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9780495093343

Introduction To Sociology

by
  • ISBN13:

    9780495093343

  • ISBN10:

    0495093343

  • Edition: 9th
  • Format: Paperback
  • Copyright: 2006-04-06
  • Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing
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Summary

This revised edition of Tischler's INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY continues a tradition of providing a proven and comprehensive textbook to students and professors at a lower, very reasonable price. With its built in study guide, practice tests, and available access to SociologyNow, no other textbook on the market provides students with a complete suite of study aids at an affordable price as INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY. Tischler is known for providing full coverage of sociological concepts in a student-friendly manner, and threading two basic ideas throughout the text- 1) sociology is a rigorous, scientific discipline and 2) a basic knowledge of sociology is essential for understanding social interaction in many work and social settings. Each chapter progresses from a specific to a general analysis of society - each part introducing increasingly comprehensive factors necessary for a broad-based understanding of social organization.

Table of Contents

Preface xix
About the Author xxvii
A Word to the Student xxix
PART 1 The Study of Society
2(52)
The Sociological Perspective
2(28)
Sociology as a Point of View
4(3)
The Sociological Imagination
5(1)
Is Sociology Common Sense?
6(1)
For Further Thinking: If You Are Thinking about Sociology as a Career, Read This
7(1)
Social Change: Too Smart to Marry?
8(3)
Sociology and Science
8(1)
Sociology as a Social Science
9(2)
Controversies in Sociology: Is There a Difference between Sociology and Journalism?
11(1)
The Development of Sociology
11(7)
Auguste Comte (1798--1857)
12(1)
Harriet Martineau (1802--1876)
12(1)
Herbert Spencer (1820--1903)
13(1)
Karl Marx (1818--1883)
14(1)
Emile Durkheim (1858--1917)
15(2)
Max Weber (1864--1920)
17(1)
News You Can Use: Is There an Epidemic of College Student Suicides?
18(3)
The Development of Sociology in the United States
19(2)
Theoretical Perspectives
21(3)
Functionalism
21(1)
Conflict Theory
21(1)
The Interactionist Perspective
22(1)
Contemporary Sociology
23(1)
Theory and Practice
24(1)
Summary
24(6)
Doing Sociology: Research Methods
30(24)
The Research Process
32(10)
Define the Problem
32(1)
Review Previous Research
33(1)
Develop One or More Hypotheses
34(1)
Determine the Research Design
35(3)
Define the Sample and Collect Data
38(4)
News You Can Use: How to Spot a Bogus Poll
42(2)
Analyze the Data and Draw Conclusions
43(1)
Controversies in Sociology: Truth in the Courtroom versus Truth in the Social Sciences
44(2)
Prepare the Research Report
45(1)
News You Can Use: How to Read a Table
46(1)
Objectivity in Sociological Research
46(1)
Ethical Issues in Sociological Research
47(1)
Controversies in Sociology: Famous Research Studies You Cannot Do Today
48(1)
Summary
49(5)
PART 2 The Individual in Society
54(136)
Culture
54(26)
The Concept of Culture
56(2)
Culture and Biology
56(1)
Culture Shock
57(1)
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism
57(1)
Components of Culture
58(1)
Material Culture
58(1)
Global Sociology: Is McDonald's Practicing Cultural Imperialism or Cultural Accommodation?
59(3)
Nonmaterial Culture
60(2)
Controversies in Sociology: Is There a Culture of Violence in the South?
62(3)
The Origin of Language
63(1)
Language and Culture
64(1)
Social Change: Is There a Culture Clash between the United States and Saudi Arabia?
65(1)
The Symbolic Nature of Culture
65(2)
Symbols and Culture
65(2)
News You Can Use: Symbols in Cyberspace
67(1)
Cultural and Adaptation
67(3)
Mechanisms of Cultural Change
67(2)
Cultural Lag
69(1)
Animals and Culture
69(1)
Subcultures
70(1)
Types of Subcultures
70(1)
Universals of Culture
71(2)
The Division of Labor
71(1)
The Incest Taboo, Marriage, and the Family
71(1)
Rites of Passage
72(1)
Ideology
72(1)
Culture and Individual Choice
73(1)
Summary
73(1)
For Further Thinking: The Conflict between Being a Researcher and a Human Being
74(6)
Socialization and Development
80(30)
Becoming a Person: Biology and Culture
82(4)
Nature versus Nurture: A False Debate
82(1)
Sociobiology
83(1)
Deprivation and Development
84(2)
The Concept of Self
86(3)
Dimensions of Human Development
87(2)
Theories of Development
89(3)
Charles Horton Cooley (1864--1929)
89(1)
George Herbert Mead (1863--1931)
89(1)
Sigmund Freud (1856--1939)
90(1)
Erik H. Erikson (1902--1994)
90(2)
Daniel Levinson (1920--1994)
92(1)
Early Socialization in American Society
92(2)
The Family
93(1)
The School
93(1)
Controversies in Sociology: Is Day Care Harmful to Children?
94(4)
Peer Groups
97(1)
Our Diverse Society: Win Friends and Lose Your Future: The Costs of Not ``Acting White''
98(2)
Television, Movies, and Video Games
98(2)
Social Change: Should Television Be Used to Teach Values?
100(1)
Adult Socialization
101(2)
Marriage and Responsibility
102(1)
Parenthood
102(1)
Career Development: Vocation and Identity
102(1)
Aging and Society
103(1)
Summary
103(1)
Global Sociology: An American Success Story Does Not Translate into Japanese
104(6)
Society and Social Interaction
110(24)
Understanding Social Interaction
112(2)
Contexts
112(1)
Norms
113(1)
Global Sociology: Cross-Cultural Social Interaction Quiz
114(2)
Ethnomethodology
115(1)
Dramaturgy
115(1)
Types of Social Interaction
116(2)
Nonverbal Behavior
116(1)
Exchange
117(1)
Cooperation
117(1)
News You Can Use: Laugh and the World Laughs with You
118(1)
Conflict
118(1)
Competition
118(1)
Technology and Society: Does Television Reduce Social Interaction?
119(1)
Elements of Social Interaction
120(3)
Statuses
120(1)
Roles
121(1)
Role Sets
122(1)
Role Strain
122(1)
Role Conflict
123(1)
Role-Playing
123(1)
Institutions and Social Organization
123(2)
Social Institutions
123(1)
Social Organization
124(1)
Societies
125(2)
Types of Societies
125(2)
Summary
127(7)
Social Groups and Organizations
134(18)
The Nature of Groups
135(3)
Primary and Secondary Groups
137(1)
Functions of Groups
138(2)
Defining Boundaries
138(1)
Choosing Leaders
138(1)
Making Decisions
138(1)
Setting Goals
138(1)
Assigning Tasks
138(1)
Controlling Members' Behavior
139(1)
Controversies in Sociology: Does Society Shape Our Memories?
140(1)
Reference Groups
140(1)
Small Groups
141(1)
Large Groups: Associations
141(2)
Formal Structure
142(1)
Informal Structure
142(1)
Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
142(1)
News You Can Use: The Strength of Weak Ties in Job Hunting
143(2)
Mechanical and Organic Solidarity
144(1)
Social Change: Limiting Technology to Save the Community
145(1)
Bureaucracy
145(3)
Weber's Model of Bureaucracy: An Ideal Type
146(1)
Bureaucracy Today: The Reality
147(1)
The Iron Law of Oligarchy
147(1)
Summary
148(4)
Deviant Behavior and Social Control
152(38)
Defining Normal and Deviant Behavior
153(2)
Making Moral Judgments
154(1)
The Functions of Deviance
154(1)
The Dysfunctions of Deviance
155(1)
Mechanisms of Social Control
155(2)
Internal Means of Control
155(1)
External Means of Control: Sanctions
156(1)
Theories of Crime and Deviance
157(1)
Biological Theories of Deviance
157(1)
Our Diverse Society: Public Heroes, Private Felons: Athletes and Sexual Assault
158(8)
Psychological Theories of Deviance
160(1)
Sociological Theories of Deviance
161(4)
The Importance of Law
165(1)
The Emergence of Laws
166(1)
Crime in the United States
167(1)
Crime Statistics
167(3)
Social Change: Serial Murderers and Mass Murderers
168(2)
Kinds of Crime in the United States
170(1)
Juvenile Crime
170(3)
Violent Crime
171(1)
Property Crime
171(1)
White-Collar Crime
172(1)
Global Sociology: The United States Is a World Leader in Homicide
173(2)
Victimless Crime
174(1)
Victims of Crime
174(1)
News You Can Use: Are Peaceful Pot Smokers Being Sent to Prison?
175(1)
Criminal Justice in the United States
175(6)
The Police
175(1)
The Courts
176(1)
Prisons
177(1)
A Shortage of Prisons
178(1)
Women in Prison
179(1)
The Funnel Effect
180(1)
Truth in Sentencing
181(1)
Summary
181(1)
For Further Thinking: The Continuing Debate over Capital Punishment: Does It Deter Murderers?
182(8)
PART 3 Social Inequality
190(112)
Social Class in the United States
190(28)
The American Class Structure
192(2)
The Upper Class
192(1)
The Upper-Middle Class
193(1)
The Lower-Middle Class
193(1)
The Working Class
193(1)
Our Diverse Society: The Black Middle Class: Fact or Fiction?
194(1)
The Lower Class
194(1)
Income Distribution
195(1)
Poverty
195(1)
Controversies in Sociology: Is the Income Gap between the Rich and the Poor a Problem?
196(4)
The Feminization of Poverty
197(1)
How Do We Count the Poor?
198(1)
Myths about the Poor
199(1)
News You Can Use: Are Urban Poverty Ghettos Shrinking?
200(1)
Social Change: What Causes Poverty?
201(1)
Government Assistance Programs
202(1)
The Changing Face of Poverty
202(1)
Consequences of Social Stratification
203(1)
Global Sociology: Rich Countries with Poor Children
204(1)
Why Does Social Inequality Exist?
205(5)
The Functionalist Theory
205(3)
Conflict Theory
208(1)
Modern Conflict Theory
209(1)
For Further Thinking: How Easy Is It to Change Social Class?
210(2)
The Need for Synthesis
211(1)
Summary
212(6)
Global Stratification
218(22)
Stratification Systems
220(1)
The Caste System
220(1)
The Estate System
221(1)
The Class System
221(1)
Theories of Global Stratification
221(1)
Modernization Theory
221(1)
Dependency Theory
222(1)
Global Diversity
222(4)
World Health Trends
222(1)
The Health of Infants and Children in Developing Countries
223(2)
HIV/AIDS
225(1)
Global Sociology: HIV/AIDS: Worldwide Facts
226(5)
Population Trends
227(4)
Technology and Society: The Girls Who Will Not Be Born
231(4)
Global Aging
233(2)
Summary
235(5)
Racial and Ethnic Minorities
240(38)
The Concept of Race
243(3)
Genetic Definitions
243(1)
Legal Definitions
243(1)
Social Definitions
244(2)
The Concept of Ethnic Group
246(1)
The Concept of Minority
246(1)
Problems in Race and Ethnic Relations
247(1)
Prejudice
247(1)
Technology and Society: Hate Sites on the Web
248(2)
Discrimination
248(2)
Our Diverse Society: Racial Integration in the Military
250(2)
Institutional Prejudice and Discrimination
250(1)
Patterns of Racial and Ethnic Relations
251(1)
Assimilation
251(1)
Controversies in Sociology: Is the Debate on Race and Intelligence Worthwhile?
252(5)
Pluralism
253(1)
Subjugation
254(1)
Segregation
254(1)
Expulsion
255(1)
Annihilation
256(1)
Racial and Ethnic Immigration to the United States
257(3)
Immigration Today Compared with the Past
258(1)
Illegal Immigration
259(1)
America's Ethnic Composition Today
260(5)
White Anglo-Saxon Protestants
260(2)
African Americans
262(1)
Hispanics (Latinos)
262(3)
News You Can Use: Hispanics: Racial Group? Ethnic Group? Neither?
265(6)
Asian Americans
266(2)
Jews
268(1)
Native Americans
269(2)
A Diverse Society
271(1)
Summary
271(7)
Gender Stratification
278(24)
Are the Sexes Separate and Unequal?
279(2)
Historical Views
280(1)
Our Diverse Society: Women Who Did Not Want Women to Vote
281(6)
Religious Views
281(2)
Biological Views
283(2)
Gender and Sex
285(1)
Sociological View: Cross-Cultural Evidence
286(1)
What Produces Gender Inequality?
287(1)
The Functionalist Viewpoint
287(1)
Technology and Society: Is There Gender in Cyberspace?
288(1)
The Conflict Theory Viewpoint
289(1)
Gender-Role Socialization
289(1)
Childhood Socialization
289(1)
Controversies in Sociology: Can Gender Identity Be Changed?
290(3)
Adolescent Socialization
290(1)
Gender Differences in Social Interaction
291(2)
Our Diverse Society: Deborah Tannen: Communication between Women and Men
293(1)
Gender Inequality and Work
294(2)
Job Discrimination
294(2)
News You Can Use: Are We Biased against Assertive Women?
296(1)
Summary
296(6)
PART 4 Institutions
302(116)
Marriage and Alternative Family Arrangements
302(34)
The Nature of Family Life
304(2)
Functions of the Family
304(1)
Family Structures
305(1)
Defining Marriage
306(1)
Romantic Love
306(1)
Global Sociology: Arranged Marriage in India
307(5)
Marriage Rules
308(1)
Marital Residence
308(1)
Mate Selection
309(3)
The Transformation of the Family
312(9)
The Decline of the Traditional Family
313(1)
Changes in the Marriage Rate
314(1)
Cohabitation
315(1)
Childless Couples
316(1)
Changes in Household Size
317(1)
Women in the Labor Force
318(1)
Family Violence
318(1)
Divorce
318(2)
Divorce Laws
320(1)
News You Can Use: Marriage and Divorce Quiz
321(3)
Child Custody Laws
322(1)
Remarriage and Stepfamilies
323(1)
Family Diversity
324(1)
Social Change: Reluctant to Marry: The Men Who Want to Stay Single
325(3)
The Growing Single Population
325(1)
Single-Parent Families
326(1)
Gay and Lesbian Couples
327(1)
Our Diverse Society: Should Same Sex Marriages Be Permitted?
328(1)
The Future: Bright or Dismal?
328(2)
For Further Thinking: How Much Are Children Hurt by Their Parents' Divorce?
330(1)
Summary
330(6)
Religion
336(30)
The Nature of Religion
337(2)
The Elements of Religion
338(1)
Magic
339(1)
Our Diverse Society: Who Is God?
340(1)
Major Types of Religions
340(3)
Supernaturalism
341(1)
Animism
341(1)
Theism
342(1)
Monotheism
342(1)
Abstract Ideals
343(1)
A Sociological Approach to Religion
343(4)
The Functionalist Perspective
343(4)
Global Sociology: The Worst Offenders of Religious Freedom
347(1)
The Conflict Theory Perspective
347(1)
Organization of Religious Life
348(2)
The Universal Church
348(1)
The Ecclesia
348(1)
The Denomination
349(1)
The Sect
349(1)
Millenarian Movements
349(1)
Social Change: Religion Is Constantly Changing
350(1)
Aspects of American Religion
350(2)
Religious Diversity
351(1)
Widespread Belief
351(1)
News You Can Use: A Nation of Believers
352(1)
Secularism
352(1)
Ecumenism
352(1)
Major Religions in the United States
353(1)
Technology and Society: Seeking God on the Web
354(5)
Protestantism
354(1)
Catholicism
355(1)
Judaism
356(1)
Islam
357(2)
Social Correlates of Religious Affiliation
359(1)
Summary
359(7)
Education
366(26)
Education: A Functionalist View
368(4)
Socialization
368(1)
Cultural Transmission
369(1)
Academic Skills
369(2)
Innovation
371(1)
Technology and Society: College Students and the Internet
372(1)
Child Care
372(1)
Postponing Job Hunting
372(1)
The Conflict Theory View
373(1)
Social Control
373(1)
Global Sociology: College Graduates: A Worldwide Comparison
374(1)
Screening and Allocation: Tracking
374(1)
Social Change: Jonathan Kozol on The Shame of the Nation
375(1)
The Credentialized Society
376(1)
Issues in American Education
376(8)
Unequal Access to Education
376(2)
Students Who Speak English as a Second Language
378(1)
High School Dropouts
379(1)
Violence in the Schools
380(1)
Home Schooling
381(1)
Standardized Testing
382(1)
Gender Bias in the Classroom
383(1)
For Further Thinking: Are College Admissions Tests Fair?
384(3)
The Gifted
385(2)
Summary
387(5)
Political and Economic Systems
392(26)
Politics, Power, and Authority
394(1)
Power
394(1)
Political Authority
394(1)
Government and the State
395(2)
Functions of the State
396(1)
Types of States
397(1)
Autocracy
397(1)
Totalitarianism
397(1)
Democracy
397(1)
Functionalist and Conflict Theory Views of the State
398(1)
The Economy and the State
399(1)
Capitalism
399(1)
Technology and Society: Selling Human Life
400(4)
The Marxist Response to Capitalism
402(1)
Socialism
403(1)
The Capitalist View of Socialism
403(1)
Democratic Socialism
404(1)
Political Change
404(2)
Institutionalized Political Change
404(1)
Rebellions
405(1)
Revolutions
405(1)
Global Sociology: Does Suicide Terrorism Make Sense?
406(1)
The American Political System
407(4)
The Two-Party System
407(1)
Voting Behavior
407(2)
African Americans as a Political Force
409(1)
Hispanics as a Political Force
410(1)
A Growing Conservatism
410(1)
Our Diverse Society: Comparing the Political and Moral Values of the 1960s with Today
411(3)
The Role of the Media
412(1)
Special-Interest Groups
412(2)
Summary
414(4)
PART 5 Social Change and Social Issues
418(83)
Population and Urban Society
418(34)
Population Dynamics
420(4)
Fertility
421(1)
Mortality
422(2)
Migration
424(1)
Theories of Population
424(4)
Malthus's Theory of Population Growth
424(1)
Marx's Theory of Population Growth
425(1)
Demographic Transition Theory
425(3)
News You Can Use: Do Men without Women Become Violent?
428(1)
A Second Demographic Transition
428(1)
Population Growth and the Environment
429(2)
Sources of Optimism
430(1)
Global Sociology: What if the Population Problem Is Not Enough People?
431(1)
Urbanization and the Development of Cities
432(6)
The Earliest Cities
432(2)
Preindustrial Cities
434(1)
Industrial Cities
435(1)
The Structure of Cities
435(3)
The Nature of Urban Life
438(2)
Social Interaction in Urban Areas
438(1)
Urban Neighborhoods
439(1)
Our Diverse Society: Disorderly Behavior and Community Decay
440(2)
Urban Decline
440(1)
Homelessness
441(1)
Controversies in Sociology: What Produces Homelessness?
442(1)
Future Urban Growth in the United States
443(4)
Suburban Living
444(3)
Exurbs
447(1)
Summary
447(5)
Health and Aging
452(26)
The Experience of Illness
454(3)
Health Care in the United States
454(1)
Gender and Health
455(1)
Race and Health
456(1)
Global Sociology: Women Live Longer than Men throughout the World
457(2)
Social Class and Health
458(1)
Our Diverse Society: Why Isn't Life Expectancy in the United States Higher?
459(1)
Age and Health
459(1)
Education and Health
459(1)
News You Can Use: Binge Drinking as a Health Problem
460(1)
Women in Medicine
461(1)
Contemporary Health Care Issues
461(5)
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
462(1)
Health Insurance
463(1)
Preventing Illness
464(2)
The Aging Population
466(2)
Composition of the Older Population
467(1)
Social Change: The Discovery of a Disease
468(2)
Aging and the Sex Ratio
468(1)
Aging and Race
468(1)
Aging and Marital Status
469(1)
Aging and Wealth
469(1)
Our Diverse Society: Stereotypes about the Elderly
470(1)
Global Sociology: Global Aging Quiz
471(2)
Global Aging
471(1)
Future Trends
472(1)
Summary
473(5)
Collective Behavior and Social Change
478(23)
Society and Social Change
479(1)
Sources of Social Change
480(2)
Internal Sources of Social Change
480(2)
News You Can Use: The McDonaldization of Society
482(1)
External Sources of Social Change
482(1)
Crowd Behavior and Social Change
483(2)
Attributes of Crowds
483(1)
Types of Crowds
484(1)
The Changeable Nature of Crowds
485(1)
Dispersed Collective Behavior
485(1)
Fads and Fashions
485(1)
Technology and Society: Dispersed Collective Behavior on the Internet
486(4)
Rumors
488(1)
Public Opinion
488(1)
Mass Hysteria and Panic
488(2)
Social Movements
490(4)
Relative Deprivation Theory
490(1)
Resource Mobilization Theory
491(1)
Types of Social Movements
491(1)
The Life Cycle of Social Movements
492(2)
Globalization and Social Change
494(1)
Social Change in the United States
494(2)
Technological Change
494(1)
The Workforce of the Future
495(1)
Summary
496(5)
Glossary 501(12)
References 513(30)
Credits 543(2)
Index 545(20)
Practice Tests 565(67)
Practice Test Answers 632

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