142

(1)

Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

142

(1)

News You Can Use: The Strength of Weak Ties in Job Hunting

143

(2)

Mechanical and Organic Solidarity

144

(1)

Social Change: Limiting Technology to Save the Community

145

(1)

Bureaucracy

145

(3)

Weber's Model of Bureaucracy: An Ideal Type

146

(1)

Bureaucracy Today: The Reality

147

(1)

The Iron Law of Oligarchy

147

(1)

Summary

148

(4)

Deviant Behavior and Social Control

152

(38)

Defining Normal and Deviant Behavior

153

(2)

Making Moral Judgments

154

(1)

The Functions of Deviance

154

(1)

The Dysfunctions of Deviance

155

(1)

Mechanisms of Social Control

155

(2)

Internal Means of Control

155

(1)

External Means of Control: Sanctions

156

(1)

Theories of Crime and Deviance

157

(1)

Biological Theories of Deviance

157

(1)

Our Diverse Society: Public Heroes, Private Felons: Athletes and Sexual Assault

158

(8)

Psychological Theories of Deviance

160

(1)

Sociological Theories of Deviance

161

(4)

The Importance of Law

165

(1)

The Emergence of Laws

166

(1)

Crime in the United States

167

(1)

Crime Statistics

167

(3)

Social Change: Serial Murderers and Mass Murderers

168

(2)

Kinds of Crime in the United States

170

(1)

Juvenile Crime

170

(3)

Violent Crime

171

(1)

Property Crime

171

(1)

White-Collar Crime

172

(1)

Global Sociology: The United States Is a World Leader in Homicide

173

(2)

Victimless Crime

174

(1)

Victims of Crime

174

(1)

News You Can Use: Are Peaceful Pot Smokers Being Sent to Prison?

175

(1)

Criminal Justice in the United States

175

(6)

The Police

175

(1)

The Courts

176

(1)

Prisons

177

(1)

A Shortage of Prisons

178

(1)

Women in Prison

179

(1)

The Funnel Effect

180

(1)

Truth in Sentencing

181

(1)

Summary

181

(1)

For Further Thinking: The Continuing Debate over Capital Punishment: Does It Deter Murderers?

182

(8)

PART 3 Social Inequality

190

(112)

Social Class in the United States

190

(28)

The American Class Structure

192

(2)

The Upper Class

192

(1)

The Upper-Middle Class

193

(1)

The Lower-Middle Class

193

(1)

The Working Class

193

(1)

Our Diverse Society: The Black Middle Class: Fact or Fiction?

194

(1)

The Lower Class

194

(1)

Income Distribution

195

(1)

Poverty

195

(1)

Controversies in Sociology: Is the Income Gap between the Rich and the Poor a Problem?

196

(4)

The Feminization of Poverty

197

(1)

How Do We Count the Poor?

198

(1)

Myths about the Poor

199

(1)

News You Can Use: Are Urban Poverty Ghettos Shrinking?

200

(1)

Social Change: What Causes Poverty?

201

(1)

Government Assistance Programs

202

(1)

The Changing Face of Poverty

202

(1)

Consequences of Social Stratification

203

(1)

Global Sociology: Rich Countries with Poor Children

204

(1)

Why Does Social Inequality Exist?

205

(5)

The Functionalist Theory

205

(3)

Conflict Theory

208

(1)

Modern Conflict Theory

209

(1)

For Further Thinking: How Easy Is It to Change Social Class?

210

(2)

The Need for Synthesis

211

(1)

Summary

212

(6)

Global Stratification

218

(22)

Stratification Systems

220

(1)

The Caste System

220

(1)

The Estate System

221

(1)

The Class System

221

(1)

Theories of Global Stratification

221

(1)

Modernization Theory

221

(1)

Dependency Theory

222

(1)

Global Diversity

222

(4)

World Health Trends

222

(1)

The Health of Infants and Children in Developing Countries

223

(2)

HIV/AIDS

225

(1)

Global Sociology: HIV/AIDS: Worldwide Facts

226

(5)

Population Trends

227

(4)

Technology and Society: The Girls Who Will Not Be Born

231

(4)

Global Aging

233

(2)

Summary

235

(5)

Racial and Ethnic Minorities

240

(38)

The Concept of Race

243

(3)

Genetic Definitions

243

(1)

Legal Definitions

243

(1)

Social Definitions

244

(2)

The Concept of Ethnic Group

246

(1)

The Concept of Minority

246

(1)

Problems in Race and Ethnic Relations

247

(1)

Prejudice

247

(1)

Technology and Society: Hate Sites on the Web

248

(2)

Discrimination

248

(2)

Our Diverse Society: Racial Integration in the Military

250

(2)

Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination

250

(1)

Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Relations

251

(1)

Assimilation

251

(1)

Controversies in Sociology: Is the Debate on Race and Intelligence Worthwhile?

252

(5)

Pluralism

253

(1)

Subjugation

254

(1)

Segregation

254

(1)

Expulsion

255

(1)

Annihilation

256

(1)

Racial and Ethnic Immigration to the United States

257

(3)

Immigration Today Compared with the Past

258

(1)

Illegal Immigration

259

(1)

America's Ethnic Composition Today

260

(5)

White Anglo-Saxon Protestants

260

(2)

African Americans

262

(1)

Hispanics (Latinos)

262

(3)

News You Can Use: Hispanics: Racial Group? Ethnic Group? Neither?

265

(6)

Asian Americans

266

(2)

Jews

268

(1)

Native Americans

269

(2)

A Diverse Society

271

(1)

Summary

271

(7)

Gender Stratification

278

(24)

Are the Sexes Separate and Unequal?

279

(2)

Historical Views

280

(1)

Our Diverse Society: Women Who Did Not Want Women to Vote

281

(6)

Religious Views

281

(2)

Biological Views

283

(2)

Gender and Sex

285

(1)

Sociological View: Cross-Cultural Evidence

286

(1)

What Produces Gender Inequality?

287

(1)

The Functionalist Viewpoint

287

(1)

Technology and Society: Is There Gender in Cyberspace?

288

(1)

The Conflict Theory Viewpoint

289

(1)

Gender-Role Socialization

289

(1)

Childhood Socialization

289

(1)

Controversies in Sociology: Can Gender Identity Be Changed?

290

(3)

Adolescent Socialization

290

(1)

Gender Differences in Social Interaction

291

(2)

Our Diverse Society: Deborah Tannen: Communication between Women and Men

293

(1)

Gender Inequality and Work

294

(2)

Job Discrimination

294

(2)

News You Can Use: Are We Biased against Assertive Women?

296

(1)

Summary

296

(6)

PART 4 Institutions

302

(116)

Marriage and Alternative Family Arrangements

302

(34)

The Nature of Family Life

304

(2)

Functions of the Family

304

(1)

Family Structures

305

(1)

Defining Marriage

306

(1)

Romantic Love

306

(1)

Global Sociology: Arranged Marriage in India

307

(5)

Marriage Rules

308

(1)

Marital Residence

308

(1)

Mate Selection

309

(3)

The Transformation of the Family

312

(9)

The Decline of the Traditional Family

313

(1)

Changes in the Marriage Rate

314

(1)

Cohabitation

315

(1)

Childless Couples

316

(1)

Changes in Household Size

317

(1)

Women in the Labor Force

318

(1)

Family Violence

318

(1)

Divorce

318

(2)

Divorce Laws

320

(1)

News You Can Use: Marriage and Divorce Quiz

321

(3)

Child Custody Laws

322

(1)

Remarriage and Stepfamilies

323

(1)

Family Diversity

324

(1)

Social Change: Reluctant to Marry: The Men Who Want to Stay Single

325

(3)

The Growing Single Population

325

(1)

Single-Parent Families

326

(1)

Gay and Lesbian Couples

327

(1)

Our Diverse Society: Should Same Sex Marriages Be Permitted?

328

(1)

The Future: Bright or Dismal?

328

(2)

For Further Thinking: How Much Are Children Hurt by Their Parents' Divorce?

330

(1)

Summary

330

(6)

Religion

336

(30)

The Nature of Religion

337

(2)

The Elements of Religion

338

(1)

Magic

339

(1)

Our Diverse Society: Who Is God?

340

(1)

Major Types of Religions

340

(3)

Supernaturalism

341

(1)

Animism

341

(1)

Theism

342

(1)

Monotheism

342

(1)

Abstract Ideals

343

(1)

A Sociological Approach to Religion

343

(4)

The Functionalist Perspective

343

(4)

Global Sociology: The Worst Offenders of Religious Freedom

347

(1)

The Conflict Theory Perspective

347

(1)

Organization of Religious Life

348

(2)

The Universal Church

348

(1)

The Ecclesia

348

(1)

The Denomination

349

(1)

The Sect

349

(1)

Millenarian Movements

349

(1)

Social Change: Religion Is Constantly Changing

350

(1)

Aspects of American Religion

350

(2)

Religious Diversity

351

(1)

Widespread Belief

351

(1)

News You Can Use: A Nation of Believers

352

(1)

Secularism

352

(1)

Ecumenism

352

(1)

Major Religions in the United States

353

(1)

Technology and Society: Seeking God on the Web

354

(5)

Protestantism

354

(1)

Catholicism

355

(1)

Judaism

356

(1)

Islam

357

(2)

Social Correlates of Religious Affiliation

359

(1)

Summary

359

(7)

Education

366

(26)

Education: A Functionalist View

368

(4)

Socialization

368

(1)

Cultural Transmission

369

(1)

Academic Skills

369

(2)

Innovation

371

(1)

Technology and Society: College Students and the Internet

372

(1)

Child Care

372

(1)

Postponing Job Hunting

372

(1)

The Conflict Theory View

373

(1)

Social Control

373

(1)

Global Sociology: College Graduates: A Worldwide Comparison

374

(1)

Screening and Allocation: Tracking

374

(1)

Social Change: Jonathan Kozol on The Shame of the Nation

375

(1)

The Credentialized Society

376

(1)

Issues in American Education

376

(8)

Unequal Access to Education

376

(2)

Students Who Speak English as a Second Language

378

(1)

High School Dropouts

379

(1)

Violence in the Schools

380

(1)

Home Schooling

381

(1)

Standardized Testing

382

(1)

Gender Bias in the Classroom

383

(1)

For Further Thinking: Are College Admissions Tests Fair?

384

(3)

The Gifted

385

(2)

Summary

387

(5)

Political and Economic Systems

392

(26)

Politics, Power, and Authority

394

(1)

Power

394

(1)

Political Authority

394

(1)

Government and the State

395

(2)

Functions of the State

396

(1)

Types of States

397

(1)

Autocracy

397

(1)

Totalitarianism

397

(1)

Democracy

397

(1)

Functionalist and Conflict Theory Views of the State

398

(1)

The Economy and the State

399

(1)

Capitalism

399

(1)

Technology and Society: Selling Human Life

400

(4)

The Marxist Response to Capitalism

402

(1)

Socialism

403

(1)

The Capitalist View of Socialism

403

(1)

Democratic Socialism

404

(1)

Political Change

404

(2)

Institutionalized Political Change

404

(1)

Rebellions

405

(1)

Revolutions

405

(1)

Global Sociology: Does Suicide Terrorism Make Sense?

406

(1)

The American Political System

407

(4)

The Two-Party System

407

(1)

Voting Behavior

407

(2)

African Americans as a Political Force

409

(1)

Hispanics as a Political Force

410

(1)

A Growing Conservatism

410

(1)

Our Diverse Society: Comparing the Political and Moral Values of the 1960s with Today

411

(3)

The Role of the Media

412

(1)

Special-Interest Groups

412

(2)

Summary

414

(4)

PART 5 Social Change and Social Issues

418

(83)

Population and Urban Society

418

(34)

Population Dynamics

420

(4)

Fertility

421

(1)

Mortality

422

(2)

Migration

424

(1)

Theories of Population

424

(4)

Malthus's Theory of Population Growth

424

(1)

Marx's Theory of Population Growth

425

(1)

Demographic Transition Theory

425

(3)

News You Can Use: Do Men without Women Become Violent?

428

(1)

A Second Demographic Transition

428

(1)

Population Growth and the Environment

429

(2)

Sources of Optimism

430

(1)

Global Sociology: What if the Population Problem Is Not Enough People?

431

(1)

Urbanization and the Development of Cities

432

(6)

The Earliest Cities

432

(2)

Preindustrial Cities

434

(1)

Industrial Cities

435

(1)

The Structure of Cities

435

(3)

The Nature of Urban Life

438

(2)

Social Interaction in Urban Areas

438

(1)

Urban Neighborhoods

439

(1)

Our Diverse Society: Disorderly Behavior and Community Decay

440

(2)

Urban Decline

440

(1)

Homelessness

441

(1)

Controversies in Sociology: What Produces Homelessness?

442

(1)

Future Urban Growth in the United States

443

(4)

Suburban Living

444

(3)

Exurbs

447

(1)

Summary

447

(5)

Health and Aging

452

(26)

The Experience of Illness

454

(3)

Health Care in the United States

454

(1)

Gender and Health

455

(1)

Race and Health

456

(1)

Global Sociology: Women Live Longer than Men throughout the World

457

(2)

Social Class and Health

458

(1)

Our Diverse Society: Why Isn't Life Expectancy in the United States Higher?

459

(1)

Age and Health

459

(1)

Education and Health

459

(1)

News You Can Use: Binge Drinking as a Health Problem

460

(1)

Women in Medicine

461

(1)

Contemporary Health Care Issues

461

(5)

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

462

(1)

Health Insurance

463

(1)

Preventing Illness

464

(2)

The Aging Population

466

(2)

Composition of the Older Population

467

(1)

Social Change: The Discovery of a Disease

468

(2)

Aging and the Sex Ratio

468

(1)

Aging and Race

468

(1)

Aging and Marital Status

469

(1)

Aging and Wealth

469

(1)

Our Diverse Society: Stereotypes about the Elderly

470

(1)

Global Sociology: Global Aging Quiz

471

(2)

Global Aging

471

(1)

Future Trends

472

(1)

Summary

473

(5)

Collective Behavior and Social Change

478

(23)

Society and Social Change

479

(1)

Sources of Social Change

480

(2)

Internal Sources of Social Change

480

(2)

News You Can Use: The McDonaldization of Society

482

(1)

External Sources of Social Change

482

(1)

Crowd Behavior and Social Change

483

(2)

Attributes of Crowds

483

(1)

Types of Crowds

484

(1)

The Changeable Nature of Crowds

485

(1)

Dispersed Collective Behavior

485

(1)

Fads and Fashions

485

(1)

Technology and Society: Dispersed Collective Behavior on the Internet

486

(4)

Rumors

488

(1)

Public Opinion

488

(1)

Mass Hysteria and Panic

488

(2)

Social Movements

490

(4)

Relative Deprivation Theory

490

(1)

Resource Mobilization Theory

491

(1)

Types of Social Movements

491

(1)

The Life Cycle of Social Movements

492

(2)

Globalization and Social Change

494

(1)

Social Change in the United States

494

(2)

Technological Change

494

(1)

The Workforce of the Future

495

(1)

Summary

496

(5)

Glossary

501

(12)

References

513

(30)

Credits

543

(2)

Index

545

(20)

Practice Tests

565

(67)

Practice Test Answers

632

Introduction To Sociology

9780495093343

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Table of Contents