Investigating Biology

by Morgan, Judith Giles; Carter, M. Eloise Brown

• ISBN13: 9780805365566
• ISBN10: 0805365567
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1999-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

With its distinctive investigative approach to learning, this effective laboratory manual encourages students to become detectives of science. While teaching the basic materials and procedures important for all biology majors to learn, the authors also invite students to pose hypotheses, make predictions, conduct open-ended experiments, collect data, and then apply the results to new problems. The result of this "process of science" approach is that students learn to think creatively, just as scientists do. Laboratory exercises are divided into three categories: investigative, traditional, and observational.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Scientific Investigation	1	(32)
Laboratory Objectives	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(1)
Questions and Hypotheses	2	(3)
Designing Experiments to Test Hypotheses	5	(4)
Designing an Experiment	9	(5)
Presenting and Analyzing Results	14	(4)
Discussing and Communicating Results	18	(15)
Questions for Review	20	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	22	(5)
References	27	(6)
Enzymes	33	(24)
Laboratory Objectives	33	(1)
Introduction	33	(1)
Experimental Method and the Action of Catechol Oxidase	34	(3)
Inhibiting the Action of Catechol Oxidase	37	(2)
Influence of Concentration, pH, and Temperature on the Activity of Amylase	39	(18)
Questions for Review	50	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	51	(2)
Investigative Extensions	53	(1)
Reference	53	(4)
Microscopes and Cells	57	(24)
Laboratory Objectives	57	(1)
Introduction	57	(1)
Parts of the Microscope	58	(3)
Basic Microscope Techniques	61	(4)
The Stereoscopic Microscope	65	(2)
The Electron Microscope	67	(2)
The Organization of Cells	69	(12)
Questions for Review	76	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	77	(1)
References	78	(3)
Diffusion and Osmosis	81	(30)
Laboratory Objectives	81	(1)
Introduction	81	(2)
Diffusion of Molecules	83	(7)
Osmotic Activity in Cells	90	(5)
Estimating the Osmolarity of Plant Cells	95	(16)
Questions for Review	103	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	104	(1)
References	105	(6)
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation	111	(24)
Laboratory Objectives	111	(1)
Introduction	111	(3)
Alcoholic Fermentation	114	(6)
Cellular Respiration	120	(6)
Designing and Performing Your Independent Investigation	126	(9)
Questions for Review	128	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	129	(1)
References	130	(5)
Photosynthesis	135	(26)
Laboratory Objectives	135	(1)
Introduction	135	(1)
The Wavelengths of Light for Photosynthesis	136	(4)
Pigments in Photosynthesis	140	(2)
Separation and Identification of Plant Pigments by Paper Chromatography	142	(3)
Determining the Absorption Spectrum for Leaf Pigments	145	(5)
Light Intensities and the Rate of Photosynthesis	150	(11)
Questions for Review	154	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	155	(1)
Investigative Extensions	155	(1)
Reference	156	(5)
Mitosis and Meiosis	161	(28)
Laboratory Objectives	161	(1)
Introduction	161	(1)
Modeling the Cell Cycle and Mitosis in an Animal Cell	162	(5)
Observing Mitosis and Cytokinesis in Plant Cells	167	(3)
Observing Chromosomes, Mitosis, and Cytokinesis in Animal Cells	170	(3)
Modeling Meiosis	173	(6)
Meiosis in Sordaria fimicola: A Study of Crossing Over	179	(10)
Questions for Review	183	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	184	(1)
References	185	(4)
Mendelian Genetics: Fast Plants	189	(30)
Laboratory Objectives	189	(1)
Introduction	189	(5)
Overview of Exercises	194	(1)
General Procedures for Ail Exercises	194	(4)
Inheritance of Anthocyanin Gene	198	(4)
Inheritance of Plant Color: Green, Yellow-Green, and Purple (Anthocyanin Present)	202	(6)
Inheritance of Variegated and Nonvariegated Leaf Color	208	(11)
Questions for Review	213	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	213	(1)
References	214	(5)
Mendelian Genetics: Drosophila	219	(28)
Laboratory Objectives	219	(1)
Introduction	219	(1)
Establishing the Enzyme Reaction Controls	220	(5)
Determining the Pattern of Inheritance of the Aldox Gene	225	(4)
Determining Parental Genotypes Using Evidence from Progeny	229	(3)
Mapping Genes	232	(4)
Developmental Profile of the Aldox Gene	236	(11)
Questions for Review	238	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	239	(1)
References	239	(8)
Molecular Biology	247	(26)
Laboratory Objectives	247	(1)
Introduction	247	(2)
Mapping DNA Using Restriction Enzymes and Electrophoresis	249	(15)
Practice Problem for Mapping DNA	264	(9)
Questions for Review	268	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	269	(1)
References	269	(4)
Population Genetics: The Hardy-Weinberg Theorem	273	(28)
Laboratory Objectives	273	(1)
Introduction	273	(3)
Testing Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Using a Bead Model	276	(3)
Simulation of Evolutionary Change Using the Bead Model	279	(16)
Investigating the Evolution of Populations Using Computer Simulations	295	(6)
Questions for Review	296	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	297	(1)
References	298	(3)
Population Genetics: Determining Genetic Variation	301	(26)
Laboratory Objectives	301	(1)
Introduction	301	(1)
Interpreting Banding Patterns in a Gel	302	(14)
Interpreting Results of Gels of a Hypothetical Population	316	(11)
Questions for Review	320	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	321	(2)
References	323	(4)
Bacteriology	327	(32)
Laboratory Objectives	327	(1)
Introduction	327	(1)
Investigating Characteristics of Bacteria	328	(9)
Ecological Succession of Bacteria in Milk	337	(3)
Bacteria in the Environment	340	(7)
Controlling the Growth of Bacteria	347	(12)
Questions for Review	352	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	352	(1)
Investigative Extensions	353	(1)
References	353	(6)
Protists and Fungi	359	(36)
Laboratory Objectives	359	(1)
Introduction	359	(1)
The Protists	360	(17)
The Kingdom Fungi	377	(10)
Designing Your Independent Investigation	387	(8)
Questions for Review	388	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	390	(1)
References	391	(4)
Plant Diversity I: Bryophytes and Seedless Vascular Plants	395	(26)
Laboratory Objectives	395	(1)
Introduction	395	(4)
Bryophytes	399	(6)
Seedless Vascular Plants	405	(16)
Questions for Review	414	(2)
Applying Your Knowledge	416	(1)
References	417	(4)
Plant Diversity II: Seed Plants	421	(28)
Laboratory Objectives	421	(1)
Gymnosperms	421	(1)
Angiosperms	422	(1)
Gymnosperms	423	(6)
Angiosperms	429	(20)
Questions for Review	441	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	442	(1)
Investigative Extensions	443	(1)
References	444	(5)
Animal Diversity I	449	(22)
Laboratory Objectives	449	(1)
Introduction	449	(4)
Phylum Porifera--Sponges (Scypha)	453	(2)
Phylum Cnidaria--Hydras (Hydra)	455	(3)
Phylum Platyhelminthes--Planarians (Dugesia)	458	(3)
Phylum Nematoda--Roundworms (Ascaris)	461	(4)
Phylum Annelida--Clamworms (Nereis) and Earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris)	465	(6)
References	469	(2)
Animal Diversity II	471	(30)
Phylum Mollusca--Clams	471	(3)
Phylum Arthropoda	474	(6)
Phylum Chordata	480	(21)
Results	487	(3)
Results Summary	490	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	490	(4)
References	494	(7)
Plant Anatomy	501	(32)
Laboratory Objectives	501	(1)
Introduction	501	(1)
Summary of Basic Plant Tissues and Cell Types	502	(1)
Plant Morphology	503	(2)
Plant Primary Growth and Development	505	(1)
Cell Structure of Primary Tissues	506	(14)
Cell Structure of Tissues Produced by Secondary Growth	520	(3)
Grocery Store Botany: Modifications of Plant Organs	523	(10)
Questions for Review	525	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	525	(3)
Investigative Extensions	528	(1)
References	529	(4)
Plant Growth	533	(22)
Laboratory Objectives	533	(1)
Introduction	533	(1)
Germinating Seeds and Growing Plants for Independent Investigations	534	(3)
Factors Influencing Seed Germination	537	(2)
Plant Growth Regulators: Auxin	539	(4)
Plant Growth Regulators: Gibberellins	543	(4)
Designing Your Independent Investigation	547	(8)
Questions for Review	549	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	549	(1)
References	550	(5)
Vertebrate Anatomy I: The Skin and Digestive System	555	(26)
Overview of Vertebrate Anatomy Labs (Lab Topics 21, 22, and 23)	555	(1)
Laboratory Objectives	556	(1)
Introduction to Tissues	556	(4)
Histology of the Skin	560	(3)
Introduction to the Fetal Pig	563	(4)
The Digestive System in the Fetal Pig	567	(14)
Applying Your Knowledge	575	(1)
References	576	(5)
Vertebrate Anatomy II: The Circulatory and Respiratory Systems	581	(22)
Laboratory Objectives	581	(1)
Introduction	581	(1)
Glands and Respiratory Structures of the Neck and Thoracic Cavity	582	(1)
The Heart and the Pulmonary Blood Circuit	583	(3)
The Heart and the Systemic Circuit in the Thorax	586	(3)
The Systemic Circuit in the Abdominal Cavity	589	(5)
Fetal Pig Circulation	594	(1)
Details of the Respiratory System	595	(8)
Applying Your Knowledge	598	(1)
References	599	(4)
Vertebrate Anatomy III: The Excretory, Reproductive, and Nervous Systems	603	(24)
Laboratory Objectives	603	(1)
Introduction	603	(1)
The Excretory System	604	(3)
The Reproductive System	607	(9)
Nervous Tissue, the Reflex Arc, and the Vertebrate Eye	616	(11)
Applying Your Knowledge	622	(1)
References	623	(4)
Animal Development	627	(30)
Laboratory Objectives	627	(1)
Introduction	627	(1)
Overview of Stages in Early Development	628	(4)
Development in an Echinoderm: The Sea Star	632	(4)
Development in an Amphibian	636	(2)
Development in the Zebra Fish	638	(4)
Development in a Bird: The Chicken	642	(15)
Questions for Review	649	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	650	(2)
References	652	(5)
Ecology I: Terrestrial Ecology	657	(42)
Laboratory Objectives	657	(1)
Introduction	657	(2)
Stating the Problem	659	(1)
Biotic Components	660	(13)
Abiotic Components	673	(4)
Data Analysis	677	(22)
Questions for Review	687	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	688	(2)
Optional Exercise 25.1 Biotic Components: Weedy Lots or Fields	690	(1)
References	690	(9)
Ecology II: Computer Simulations of a Pond Ecosystem	699	(30)
Laboratory Objectives	699	(1)
Introduction	699	(1)
The Pond Ecosystem	700	(1)
Computer Model of the Pond Ecosystem	701	(10)
Effects of Disturbance on the Pond Ecosystem	711	(18)
Questions for Review	723	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	724	(1)
Investigative Extension	725	(1)
References	725	(4)
Animal Behavior	729	(22)
Laboratory Objectives	729	(1)
Introduction	729	(2)
Taxis in Brine Shrimp	731	(3)
Kinesis in Pill Bugs	734	(3)
Agonistic Display in Male Siamese Fighting Fish	737	(5)
Reproductive Behavior in Fruit Flies	742	(9)
Questions for Review	746	(1)
Applying Your Knowledge	746	(1)
References	747	(4)
A Scientific Writing	751	(8)
B Chi-Square Test	759	(4)
C Terminology and Techniques for Dissection	763	(10)
List of Color Plates	773	(2)
Color Plates	775