Introduction to Theories of Personality, An

by Hergenhahn, B. R.; Olson, Matthew H.

• ISBN13: 9780130992260
• ISBN10: 0130992267
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This introduction to the theories of personality introduces readers not only to the rich history of psychology but topracticalinformation that helps them understand their own lives and their relationships with other people. Using a theorist-by-theorist approach, the book summarizes the major theories of personality and emphasizes that the best understanding of personality derives from avarietyof viewpoints. Thus, theories representing the psychoanalytic, sociocultural, trait, learning, sociological, and existential-humanistic paradigms are offered as differentyet equally validways of approaching the study of personality. Includes a series of experiential exercises.What Is Personality? Sigmund Freud. Carl Jung. Alfred Adler. Karen Horney. Erik H. Erikson. Gordon Allport. Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck. B. F. Skinner. John Dollard and Neal Miller. Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel. Edward O. Wilson. George Kelly. Carl Rogers. Abraham Maslow. Rollo Reese May.For anyone wanting a comprehensive understanding of personality and individual differences.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
What Is Personality?	1	(20)
Three Concerns of Personality Theory	1	(1)
Proposed Determinants of Personality	2	(4)
Questions Confronting the Personality Theorist	6	(4)
How Do We Find the Answers?	10	(3)
Science and Personality Theory	13	(4)
Summary	17	(1)
Experiential Exercises	18	(1)
Discussion Questions	18	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	19	(1)
Chapter Highlights	20	(1)
Sigmund Freud	21	(44)
Biographical Sketch	22	(2)
Early Influences on Freud's Theory	24	(6)
Instincts and Their Characteristics	30	(1)
Divisions of the Mind	30	(3)
The Id	30	(1)
The Ego	31	(1)
The Superego	32	(1)
Cathexis and Anticathexis	33	(2)
Anxiety	35	(1)
Ego-Defense Mechanisms	35	(5)
Psychosexual Stages of Development	40	(3)
Summary of Freud's Views on Feminine Psychology	43	(2)
Tapping the Unconscious Mind	45	(3)
Freud's View of Religion	48	(1)
Freud's View of Human Nature	49	(1)
Modifications of the Freudian Legend	50	(4)
Evaluation	54	(2)
Empirical Research	54	(1)
Criticisms	54	(1)
Contributions	55	(1)
Summary	56	(3)
Experiential Exercises	59	(1)
Discussion Questions	59	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	60	(1)
Chapter Highlights	61	(4)
Carl Jung	65	(34)
Biographical Sketch	66	(1)
Jung's Early Dreams, Visions, and Fantasies	67	(2)
Jung's Early Professional Life	69	(2)
Jung's Relationship with Freud	71	(3)
Libido, Equivalence, Entropy, and Opposites	74	(1)
Components of the Personality	75	(3)
Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow, and Self	78	(3)
Persona	78	(1)
Anima	79	(1)
Animus	79	(1)
Shadow	80	(1)
Self	80	(1)
Psychological Types	81	(3)
Stages of Development	84	(1)
Life's Goal	85	(2)
Causality, Teleology, and Synchronicity	87	(2)
Research Techniques	89	(2)
Jung's View of Human Nature	91	(1)
Evaluation	92	(1)
Empirical Research	92	(1)
Criticisms	92	(1)
Contributions	93	(1)
Summary	93	(2)
Experiential Exercises	95	(1)
Discussion Questions	95	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	96	(1)
Chapter Highlights	97	(2)
Alfred Adler	99	(33)
Biographical Sketch	99	(3)
Individual Psychology	102	(1)
Organ Inferiority and Compensation	103	(1)
Feelings of Inferiority	103	(2)
Feelings of Inferiority as Motivational	104	(1)
Striving for Superiority	105	(1)
Vaihinger's Philosophy of ``As If''	106	(1)
Fictional Goals and Lifestyles	107	(1)
Social Interest	108	(3)
Mistaken Lifestyles	109	(2)
Creative Self	111	(1)
Safeguarding Strategies	112	(3)
Excuses	112	(1)
Aggression	113	(1)
Distancing	114	(1)
Goal of Psychotherapy	115	(2)
Adler's View of the Unconscious	116	(1)
Methods of Research	117	(3)
Summary of the Differences Between Adler and Freud	120	(1)
Evaluation	120	(6)
Empirical Research	120	(5)
Criticisms	125	(1)
Contributions	125	(1)
Summary	126	(2)
Experiential Exercises	128	(1)
Discussion Questions	128	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	129	(1)
Chapter Highlights	130	(2)
Karen Horney	132	(29)
Biographical Sketch	132	(4)
Basic Evil, Hostility, and Anxiety	136	(2)
Adjustments to Basic Anxiety	138	(3)
Moving Toward, Against, or Away from People	140	(1)
Real and Idealized Self	141	(2)
Externalization	143	(1)
Auxiliary Approaches to Artificial Harmony	144	(3)
Blind Spots	145	(1)
Compartmentalization	145	(1)
Rationalization	145	(1)
Excessive Self-Control	146	(1)
Arbitrary Rightness	146	(1)
Elusiveness	146	(1)
Cynicism	146	(1)
Feminine Psychology	147	(3)
Psychotherapy	150	(1)
Goal of Psychotherapy	150	(1)
Self Analysis	151	(2)
Comparison of Horney and Freud	153	(1)
Early Childhood Experience	153	(1)
Unconscious Motivation	153	(1)
Biological Motivation	153	(1)
Psychotherapy	154	(1)
Is Anatomy Destiny?	154	(1)
Prognosis for Personality Change	154	(1)
Evaluation	154	(2)
Empirical Research	154	(1)
Criticisms	155	(1)
Contributions	156	(1)
Summary	156	(2)
Experiential Exercises	158	(1)
Discussion Questions	158	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	158	(1)
Chapter Highlights	159	(2)
Erik H. Erikson	161	(33)
Biographical Sketch	161	(4)
Anatomy and Destiny	165	(3)
Ego Psychology	168	(1)
Epigenetic Principle, Crises, Ritualizations, and Ritualisms	169	(3)
Epigenetic Principle	169	(1)
Crises	170	(1)
Ritualizations and Ritualisms	171	(1)
Eight Stages of Personality Development	172	(8)
Infancy: Basic Trust versus Basic Mistrust	172	(1)
Early Childhood: Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt	173	(1)
Preschool Age: Initiative versus Guilt	174	(1)
School Age: Industry versus Inferiority	175	(2)
Adolescence: Identity versus Role Confusion	177	(2)
Young Adulthood: Intimacy versus Isolation	179	(1)
Adulthood: Generativity versus Stagnation	180	(1)
Old Age: Ego Integrity versus Despair	180	(1)
Goal of Psychotherapy	180	(2)
Comparison of Erikson and Freud	182	(3)
Development	183	(1)
Anatomy as Destiny	183	(1)
Ego Psychology	183	(1)
Unconscious Mind	184	(1)
Dream Analysis	184	(1)
Psychotherapy	184	(1)
Religion	185	(1)
Evaluation	185	(3)
Empirical Research	185	(1)
Criticisms	186	(1)
Contributions	187	(1)
Summary	188	(2)
Experiential Exercises	190	(1)
Discussion Questions	190	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	191	(1)
Chapter Highlights	191	(3)
Gordon Allport	194	(35)
Biographical Sketch	194	(4)
What Is Personality?	198	(2)
Dynamic Organization	199	(1)
Psychophysical Systems	199	(1)
Determine	199	(1)
Characteristic Behavior and Thought	199	(1)
Character, Temperament, and Type	200	(1)
Character	200	(1)
Temperament	200	(1)
Type	200	(1)
Criteria for an Adequate Theory of Personality	200	(1)
Allport's Concept of Trait	201	(3)
Traits Are Not Habits	204	(1)
Traits Are Not Attitudes	204	(1)
Types of Traits	204	(2)
Cardinal Dispositions	205	(1)
Central Dispositions	206	(1)
Secondary Dispositions	206	(1)
The Proprium	206	(3)
Conscience	208	(1)
Functional Autonomy	209	(2)
The Healthy, Mature Adult Personality	211	(3)
The Nature of Prejudice	214	(2)
Religion	216	(2)
Extrinsic Religion	217	(1)
Intrinsic Religion	217	(1)
Letters from Jenny	218	(2)
Study of Expressive Behavior and Values	220	(1)
Evaluation	221	(3)
Empirical Research	221	(1)
Criticisms	221	(2)
Contributions	223	(1)
Summary	224	(1)
Experiential Exercises	225	(1)
Discussion Questions	226	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	227	(2)
Chapter Highlights	229	(1)
Raymond B. Cattell and Hans J. Eysenck	229	(46)
Biographical Sketches	230	(5)
Raymond B. Cattell	230	(2)
Hans J. Eysenck	232	(3)
Factor Analysis	235	(5)
Nomothetic versus Idiographic Techniques	239	(1)
Taxonomy of Traits	240	(13)
Cattell's Analysis of Traits	240	(8)
Eysenck's Analysis of Traits	248	(1)
Historical Roots of Eysenck's Theory	248	(3)
Biological Bases of Personality	251	(2)
Is Anatomy Destiny?	253	(3)
Personality Development	256	(2)
Cattell's Multiple Influence Approach	256	(1)
Eysenck and Heritable Traits	257	(1)
Psychopathology	258	(1)
Psychotherapy	259	(1)
Contemporary Developments: The Big Five	260	(3)
Have the Big Five Displaced Cattell and Eysenck?	261	(2)
Evaluation	263	(5)
Cattell: Empirical Research	263	(1)
Eysenck: Empirical Research	264	(1)
Criticisms	265	(1)
Contributions	266	(2)
Summary	268	(2)
Experiential Exercises	270	(1)
Discussion Questions	271	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	271	(1)
Chapter Highlights	272	(3)
B. F. Skinner	275	(34)
Biographical Sketch	275	(3)
Skinner and Personality Theory	278	(3)
Respondent and Operant Behavior	281	(1)
Operant Conditioning	282	(5)
Acquisition	283	(1)
Shaping	284	(1)
Extinction	285	(1)
Discriminative Operants	285	(1)
Secondary Reinforcement	286	(1)
Chaining	287	(2)
Verbal Behavior	289	(1)
Reinforcement Schedules	289	(2)
Superstitious Behavior	291	(1)
Reinforcement Contingencies	292	(2)
Positive Reinforcement	292	(1)
Negative Reinforcement	292	(1)
Avoidance	292	(1)
Punishment	293	(1)
Our Biggest Problem	294	(1)
Behavior Disorders and Behavior Therapy	295	(3)
Behavior Disorders	295	(1)
Token Economies	296	(2)
Walden Two	298	(1)
Beyond Freedom and Dignity	299	(1)
Evaluation	300	(3)
Empirical Research	300	(1)
Criticisms	301	(1)
Contributions	302	(1)
Summary	303	(1)
Experiential Exercises	304	(1)
Discussion Questions	305	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	306	(1)
Chapter Highlights	307	(2)
John Dollard and Neal Miller	309	(36)
Biographical Sketches	309	(5)
John Dollard	309	(2)
Neal Miller	311	(3)
Hull's Theory of Learning	314	(1)
Drive, Cue, Response, and Reinforcement	315	(2)
Drive	315	(1)
Cue	316	(1)
Response	316	(1)
Reinforcement	316	(1)
Response Hierarchies	317	(2)
The Gradient of Reinforcement	319	(1)
Fear as an Acquired Drive	319	(1)
Stimulus Generalization	320	(1)
Conflict	321	(3)
Approach-Approach Conflict	321	(1)
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict	322	(1)
Approach-Avoidance Conflict	322	(2)
Double Approach-Avoidance Conflict	324	(1)
Displacement	324	(3)
Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis	327	(1)
Importance of Language	328	(1)
Unconscious Mind	329	(3)
Experiences That Were Never Verbalized	330	(1)
Repressed Experiences	331	(1)
Neurosis and Symptom Formation	332	(2)
Neurosis	332	(1)
Symptom Formation	333	(1)
Psychotherapy	334	(1)
Four Critical Training Situations of Childhood	335	(2)
Evaluation	337	(2)
Empirical Research	337	(1)
Criticisms	337	(1)
Contributions	338	(1)
Summary	339	(2)
Experiential Exercises	341	(1)
Discussion Questions	342	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	343	(1)
Chapter Highlights	343	(2)
Albert Bandura and Walter Mischel	345	(36)
Biographical Sketches	346	(3)
Albert Bandura	346	(1)
Walter Mischel	347	(2)
Consistency of Human Behavior	349	(3)
Reciprocal Determinism	351	(1)
Cognitive Social Person Variables	352	(2)
Observational Learning	354	(5)
Attentional Processes	357	(1)
Retentional Processes	358	(1)
Motor Reproduction Processes	358	(1)
Motivational Processes	359	(1)
Self-Regulated Behavior	359	(6)
Self-Efficacy	360	(2)
Moral Conduct	362	(1)
Delay of Gratification	363	(2)
Dysfunctional Expectancies and Psychotherapy	365	(4)
Social Cognitive Theory View of Human Nature	369	(2)
Freedom versus Determinism	369	(2)
Mind-Body Relationship	371	(1)
Evaluation	371	(4)
Empirical Research	371	(2)
Criticisms	373	(1)
Contributions	374	(1)
Summary	375	(1)
Experiential Exercises	376	(1)
Discussion Questions	377	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	378	(1)
Chapter Highlights	378	(3)
Edward D. Wilson	381	(46)
Biographical Sketch	382	(1)
Darwin's Theory of Evolution	383	(2)
Inclusive Fitness	384	(1)
Basic Assumptions of Sociobiology	385	(1)
Perpetuation of the Genes	385	(1)
Natural Selection Shapes Social Behavior	385	(1)
Evolution, Personality, and Human Nature	386	(3)
Empirical Theory	386	(1)
Sociobiological Theory	386	(2)
Proximate versus Ultimate Causation	388	(1)
Why Are Some Behaviors ``Sweeter'' Than Others?	388	(1)
What Is Inherited?	389	(1)
Relationship Between Biology and Culture	390	(3)
Innate Tendency to Create Culture	390	(1)
Limitations of Culture as a Modifier of Human Behavior	390	(2)
Mind-Body Relationship	392	(1)
Altruism	393	(2)
Kin Altruism	393	(1)
Reciprocal Altruism	394	(1)
Male and Female Criteria for Mate Selection	395	(5)
Double Standard	397	(2)
Biology of Mating Arrangements	399	(1)
Biology of Parenting	400	(3)
Involvement of Men in Parenting	401	(1)
Stepparenting	401	(1)
Adoption	402	(1)
Intentional Childlessness	403	(1)
Aggression, Territoriality, and Warfare	403	(2)
Are Humans Innately Aggressive?	403	(1)
Territoriality and Warfare	404	(1)
Suicide and Other Forms of Self Destructive Behavior	405	(2)
Suicide	405	(1)
Other Forms of Self-Destructive Behavior	406	(1)
Religion	407	(3)
Need for Rules and Regulations	408	(1)
Biology of Ethics	408	(1)
Importance of Myth	409	(1)
Sociobiology and Freudian Theory	410	(2)
Id, Ego, and Superego	410	(1)
Aggression	411	(1)
Unconscious	412	(1)
Irrationality and Rationality	412	(1)
Sociobiology and Jungian Theory	412	(1)
Science and Politics	413	(1)
Evaluation	414	(5)
Empirical Research	414	(1)
Criticisms	414	(4)
Contributions	418	(1)
Summary	419	(2)
Experiential Exercises	421	(1)
Discussion Questions	422	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	423	(2)
Chapter Highlights	425	(2)
George Kelly	427	(37)
Biographical Sketch	427	(4)
Categorization of Kelly's Theory	431	(2)
Basic Postulate-People as Scientists	433	(2)
Kelly, Vaihinger, and Adler	434	(1)
The 11 Corollaries	435	(5)
CPC Cycle	440	(1)
Circumspection Phase	440	(1)
Preemption Phase	440	(1)
Control Phase	440	(1)
Creativity Cycle	441	(1)
Loosened Construction Phase	441	(1)
Tightened Construction Phase	441	(1)
Test Phase	441	(1)
Kelly's Interpretation of Traditional Psychological Concepts	442	(5)
Motivation	442	(1)
Anxiety	442	(1)
Hostility	443	(1)
Aggression	444	(1)
Guilt	444	(1)
Threat	445	(1)
Fear	445	(1)
Unconscious	445	(1)
Learning	446	(1)
Reinforcement	447	(1)
Psychotherapy	447	(5)
Role Construct Repertory Test	447	(3)
Fixed-Role Therapy	450	(2)
Being Oneself	452	(1)
Construct Systems and Paradigms	452	(1)
Evaluation	453	(4)
Current Status	453	(1)
Empirical Research	453	(2)
Criticisms	455	(1)
Contributions	455	(2)
Summary	457	(2)
Experiential Exercises	459	(1)
Discussion Questions	460	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	460	(1)
Chapter Highlights	461	(3)
Carl Rogers	464	(34)
Biographical Sketch	464	(4)
Actualizing Tendency	468	(2)
Organismic Valuing Process	470	(1)
Phenomenological Field	470	(2)
Emergence of the Self	471	(1)
Need for Positive Regard	472	(1)
Incongruent Person	473	(1)
Psychotherapy	474	(2)
Fully Functioning Person	476	(2)
Q-Sort Technique	478	(3)
Rogers-Skinner Debate	481	(1)
Freedom to Learn	482	(2)
Modern Marriage	484	(1)
Person of Tomorrow	485	(2)
Evaluation	487	(4)
Empirical Research	487	(2)
Criticisms	489	(1)
Contributions	490	(1)
Summary	491	(3)
Experiential Exercises	494	(1)
Discussion Questions	494	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	495	(1)
Chapter Highlights	496	(2)
Abraham Maslow	498	(35)
Biographical Sketch	498	(7)
Third Force Psychology	505	(2)
Hierarchy of Needs	507	(4)
Physiological Needs	507	(1)
Safety Needs	508	(1)
Belongingness and Love Needs	508	(1)
Esteem Needs	508	(1)
Self-Actualization	508	(2)
Desire to Know and Understand	510	(1)
The Aesthetic Needs	511	(1)
Being Motivation	511	(1)
Characteristics of Self Actualizing People	512	(5)
Negative Characteristics of Self-Actualizing People	517	(1)
Why Self-Actualization Is Not Universal	517	(2)
Conditions Necessary for Self-Actualization	518	(1)
Self-Actualization and Gender	519	(1)
Eupsychia	519	(1)
Ashrams-Places for Personal Growth	520	(1)
Transpersonal Psychology	521	(1)
Evaluation	522	(5)
Empirical Research	522	(2)
Criticisms	524	(2)
Contributions	526	(1)
Summary	527	(2)
Experiential Exercises	529	(1)
Discussion Questions	530	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	530	(1)
Chapter Highlights	531	(2)
Rollo Reese May	533	(30)
Biographical Sketch	533	(4)
Existentialism	537	(3)
Dasein	537	(1)
Three Modes of Existence	538	(1)
Alienation	538	(1)
Freedom	538	(1)
Responsibility	538	(1)
Ontology	539	(1)
Phenomenology	539	(1)
Authenticity	539	(1)
Death	539	(1)
Thrownness	540	(1)
Human Dilemma	540	(2)
Intentionality	542	(1)
Anxiety and Guilt	542	(3)
Normal Anxiety	543	(1)
Neurotic Anxiety	544	(1)
Normal and Neurotic Guilt	544	(1)
Importance of Values	545	(2)
Nature of Love	547	(2)
Sex	547	(1)
Eros	547	(1)
Philia	548	(1)
Agape	549	(1)
Psychotherapy	549	(2)
Importance of Myth	551	(2)
New Science of Humans	553	(1)
Evaluation	553	(3)
Empirical Research	553	(2)
Criticisms	555	(1)
Contributions	555	(1)
Summary	556	(2)
Experiential Exercises	558	(1)
Discussion Questions	558	(1)
Suggestions for Further Reading	559	(1)
Chapter Highlights	560	(3)
A Final Word	563	(6)
Personality Theories Often Reflect the Biographies of Their Authors	563	(2)
Much About Personality Remains Unknown	565	(1)
Composite of All Major Theories Best Explains Personality	565	(2)
You Are the Final Judge	567	(1)
Summary	567	(1)
Experiential Exercises	568	(1)
References	569	(30)
Name Index	599	(6)
Subject Index	605

Excerpts

In addition to numerous minor changes, several substantial changes were made in the sixth edition of this text and they are summarized below: Chapter 1: The section "How Do We Find the Answers?" which includes information on the philosophy of science, was revised and expanded; suggestions for further reading were revised. Chapter 2: Current reactions to Freud's seduction theory and his concept of repressed memories were added; the criticisms of Freud's theory were expanded; suggested readings were revised. Chapter 3: The section on synchronicity was revised; suggestions for further reading were revised. Chapter 4: The evaluation section was expanded to include the current debate and research concerning the effects of birth order on personality. Chapter 5: The section "Horney's Explanation of Penis Envy" was revised to show Horney's early acceptance of the belief "Anatomy is Destiny" and her later rejection of that belief; suggestions for further reading were revised. Chapter 6: The biographical sketch of Erikson was revised to reflect current scholarship concerning the early significant events in his life; suggestions for further reading were revised. Chapter 7: Suggestions for further reading were revised. Chapter 8: The biographical information on Eysenck was updated; references in the section "Contemporary Developments: The Big Five" were updated; coverage of Eysenck's contributions to personality theory was expanded; suggestions for further reading were revised. Chapter 9: The section "Behaviorism" was replaced by "Skinner and Personality Theory." Chapter 10: The difference between the moderate form of behaviorism accepted by Dollard and Miller and the radical behaviorism accepted by Skinner was elaborated. Chapter 11: The fact that Bandura, Mischel, Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck all believed that person variables interact with situation variables to produce behavior was clarified. Chapter 12: A discussion of the relationship between sociobiology and evolutionary psychology was added; the section "Nature of Human Nature" was replaced by "Evolution, Personality, and Human Nature";, recent evidence supporting the claim that males and females use different criteria in mate selection was added; the section "Rape, Incest, and Suicide" was replaced by "Suicide and Other Forms of Self-Destructive Behavior"; the criticism that sociobiology is based on adaptationism was elaborated; the fact that sociobiology emphasizes what humans have in common and neglects individual differences was added to the criticisms section; suggestions for further reading were revised. Chapter 13: Evidence for the continuing popularity of Kelly's theory was added; suggestions for further reading were revised. Chapter 15: Coverage of Maslow's research on human sexuality was expanded; A section entitled "Self-Actualization and Gender" was added; Coverage of "positive psychology" was added to the evaluation section. Chapter 16: Information concerning "narrative therapy" was added to the section "Importance of Myth"; suggestions for further reading were revised. The sixth edition of this text continues to reflect our contention that it is in an Introduction to Theories of Personality course that the student experiences the full richness of psychology. In such a course, the student experiences everything from psychology's most rigorous scientists to its most mystical nonscientific thinkers. It is in such a course that the student reviews answers to questions such as: What, if anything, do all human beings have in common? What accounts for individual differences among people? How are the mind and body related? How much of what we call personality is inherited and how much of it results from experience? and, How much of human behavior is determined and how much of it is a function of free will? In such a course, the major theo