Introduction to Wildlife Management The Basics

by Krausman, Paul R.

• ISBN13: 9780132808507
• ISBN10: 0132808501
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2019-09-04
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

Introduction to Wildlife Management is written for beginning and advanced wildlife students, and as a reference for professionals who want to brush up on the basics of their profession. Unlike other texts that try to cover wildlife ecology and management in their entirety, Krausman assumes students have a background in ecology and focuses on wildlife management. This text is not written to serve as the only source of information for this field of study, but was designed to provide a solid foundation in the basic concepts used to manage wildlife and to provide a solid reference source for additional reading. Krausman's clean, clear, accessible writing style effectively conveys the core underpins of the profession of wildlife management, while allowing instructors maximum flexibility in teaching the course.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Sources of Chapter Opening Quotations	xiii
Defining Wildlife Management	1	(6)
Introduction	1	(1)
Defining Wildlife Management	2	(4)
The Political Discipline	3	(1)
Active vs. Inactive Management	4	(1)
The Goals of Management	4	(1)
The Wildlife Being Managed	5	(1)
Summary	6	(1)
Evolution of Wildlife Management: Our Roots	7	(19)
Introduction	7	(1)
Evolution of Wildlife Management	8	(6)
Evolution of Wildlife Management in Europe and Asia	8	(2)
Wildlife Management in Great Britain	10	(4)
Brief History of Wildlife Management in North America	14	(11)
Placing Man and Wildlife in America	14	(2)
The Spanish (1500s)	16	(1)
Other Europeans (1500s-1600s)	17	(1)
Russians (1700s)	17	(1)
The Colonists	18	(1)
The Era of Exploitation	18	(7)
Summary	25	(1)
The Conservation Idea	26	(16)
Introduction	26	(1)
The Conservation Idea	26	(15)
Conservation Movements in America	27	(1)
The Beginning of Conservation	28	(11)
Personalities that Shaped Conservation in the United States	39	(2)
Summary	41	(1)
The Professional Wildlife Biologist	42	(38)
Introduction	42	(1)
The Professional Wildlife Biologist	42	(5)
Required Education	43	(4)
Employment Opportunities	47	(5)
Wildlife Managers	49	(1)
Wildlife Law Enforcement	50	(1)
Wildlife Research	50	(1)
Public Relations and Extension	50	(1)
Wildlife Education	51	(1)
Wildlife Administration	51	(1)
Private Organizations	51	(1)
Consultants	51	(1)
Public Agencies	52	(1)
Summary	52	(1)
Appendix 4A	53	(9)
Appendix 4B	62	(18)
Basic Concepts of Population Dynamics	80	(35)
Introduction	80	(1)
Some Historical Roots	80	(6)
Pioneers of Population Dynamics	82	(1)
The Population Concept	83	(3)
Basic Population Parameters	86	(28)
Birth Rate or Natality	86	(6)
Fecundity and Fertility	92	(4)
Age Pyramids	96	(1)
Mortality	96	(4)
Life Table	100	(3)
Life Table Data	103	(2)
General Types of Life Tables	105	(2)
The Value of Life Tables	107	(3)
The Life Equation	110	(2)
Emigration and Immigration	112	(2)
Summary	114	(1)
Rate of Increase and Population Growth	115	(18)
Introduction	115	(1)
What are Rates?	116	(3)
Measuring the Rate of Increase	119	(5)
The Influence of Age Distributions On rm	124	(2)
The Growth of a Population	126	(6)
Summary	132	(1)
The Concept of Carrying Capacity	133	(9)
Introduction	133	(1)
Different Views of Carrying Capacity	133	(7)
Ecologically Based Carrying Capacities	134	(4)
Culturally Based Carrying Capacities	138	(2)
Measuring K-Carrying Capacity	140	(1)
Summary	141	(1)
Leopold's Population Model	142	(10)
Introduction	142	(3)
Aldo's Model	145	(2)
Compensatory Mortality	147	(1)
Diagnosis of Productivity	148	(3)
Summary	151	(1)
Decimating Fctors: Predation	152	(16)
Introduction	152	(1)
Types of Predation	153	(1)
Understanding Predation	154	(3)
Density	155	(1)
Behavior	155	(2)
Effects of Predation	157	(6)
Alternate Prey	163	(1)
Predator Control	163	(4)
Summary	167	(1)
Decimating Factors: Hunting	168	(14)
Introduction	168	(1)
Setting Harvest Management Goals	169	(3)
Measuring the Harvest	172	(4)
Population Management with Hunting	176	(4)
Sustained Yield (SY)	177	(1)
Maximum Sustained Yield (MSY)	177	(1)
SY and MSY in Theory	178	(2)
The Legal Basis of Harvest Regulation	180	(1)
Agency Review	180	(1)
Public Review	180	(1)
Wildlife Commission or Board	181	(1)
Summary	181	(1)
Decimating Factors: Disease	182	(31)
Introduction	182	(1)
Causes of Disease	183	(6)
Selected Diseases of Migratory Birds	189	(7)
Bacterial Diseases	189	(5)
Viral Diseases	194	(1)
Fungal Diseases	194	(1)
Parasitic Diseases	195	(1)
Toxic Disease	195	(1)
Selected Diseases of Mammals	196	(16)
Bacterial Diseases	197	(7)
Rickettsial Diseases	204	(1)
Viral Diseases	204	(5)
Internal and External Parasites	209	(1)
Internal Parasites	209	(1)
External Parasites	209	(3)
Summary	212	(1)
Decimating Factors: Accidents and Starvation	213	(11)
Introduction	213	(1)
Accidents	213	(8)
Major Accidents that Kill Birds	215	(3)
Major Accidents that Kill Mammals, Reptiles, and Amphibians	218	(3)
Starvation	221	(2)
Summary	223	(1)
Welfare Factors: Forage	224	(21)
Introduction	224	(1)
Food, Forage, or Nutrition	225	(13)
Protein	226	(1)
Minerals	227	(1)
Vitamins	227	(5)
Seasonality and Secondary Plant Compounds	232	(1)
Other Nutritional Considerations	233	(5)
Energy Requirements	238	(2)
Animal Condition Indices	240	(4)
Summary	244	(1)
Welfare Factors: Water, Cover, and Special Factors	245	(25)
Introduction	245	(1)
Water	245	(19)
Management of Water for Wildlife	247	(1)
Birds	248	(1)
Mammals	249	(9)
The Benefits of Water Developments	258	(1)
Types of Water Catchments	259	(5)
Cover	264	(5)
Special Factors	269	(1)
Summary	269	(1)
Censusing Wildlife Populations	270	(22)
Introduction	270	(1)
Census Terminology	271	(3)
Estimates of Animal Abundance	274	(17)
Complete Counts (i.e., All Individuals Observed)	274	(3)
Complete Counts Without Counting All Individuals	277	(4)
Sample Counts but Incomplete	281	(3)
Incomplete Counts (Estimates of Relative or Absolute Density)	284	(3)
Ratio Methods	287	(3)
Distance Methods	290	(1)
Miscellaneous Methods	290	(1)
Summary	291	(1)
The Basics of Habitat	292	(20)
Introduction	292	(1)
Habitat Terminology	293	(4)
General Concepts Related to Habitat Use	297	(5)
Habitat Has a Specific Meaning	297	(1)
Habitat is Species Specific	297	(3)
Habitat is Scale Dependent	300	(1)
Measurements Matter	301	(1)
Managing Habitat	302	(8)
Basic Habitat Management Techniques	303	(7)
Summary	310	(2)
Economics in Wildlife Management	312	(19)
Introduction	312	(2)
Commercial Values	314	(1)
Economic Philosophies	315	(14)
Management Incentives	329	(1)
Summary	330	(1)
Contemporary and Classical Issues in Wildlife Management	331	(35)
Introduction	331	(1)
Exotics	331	(10)
Wildlife-Livestock Interactions	341	(14)
Translocations	355	(4)
Reasons to Move Wildlife	357	(1)
Potential Problems with Animal Translocations	357	(1)
The Basics of Translocations	357	(2)
From Game Management to Biodiversity Management	359	(4)
Minimum Viable Population	363	(2)
Summary	365	(1)
Wildlife Management in the Twenty-First Century	366	(7)
From Leopold to the Next Century	366	(7)
Intelligent Tinkering	370	(3)
Appendix	373	(8)
Glossary	381	(42)
Literature Cited	423	(46)
Index	469

Excerpts

"What has happened before will happen again. What has been done before will be done again. There is nothing new in the whole world." - Ecclesiastes 1:9Because of human domination of the earth, wildlife is dependent upon mankind for its existence. Unfortunately, our efforts have not always been successful and we are still struggling to find ways to effectively maintain the habitats to ensure the existence of many animals. It is a complex process and the young field of wildlife management has served as a springboard for a host of yet even younger disciplines including conservation biology, landscape ecology, ecosystem management, and human dimensions. These new fields and their associated jargon are important to conservation and management of wild flora and fauna. However, students in these disciplines should be well founded in the basic principles that underlie the functioning of healthy populations. To that end, those students should have a strong background in ecology and the basic principles of wildlife management. After all, wildlife is the emphasis of the numerous groups, organizations, and federal, state, and international agencies charged with maintaining and enhancing wild and natural places, and places not so wild. I have yet to find The Book on wildlife management and have relied on a variety of media to teach wildlife courses (e.g., textbooks, journals, labs, popular literature, and news). Hands-on laboratories often provide lasting examples of wildlife management practices. However, students also have to be exposed to the underpins of the profession. That is the purpose here.Introduction to Wildlife Management: The Basicswas written for beginning and advanced wildlife students, and as a reference for professionals who want to brush up on the basics of their profession. All users are expected to have a background in ecology and beginning students would obviously need more lecture time than advanced students. The text was not written to serve as the only source of information, but was designed to include the basic concepts used to manage wildlife and to provide a solid reference source for additional reading.Many thanks to B. Ballard, J.A. Bissonette, B. Czech, E. de Steiguer, M.L. Morrison, and M. C. Wallace who provided helpful commends about previous drafts; to S. Gillatt, who drafted many of the figures; and to V Calt and D. Brown, who assisted with production. Thanks also to reviewers Mark Wallace, Texas Tech University; and Ronald M. Case, University of Nebraska, who provided valuable insight and helpful feedback.