Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis

by PECK/OLSEN/DEVORE

• ISBN13: 9780534467104
• ISBN10: 0534467105
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2004-03-03
• Publisher: Duxbury Press

Summary

1. THE ROLE OF STATISTICS. Three Reasons to Study Statistics. The Nature and Role of Variability. Statistics and Data Analysis. Types of Data and Simple Graphical Displays. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. 2.THE DATA ANALYSIS PROCESS AND COLLECTING DATA SENSIBILY. The Data Analysis Process. Sampling. Statistical Studies: Observation and Experimentation. Simple Comparative Experiments. More on Experimental Design. More on Observational Studies: Designing Surveys (Optional). Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. Graphing Calculator Explorations. 3. GRAPHICAL METHODS FOR DESCRIBING DATA. Displaying Categorical Data: Comparative Bar Charts and Pie Charts. Displaying Numerical Data: Stem-and-Leaf Displays. Displaying Numerical Data: Frequency Distributions and Histograms. Displaying Bi-variate Numerical Data. Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. Graphing Calculator Explorations. 4.NUMERICAL METHODS FOR DESCRIBING DATA. Describing the Center of a Data Set. Describing the Variability in a Data Set. Summarizing a Data Set: Boxplots. Interpreting Center and Variability: Chevyshev''s Rule, the Empirical Rule, and z Scores. Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. Graphing Calculator Explorations. 5.SUMMARIZING BIVARIATE DATA. Correlation. Linear Regression: Fitting a Line to Bi-variate Data. Assessing the Fit of a Line. Nonlinear Relationships and Transformations. Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. Graphing Calculator Explorations. 6. PROBABILITY. Chance Experiments and Events. The Definition of Probability. Basic Properties of Probability. Conditional Probability. Independence. Some General Probability Rules. Estimating Probabilities Empirically and Using Simulation. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. Graphing Calculator Explorations. 7. RANDOM VARIABLES AND PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS. Random Variables. Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables. Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables. The Mean and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable. The Binomial and Geometric Distributions. The Normal Distribution. Checking for Normality and Normalizing Transformations. Using the Normal Distribution to Approximate a Discrete Distribution. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. Graphing Calculator Explorations. 8.SAMPLING VARIABILITY AND SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS. Statistics and Sampling Variability. The Sampling Distribution of a Sample Mean. The Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. Graphing Calculator Explorations. 9.ESTIMATION USING A SINGLE SAMPLE. Point Estimation. A Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion. A Confidence Interval for a Population Mean. Communicating and Interpreting the Results of a Statistical Analyses. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. Graphing Calculator Explorations. 10. HYPOTHESIS TESTING USING A SINGLE SAMPLE. Hypotheses and Test Procedures. Errors in Hypothesis Testing. Large-Sample Hypothesis Tests for a Population Proportion. Hypothesis Tests for a Population Mean. Power and the Probability of Type II Error. Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses. Chapter Activities. Supplementary Exercises. Graphing Calculator Explorations. 11.COMPARING TWO POPULATIONS OR TREATMENTS. Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Independent Samples. Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Paired Samples. Large-Sample Inferences Concerning a Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Proportions. Distribution-Free Procedures for Inferences Concerning a Difference Between Two Population o

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
1 The Role of Statistics	1	(24)
1.1 Three Reasons to Study Statistics	1	(4)
1.2 The Nature and Role of Variability	5	(3)
1.3 Statistics and Data Analysis	8	(2)
1.4 Types of Data and Some Simple Graphical Displays	10	(10)
Activity 1.1: Head Sizes: Understanding Variability	20	(1)
Activity 1.2: Estimating Sizes	21	(4)
2 The Data Analysis Process and Collecting Data Sensibly	25	(54)
2.1 The Data Analysis Process	25	(3)
2.2 Sampling	28	(11)
2.3 Statistical Studies: Observation and Experimentation	39	(4)
2.4 Simple Comparative Experiments	43	(10)
2.5 More on Experimental Design	53	(5)
2.6 More on Observational Studies: Designing Surveys (Optional)	58	(8)
2.7 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	66	(2)
Activity 2.1: Designing a Sampling Plan	68	(1)
Activity 2.2: An Experiment to Test for the Stroop Effect	68	(3)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	71	(8)
3 Graphical Methods for Describing Data	79	(72)
3.1 Displaying Categorical Data: Comparative Bar Charts and Pie Charts	79	(13)
3.2 Displaying Numerical Data: Stem-and-Leaf Displays	92	(7)
3.3 Displaying Numerical Data: Frequency Distributions and Histograms	99	(21)
3.4 Displaying Bivariate Numerical Data	120	(11)
3.5 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	131	(8)
Activity 3.1: Locating States	139	(1)
Activity 3.2: Bean Counters!	140	(4)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	144	(7)
4 Numerical Methods for Describing Data	151	(50)
4.1 Describing the Center of a Data Set	152	(10)
4.2 Describing Variability in a Data Set	162	(10)
4.3 Summarizing a Data Set: Boxplots	172	(6)
4.4 Interpreting Center and Variability: Chebyshev's Rule, the Empirical Rule, and z Scores	178	(9)
4.5 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	187	(4)
Activity 4.1: Collecting and Summarizing Numerical Data	191	(1)
Activity 4.2: Boxplot Shapes	192	(4)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	196	(5)
5 Summarizing Bivariate Data	201	(70)
5.1 Correlation	201	(12)
5.2 Linear Regression: Fitting a Line to Bivariate Data	213	(11)
5.3 Assessing the Fit of a Line	224	(15)
5.4 Nonlinear Relationships and Transformations	239	(16)
5.5 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	255	(3)
Activity 5.1: Exploring Correlation and Regression Technology Activity (Applets)	258	(1)
Activity 5.2: Age and Flexibility	259	(4)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	263	(8)
6 Probability	271	(80)
6.1 Chance Experiments and Events	271	(9)
6.2 Definition of Probability	280	(8)
6.3 Basic Properties of Probability	288	(7)
6.4 Conditional Probability	295	(10)
6.5 Independence	305	(10)
6.6 Some General Probability Rules	315	(12)
6.7 Estimating Probabilities Empirically and Using Simulation	327	(12)
Activity 6.1: Kisses	339	(1)
Activity 6.2: A Crisis for European Sports Fans?	340	(1)
Activity 6.3: The "Hot Hand" in Basketball	340	(4)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	344	(7)
7 Random Variables and Probability Distributions	351	(90)
7.1 Random Variables	352	(3)
7.2 Probability Distributions for Discrete Random Variables	355	(6)
7.3 Probability Distributions for Continuous Random Variables	361	(5)
7.4 Mean and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable	366	(14)
7.5 The Binomial and Geometric Distributions	380	(12)
7.6 Normal Distributions	392	(17)
7.7 Checking for Normality and Normalizing Transformations	409	(11)
7.8 Using the Normal Distribution to Approximate a Discrete Distribution	420	(4)
Activity 7.1: Rotten Eggs?	424	(5)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	429	(12)
8 Sampling Variability and Sampling Distributions	441	(34)
8.1 Statistics and Sampling Variability	442	(9)
8.2 The Sampling Distribution of a Sample Mean	451	(10)
8.3 The Sampling Distribution of a Sample Proportion	461	(6)
Activity 8.1: Do Students Who Take the SATs Multiple Times Have an Advantage in College Admissions?	467	(3)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	470	(5)
9 Estimation Using a Single Sample	475	(46)
9.1 Point Estimation	475	(7)
9.2 Large-Sample Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion	482	(13)
9.3 Confidence Interval for a Population Mean	495	(13)
9.4 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	508	(5)
Activity 9.1: Getting a Feel for Confidence Level	513	(1)
Activity 9.2: An Alternative Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion	514	(4)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	518	(3)
10 Hypothesis Testing Using a Single Sample	521	(54)
10.1 Hypotheses and Test Procedures	522	(4)
10.2 Errors in Hypothesis Testing	526	(6)
10.3 Large-Sample Hypothesis Tests for a Population Proportion	532	(13)
10.4 Hypothesis Tests for a Population Mean	545	(11)
10.5 Power and the Probability of Type II Error	556	(10)
10.6 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	566	(2)
Activity 10.1: Comparing the t and z Distributions	568	(4)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	572	(3)
11 Comparing Two Populations or Treatments 57S
11.1 Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Independent Samples	575	(20)
11.2 Inferences Concerning the Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Paired Samples	595	(11)
11.3 Large-Sample Inferences Concerning a Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Proportions	606	(9)
11.4 Distribution-Free Procedures for Inferences About a Difference Between Two Population or Treatment Means Using Independent Samples (Optional)	615	(8)
11.5 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	623	(2)
Activity 11.1: Helium-Filled Footballs?	625	(1)
Activity 11.2: Thinking About Data Collection	626	(6)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	632	(5)
12 The Analysis of Categorical Data and Goodness-of-Fit Tests	637	(38)
12.1 Chi-Square Tests for Univariate Categorical Data	637	(9)
12.2 Tests for Homogeneity and Independence in a Two-Way Table	646	(17)
12.3 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	663	(3)
Activity 12.1: Pick a Number, Any Number...	666	(1)
Activity 12.2: Color and Perceived Taste	666	(4)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	670	(5)
13 Simple Linear Regression and Correlation: Inferential Methods	675	(56)
13.1 The Simple Linear Regression Model	675	(13)
13.2 Inferences About the Slope of the Population Regression Line	688	(10)
13.3 Checking Model Adequacy	698	(11)
13.4 Inferences Based on the Estimated Regression Line (Optional)	709	(8)
13.5 Inferences About the Population Correlation Coefficient (Optional)	717	(4)
13.6 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	721	(1)
Activity 13.1: Are Tall Women from "Big" Families?	722	(7)
Graphing Calculator Explorations	729	(2)
14 Multiple Regression Analysis	731	(60)
14.1 Multiple Regression Models	732	(12)
14.2 Fitting a Model and Assessing Its Utility	744	(15)
14.3 Inferences Based on an Estimated Model	759	(12)
14.4 Other Issues in Multiple Regression	771	(12)
14.5 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	783	(1)
Activity 14.1: Exploring the Relationship Between Number of Predictors and Sample Size	784	(7)
15 Analysis of Variance	791	(54)
15.1 Single-Factor ANOVA and the F Test	791	(14)
15.2 Multiple Comparisons	805	(7)
15.3 The F Test for a Randomized Block Experiment	812	(9)
15.4 Two-Factor ANOVA	821	(12)
15.5 Communicating and Interpreting the Results of Statistical Analyses	833	(2)
Activity 15.1: Exploring Single-Factor ANOVA	835	(3)
Appendix: ANOVA Computations	838	(4)
Graphing Calculator Exploration	842	(3)
Appendix: Statistical Tables	845	(24)
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Exercises	869	(10)
Index	879