Introductory Chemistry: A Conceptual Focus

by Russo, Steve; Silver, Michael E.

• ISBN13: 9780321015259
• ISBN10: 0321015258
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-11-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Introductory Chemistry: A Conceptual Focus teaches students to understand the core concepts of chemistry and to apply this understanding to solve quantitative and qualitative problems. The text consistently engages students in active learning through embedded Workpatches, abundant visual depictions, Practice Problems, and attention-getting applications, built right into the narrative. Through the authors' friendly, direct approach and the focus on comprehension of core concepts, students gain confidence in their ability, retain more of what they learn, and are freed from dependence on rote mathematical manipulation.

Table of Contents

Preface to the Student	ix
What Is Chemistry?	1	(22)
Science and Technology	1	(2)
Matter	3	(5)
Matter and Its Physical Transformations	8	(3)
Matter and Its Chemical Transformations	11	(2)
How Science Is Done: The Scientific Method	13	(3)
Learning Chemistry with This Book	16	(7)
The Numerical Side of Chemistry	23	(36)
Numbers in Chemistry---Precision and Accuracy	23	(3)
Numbers in Chemistry---Uncertainty and Significant Figures	26	(3)
Zeros and Significant Figures	29	(2)
Scientific Notation	31	(5)
How to Handle Significant Figures and Scientific Notation When Doing Math	36	(3)
Numbers with a Name---Units of Measure	39	(5)
Density: A Useful Physical Property of Matter	44	(2)
Doing Calculations in Chemistry---Unit Analysis	46	(4)
Algebraic Manipulations	50	(9)
The Evolution of Atomic Theory	59	(48)
Dalton's Atomic Theory	59	(8)
Development of the Structure of the Atom	67	(1)
The Nucleus	68	(4)
The Structure of the Atom	72	(5)
The Law of Mendeleev---Chemical Periodicity	77	(5)
The Modern Periodic Table	82	(6)
Other Regular Variations in the Properties of the Elements	88	(5)
Seeing the Light---A New Model for the Atom	93	(14)
The Modern Model of the Atom	107	(38)
A New Kind of Physics---Energy Is Quantized	107	(2)
The Bohr Theory of Atomic Structure	109	(3)
Periodicity and Line Spectra Explained	112	(7)
Subshells and Electron Configuration	119	(8)
Compound Formation and the Octet Rule	127	(4)
Atomic Size Revisited	131	(2)
The Modern Quantum Mechanical Model of the Atom	133	(12)
Bonding Between Atoms	145	(38)
Molecules: What Are They? Why Are They?	145	(1)
Holding Molecules Together---The Covalent Bond	146	(6)
Molecules, Dot Structures, and the Octet Rule	152	(6)
Multiple Bonds	158	(5)
Ionic Bonding: Bring on the Metals	163	(1)
Equal versus Unequal Sharing of Electrons---Electronegativity and the Polar Covalent Bond	164	(6)
Nomenclature: Naming Chemical Compounds	170	(13)
The Structure of Molecules	183	(28)
Why Is the Shape of a Molecule Important?	183	(2)
Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory	185	(8)
Polarity of Molecules, or When Does 2 + 2 Not Equal 4?	193	(8)
Intermolecular Forces---Dipolar Interactions	201	(10)
Chemical Reactions	211	(46)
What Is a Chemical Reaction?	211	(1)
How Are Reactants Transformed into Products?	212	(3)
Balancing Chemical Equations	215	(3)
Stoichiometry: What Is It?	218	(3)
The Mole	221	(5)
Reaction Stoichiometry	226	(6)
Formulas and Percent Compositions from Combustion Analysis	232	(8)
Going Back and Forth Between Formula and Percent Composition	240	(2)
Dealing with a Limiting Reactant	242	(15)
The Transfer of Electrons Between Atoms in a Chemical Reaction	257	(42)
What Is Electricity?	257	(1)
Electron Bookkeeping---Oxidation States	258	(11)
Recognizing Electron Transfer Reactions	269	(4)
Electricity from Redox Reactions	273	(8)
Which Way Do the Electrons Flow? The EMF Series	281	(4)
Another Look at Oxidation: The Corrosion of Metals	285	(14)
Intermolecular Forces and the Phases of Matter	299	(40)
Why Does Matter Exist in Different Phases?	299	(6)
Intermolecular Forces	305	(4)
A Closer Look at Dipolar Forces---Hydrogen Bonding	309	(5)
Nonmolecular Substances	314	(3)
Describing the Gas Phase	317	(6)
The Mathematical Description of a Gas	323	(16)
Solutions	339	(42)
What Is a Solution?	339	(3)
Energy and the Formation of Solutions	342	(9)
Entropy and the Formation of Solutions	351	(2)
Solubility, Temperature, and Pressure	353	(4)
Getting Unlikes to Dissolve: Soaps and Detergents	357	(2)
Concentration: How Much Solute Is Dissolved in the Solvent---Molarity	359	(9)
Percent Composition for Solutions	368	(13)
When Reactants Turn Into Products	381	(44)
Chemical Kinetics	381	(3)
Energy Changes and Chemical Reactions	384	(7)
Reaction Rates and Activation Energy---Getting Over the Hill	391	(10)
The Effect of Concentration on Rate	401	(5)
Reaction Order	406	(4)
Why Reaction Orders Have the Values They Do---Mechanisms	410	(15)
Chemical Equilibrium	425	(32)
Dynamic Equilibrium---My Reaction Seems to Have Stopped!	425	(6)
Why Do Chemical Reactions Reach Equilibrium?	431	(4)
The Position of Equilibrium---The Equilibrium Constant Keq	435	(6)
Disturbing a Reaction Already at Equilibrium---Le Chatelier's Principle	441	(4)
Response of Equilibrium to Changes in Temperature	445	(12)
Electrolytes, Acids, and Bases	457	(54)
Electrolytes	457	(8)
Weak and Strong Electrolytes	465	(2)
Acids, Weak and Strong	467	(5)
Bases---The Opposites of Acids	472	(3)
Help! I Need Another Definition of Acids and Bases	475	(3)
Weak Bases	478	(4)
Is This Solution Acidic or Basic? Understanding Water, Autodissociation, and Kw	482	(5)
The pH Scale	487	(5)
Resisting pH Changes---Buffers	492	(19)
Nuclear Chemistry	511	(34)
The Case of the Missing Mass: Mass Defect and the Stability of the Nucleus	511	(4)
Half-Life and the Band of Stability	515	(3)
Spontaneous Nuclear Changes: Radioactivity	518	(11)
Using Radioactive Isotopes to Date Old Objects	529	(2)
Nuclear Energy (Fission and Fusion)	531	(4)
Biological Effects and Medical Applications of Radioactivity	535	(10)
The Chemistry of Carbon	545	(44)
Carbon---A Unique Element	545	(4)
Naturally Occurring Compounds of Carbon with Hydrogen---Hydrocarbons	549	(6)
Naming Hydrocarbons	555	(11)
Properties of Hydrocarbons	566	(23)
Polymers: Synthetic and Biological	589	(1)
Polymers	589	(1)
Polyethylene and Its Relatives: Today's Miracle Plastics	590	(3)
Nylon: A Polymer You Can Wear	593	(3)
Polysaccharides and Carbohydrates	596	(2)
Proteins	598	(5)
DNA: The Master Biopolymer	603
Glossary	G-1
Selected Answers	A-1
Index	I-1