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JANET LENNOX MOYER, IALD, COLD, is founder of The Landscape Lighting Resource (www.tllr.org) in Troy, New York. Started to promote quality landscape lighting design and installation, LLR offers educational events to help people interested in lighting become more proficient and expand their practice. She gives out the Janet Lennox Moyer Award at the national conference of the Association of Outdoor Lighting Professionals each year. Ms. Moyer practices design throughout the world and frequently writes and speaks on the subject.
I. PROJECT DEVELOPMENT
1. Assessing Project Needs
Interviewing Clients and the Design Team
Clients
Clients’ Expectations
Maintenance
Landscape Maintenance
Lighting Maintenance
Budget
Deadlines
Other Design Team Members
Reviewing Architectural and Landscape Plans
Visiting the Site
Documenting Site Conditions
Soil Considerations
Synthesizing the Information
References
2. Vision and Perception of Light
How the Eye Works
Designing for the Eye
Perception
References
3. Luminous Composition
Defining Objectives
Expressing Ideas
Observation
Imagination
Composition Elements
Depth
Visual Boundaries/
Quality and Direction of Light
View
Mood or Atmosphere
Balance
Focal Points
Cohesion
4. The Design Process: Documenting and Installing Landscape Lighting
Project Communications
Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
Conceptual Design Phase Documents
Presentation Drawings
Types of Presentation Drawings
Mock-up Sessions
Preliminary Budget
Design Development Phase
Construction or Contract Documents
Plans or Working Drawings
Index of Drawings
Project Layout Key
Standard Symbols and Abbreviations
Notes
Lighting Layout, Schedule, and Detail Sheets
Details Including Schedules
Specifications
General Section
Lighting Fixture Section
Three Typical Fixture Specification Formats
Cut Sheets
Bidding Process Phase
Construction Phase
Submittal Drawings and Samples
Construction
Locating Fixtures On Site
Locating Tree-Mounted Fixtures
Aiming and Adjusting the Lighting System
5. Follow-up Work: Record Documents and Project Maintenance
Record Documents Package
Updated Design and Installation Documents
Updated Lighting Plans
Fixture Location
Using Photographs to Locate Lighting Equipment
Lamping Information
Aiming Notation
Shielding Notation
Updated and New Project Schedules
Project Service Directory
Controls Adjustments and Settings
Maintenance Documents
Maintenance Issues
Maintenance Equipment and Spare Parts
Maintenance Work
Focus Adjustment
Lamp Replacement
Fixture Cleaning
Maintaining the Proper Fixture Aiming
Stocking and Restocking Supplies
Design Adjustment
Reaiming Existing Fixtures
Relamping Existing Fixtures
Relocating Existing Fixtures
Removing Existing Fixtures
Adding New Fixtures
Updating the Record Documents
References
II. MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
6. Light Sources
New Lamps
Light Emitting Diodes (L.E.D.)
LED Color
LED Configuration, Output, and Beamspread
LED Lamp Types
Traditional Lamps
Filament Lamps
Tungsten-Halogen Lamps
Frequently Used Types
MR Lamps
PAR Lamps
R Lamps
Miniature and Subminiature Lamps
Comparing 120-Volt and Low-Voltage Lamps for Landscape Use
Discharge Lamps
High-Intensity Discharge Lamps
Mercury Vapor
Metal Halide
High-Pressure Sodium
Low-Pressure Sodium
Fluorescent Lamps
Cold Cathode, Including Neon
Functional and Operating Characteristics
Physical Characteristics
Bulb or Envelope
Shapes and Sizes
Base
Filament, Electrodes, and Arc Tubes
Physical Dimensions
Operating Characteristics
Lamp Operating Position
Bulb-Wall and Base Operating Temperature
Voltage
Beam Spread
Life and Lumen Depreciation
Understanding Color of Light Produced
U.S. Government Phase-Out of Traditional Lamps
Evaluating Lamps for Use in Landscape Lighting
References
7. Light Fixtures
Selection Criteria
Aesthetics
Function
Construction
Cost
Fixture Components
Fixtures using LED Lamps
LED Replacement Lamps
Permanent or Replaceable Module LED Lamps
Self Contained LED Lamp Unit
Wattage and Beamspread Options
Parts that comprise an LED System
Printed Circuit Board
Driver
LED/LED Fixture System Tests
Fixtures using Traditional Lamps
Lamp Type and Wattage
Adjustment Capabilities
Ability to Add Accessories
Mechanical Features
Construction
Custom Design or Modification
Attachment of Lenses
Access to Lamp, Transformer, and Ballast Compartments
Waterproofing
Locking Mechanisms
Lamp Shielding
Optics
Environmental Considerations
Thermal Considerations
Fixture Types
Decorative Fixtures
Lanterns
Bollard and Path Fixtures
Post, Wall-Mounted, and Hanging Fixtures
Functional Fixtures
Surface or Tree-Mounted Fixtures
Ground-Mounted Adjustable Fixtures
Hanging Fixtures
Ground-Recessed Fixtures
Underwater Accent Fixtures
Underwater Niche Fixtures
Wet-Dry Fixtures
Strip Light Fixtures
120-Volt or Low-Voltage Fixtures
Fiber Optics
Accessories
Ballast
Transformer
Mounting Boxes
Mounting Stakes
Shrouds
Louvers
Lenses
Contents
Color Media
Safety
Codes
Labels
Testing
Damp Location Requirements
Wet Location Requirements
Underwater Requirements
Salt Spray Tests
Scratch Test
8. Corrosion, Materials, and Finishes
Corrosion
Water
Soil
Presence of Soil Moisture
Oxygen Supply
pH Value
Temperature
Prevention
Atmosphere
Corrosion Protection
Types of Corrosion
Uniform Corrosion
Pitting Corrosion
Crevice Corrosion
Deposit Corrosion
Erosion Corrosion
Bimetallic or Galvanic Corrosion
Stray-Current Corrosion
Selective or Dealloying Corrosion
Materials
Ferrous Metals
Ferrous
Cast Iron
Stainless Steel and Alloys
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys
Aluminum and Alloys
Copper and Alloys
Brass
Bronzes
Zinc
Glass
Plastics
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene (ABS)
Epoxy
Silicone
Polymethyl Methacrylate (Acrylic)
Polycarbonate (Lexan)
Ethylene Propylene Diene Monomer Rubber (EPDM)
Neoprene
Finishes
Anodizing
Clear Anodize and Dye
Two-Step or Two-Step Electrolytic
Duranodic (Alcoa) or Kalcolor (Kaiser)
Powder Coat
Verdigris or Verdi Green
Temporary Finish
References
9. Controls
Control System Issues
Designing Control Systems
Residential Spaces
Commercial Spaces
Single-Use Spaces
Multiple-Use Spaces
Types of Control Devices
Manual Switches
Dimming Switches
LED Dimming
Phase Control
DALI
DMX512
Incandescent Dimming
Preset Incandescent Dimming Systems
Fluorescent Dimming
HID Dimming
Photoelectric Controls
Time Switches
Motion Detectors
Wireless Controls
10. Wiring
Power and Power Distribution
Safety
Complying with the National Electrical Code
Grounding
Fuses and Circuit Breakers
12 Volts Versus 120 Volts
Type, Size, and Condition of a Site
Lamps and Fixtures
Amperage
Fixture Mounting
Connections
Voltage Drop
Elements of a Wiring System
Conductors
Electrical Connections
Conduits
Wiring Approaches
Fixtures Mounted at Grade
Daisy Chain Wiring Method
Loop Wiring Method
Multiple-Feed Wiring Method
Multiple-Transformer Wiring Method
Fixtures Mounted in Trees
Planning for the Future
III. APPLICATIONS
11. Residential Spaces
Working with the Owner
Design Considerations
Property Characteristics
Arrival
Circulation
Views
Owner’s Preference
Equipment Selection
Light Sources
Fixtures
Controls
12. Public Spaces
Design Issues
Nature of Public Projects
Safety and Security
Circulation
Anticipated Activities
Image
Controls
Equipment Selection
Light Sources
Fixtures
Project Management
13. Atria
Residential Spaces
Commercial Spaces
Lighting for Plant Growth
Quality of Light
Quantity of Light
Light and Dark Time Periods
Intensity Levels
Acclimatizing Plants for Atrium Life
Direction of Light
References
IV. ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
14. Plant Materials
Techniques for Lighting Plants
Evaluating Plant Materials
General Plant Considerations
Name including Genus, Species and Variety
Deciduous or Evergreen
Form
Leaf Density and Overlap
Size at Planting
Mature Height and Spread
Growth Rate
Special Features
Selected Specimen Considerations
Location on Site
Health
Size
Specific Growth/Form/Habit
Importance to Visual Composition
Future Growth
Pruning Plan
Physical Characteristics
Texture
Leaf Type
Branching Pattern
Foliage Color
Branch/Trunk Characteristics
Flowering Characteristics
Dormancy Characterisitics
Physical Appearance
Growth
The Plant’s Role in Composition
Direction of Light
Front Lighting
Back Lighting
Side Lighting
Up Lighting
Down Lighting
The Role of the Transition Plant
Boundary or Divider Role
15. Garden Evolution: Changes That Affect Lighting
Lighting System Infrastructure
Garden Evolution
Changes Through the Seasons of One Year
Winter
Spring
Summer
Fall
Changing Roles
Growth of an Individual Plant
Garden Evolution Influences Plant Role
Gradual Change
Radical Change
The Relationship of Pruning with Lighting
16. Sculptures, Architectural Structures, and Signage
Sculptures
Uplighting Versus Downlighting
Techniques
One Viewing Direction
Multiple Viewing Directions
Architectural Structures
Signage
Reference
17. Walkways and Stairs
Walkways
Planning Issues
Lighting Level
Safe Movement
Paving or Path Material
Light Patterns
Fixture Selection
Decorative Fixtures
Hidden Fixtures
City Streets and Sidewalks
Steps and Staircases
Downlight
Sidelight
Tread-Integrated Light
Decorative Fixtures
18. Building Elevation Lighting
Luminous Composition
Floodlighting
Grazing
Patterns of Light
Internal Building Lighting
Color
Fixture Location
Equipment
Light Sources
Incandescent
Fluorescent
High-Intensity Discharge
Fixtures
Lighting Levels
Maintenance
19. Water Features
Design Considerations
Physical Properties of Light
Refraction of Light
Effect of Light on Aerated or Turbulent Water
Effect of Light on Flat or Smooth Water
Dispersion of Light in Water
Fixture Location
Locating Fixtures Below the Water’s Surface
Locating Fixtures Above the Water’s Surface
Types of Water Features
Waterfalls
Fountains
Pool and Pond Surfaces
Safety
Equipment for Underwater Use
Lamps
Fixtures
Shore-Scraping
Fiber Optics
APPENDIX
Documents
Lighting Manufacturers Directory
Bibliography
INDEX
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