Language Development In Early Childhood

by Otto, Beverly W.

• ISBN13: 9780131187719
• ISBN10: 0131187716
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

Language Development in Early Childhood, Second Edition, provides foundational, comprehensive coverage of language development theory and guidelines for enhancing language development in children from birth to age 8. It not only helps readers achieve a basic understanding of the phonetic, semantic, syntactic, morphemic, and pragmatic aspects of language knowledge acquired by young children but also offers concrete ways in which this acquisition process can be enhanced in early childhood settings. Acquisition of knowledge of written language is also included as part of children's language development. Keys changes to this edition include bull; bull;more guidelines and practical strategies for supporting language development in young children bull;expanded content on brain development, ESL/diversity, phonemic awareness, and interactive writing Instructor Resources: Instructor's Manual and Test Bank, PowerPoint Slides

Table of Contents

Language in Our Lives	1	(22)
Becoming Speakers, Readers, and Writers	2	(1)
Aspects of Language Knowledge	3	(11)
Phonetic Knowledge	4	(2)
Semantic Knowledge	6	(2)
Syntactic Knowledge	8	(1)
Morphemic Knowledge	9	(1)
Pragmatic Knowledge	10	(3)
Relation of Aspects of Language Knowledge to Communication	13	(1)
Levels of Language Knowledge	14	(2)
Oral and Written Language Modes	16	(2)
Critical Role of Children's Oral Language Competencies	18	(3)
Insights from Research on Oral and Written Language	19	(2)
Summary	21	(1)
Chapter Review	22	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	22	(1)
Learning and Language	23	(38)
Learning to Communicate: Theoretical Perspectives	23	(11)
Nativist Perspective	24	(2)
Cognitive Developmental Perspective	26	(2)
Behaviorist Perspective	28	(1)
Interactionist Perspective	29	(5)
The Brain's Role in Language Acquisition	34	(5)
Conceptual Development and Language	39	(5)
Role of Experiences in the Development of Semantic Knowledge	40	(4)
Measuring Semantic Growth	44	(1)
Home, Community, and School	44	(9)
Patterns of Interaction: Overview	44	(9)
Contexts of Language Acquisition	53	(4)
Informal Settings, Formal Settings, and Routines	54	(3)
Developmental Appropriateness	57	(1)
Role of Teacher	57	(1)
Summary	58	(1)
Chapter Review	58	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	59	(2)
Language Development Among Children of Linguistic Diversity	61	(33)
Language Differences	62	(11)
Dialect Diversity	62	(2)
Culture and Language	64	(4)
African American English Dialect	68	(2)
Academic Register	70	(3)
Language Diversity and Second Language Acquisition	73	(7)
Becoming Bilingual: Acquiring Two Languages	73	(3)
Distinctions Necessary Between Spanish and English	76	(1)
Factors Influencing Second Language Acquisition	77	(3)
Programs for Second Language Learners	80	(7)
English as a Second Language (ESL)	82	(1)
Bilingual Education	82	(1)
Immersion Programs	83	(1)
Submersion Approach	84	(1)
Foreign Languages in the Elementary School (FLES)	85	(1)
Instructional Approaches	85	(2)
Ways of Enhancing Development of Linguistic Diversity	87	(4)
Teacher's Perspective	87	(1)
Creating a Positive Classroom Environment	88	(1)
Building on First Language Competencies	89	(1)
Creating a Learning Community	90	(1)
Summary	91	(1)
Chapter Review	91	(2)
Chapter Extension Activities	93	(1)
Language Development of Infants and Toddlers	94	(31)
Infants' Perceptual Abilities	95	(1)
Early Communication Contexts	95	(2)
Aspects of Infants' and Toddlers' Language Development	97	(1)
Infants' Phonetic Development	98	(2)
Receptive Phonetic Knowledge	98	(1)
Expressive Phonetic Knowledge	98	(2)
Toddlers' Phonetic Development	100	(2)
Health Problems and Phonetic Knowledge Development	102	(2)
Ear Infections: Otitis Media	102	(1)
Physical Malformations in the Speech Mechanism	103	(1)
Infants' Semantic Development	104	(3)
Semantic Development of Toddlers	107	(3)
Syntactic Development in Infancy	110	(2)
Syntactic Development in Toddlerhood	112	(2)
Morphemic Development in Infancy	114	(1)
Morphemic Development in Toddlerhood	115	(1)
Pragmatic Development in Infancy	116	(1)
Pragmatic Development in Toddlerhood	117	(5)
Summary	122	(1)
Chapter Review	122	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	123	(2)
Enhancing Language Development in Infants and Toddlers	125	(29)
Developmental Appropriateness of Curricula	126	(1)
Infants	127	(3)
General Guidelines for Interactions Between Caregivers and Infants	127	(3)
General Guidelines for Infant Classroom Settings	130	(1)
Infant Curricula	130	(7)
Exploratory Activities	130	(4)
Caregiver-Mediated Activities	134	(2)
Routine Activities	136	(1)
Toddlers	137	(3)
General Guidelines for Caregiver Interactions with Toddlers	137	(3)
Toddler Curricula	140	(12)
General Guidelines for Curricula in Toddler Classrooms	140	(12)
Summary	152	(1)
Chapter Review	153	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	153	(1)
Language Development in Preschoolers	154	(28)
Home Environment	155	(4)
Classroom Environment	159	(3)
Development of Phonetic Knowledge	162	(2)
Development of Semantic Knowledge	164	(4)
Development of Syntactic Knowledge	168	(2)
Noun and Verb Phrase Complexity	169	(1)
Negation	169	(1)
Interrogatives	169	(1)
Passive Sentences	170	(1)
Development of Morphemic Knowledge	170	(2)
Development of Pragmatic Knowledge	172	(3)
Pragmatic Knowledge and Emergent Literacy	175	(2)
Pragmatic Knowledge of Storybooks	177	(3)
Summary	180	(1)
Chapter Review	181	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	181	(1)
Enhancing Language Development in Preschoolers	182	(36)
Guidelines for Interactions with Preschoolers	183	(10)
Questioning	183	(4)
Linguistic Scaffolding	187	(2)
Mediation	189	(2)
Conflict Resolution	191	(1)
Summary Thoughts for Conversations with Preschoolers	192	(1)
Curricular Activities for Enhancing Preschoolers' Language	193	(22)
Encouraging Language Development Through Exploratory Activities	193	(13)
Encouraging Language Development Through Teacher-Guided Activities	206	(6)
Encouraging Language Development During Routines	212	(3)
Curriculum Planning	215	(1)
Summary	216	(1)
Chapter Review	216	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	217	(1)
Language Development in Kindergartners	218	(21)
Development of Phonetic Knowledge	219	(6)
Phonetic Knowledge of Oral Language	219	(1)
Phonetic Knowledge of Written Language	220	(1)
Evidence of Phonetic Knowledge in Reading Attempts	220	(1)
Evidence of Phonetic Knowledge in Writing Attempts	220	(5)
Development of Semantic Knowledge	225	(3)
Defining Words	226	(1)
Figurative Language	227	(1)
Humor	227	(1)
Kindergartners' Story Vocabulary	227	(1)
Semantic Knowledge in Story Re-Creations	228	(1)
Development of Syntactic Knowledge	228	(2)
Pronoun Usage	229	(1)
Verb Phrase Expansion	229	(1)
Passive Sentences	230	(1)
Development of Morphemic Knowledge	230	(2)
Verb Tense	231	(1)
Comparatives and Superlatives	231	(1)
Noun Suffix -er	231	(1)
Possessives	232	(1)
Development of Pragmatic Knowledge	232	(5)
Pragmatic Knowledge of Oral Language	232	(1)
Pragmatic Knowledge of Written Language	233	(4)
Summary	237	(1)
Chapter Review	237	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	238	(1)
Enhancing the Language Development of Kindergartners	239	(23)
Overview of Kindergarten Curricula	239	(2)
Guidelines for Teachers' Interactions with Kindergartners	241	(3)
Language-Related Curricular Goals	244	(1)
Goal One: Increase Children's Ability to Communicate Orally in Instructional and Conversational Settings	244	(1)
Goal Two: Encourage an Awareness of the Purposes of Reading and Writing	244	(1)
Goal Three: Increase Listening Comprehension	244	(1)
Goal Four: Increase Vocabulary Through Conceptual Development	245	(1)
Goal Five: Increase Children's Awareness of the Process of Communicating by Using Written Language	245	(1)
Language-Enhancing Activities Throughout Kindergarten	245	(1)
Exploratory Activities	245	(7)
Learning Center Activities	246	(5)
Outdoor Play	251	(1)
Sand/Water Table	251	(1)
Teacher-Guided Activities	252	(7)
Share-and-Tell	252	(1)
Storybook Time	252	(3)
Dictated and Interactive Writing	255	(2)
Calendar Time	257	(1)
Language Games	258	(1)
Routine Activities	259	(1)
Arrival and Departure	259	(1)
``Specials'' Within the School Building	259	(1)
Summary	260	(1)
Chapter Review	260	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	261	(1)
Language Development in the Primary Years	262	(19)
Development of Phonetic Knowledge	263	(4)
Oral Language Knowledge	263	(1)
Written Language Knowledge	264	(3)
Development of Semantic Knowledge	267	(3)
Vocabulary	267	(1)
Figurative Language	268	(1)
Humor	268	(2)
Development of Syntactic Knowledge	270	(3)
Sentence Complexity	270	(2)
Pronoun Reference	272	(1)
Passive Sentences	273	(1)
Development of Morphemic Knowledge	273	(3)
Development of Pragmatic Knowledge	276	(3)
Oral Language Pragmatics	276	(1)
Indirect Requests	276	(1)
Pragmatic Knowledge of Written Language	276	(3)
Summary	279	(1)
Chapter Review	279	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	280	(1)
Enhancing Language Development in the Primary Years	281	(25)
Interaction Patterns for Primary Classrooms	283	(1)
Overview of Language-Related Primary Curricular Goals	284	(1)
Key Role of Listening Competencies	285	(1)
Planning Activities to Enhance Primary-Age Students' Language Development	286	(1)
Exploratory-Discovery Center Activities	287	(7)
Classroom Library Center	288	(1)
Writing Center	288	(3)
Content-Concept Learning Centers	291	(1)
Word Walls	291	(2)
Take-Home Exploratory Activities	293	(1)
Teacher-Directed Activities	294	(6)
Teacher Read-Alouds	294	(1)
Oral Discussions	295	(2)
Creative Drama	297	(1)
Share-and-Tell	298	(1)
Language Experience and Interactive Writing	299	(1)
Author's Chair	300	(1)
Media Presentations	300	(1)
Small-Group Teacher-Directed Activities	300	(4)
Word Study Activities	301	(1)
Shared Reading	301	(1)
Literature Circles	302	(1)
Collaborative-Cooperative Projects	303	(1)
Summary	304	(1)
Chapter Review	304	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	305	(1)
Exploring Children's Use of Language: Assessment	306	(25)
Relation Between Assessment and Curriculum	307	(3)
Determining the Purpose of Assessment	307	(2)
Determining the Impact of Assessments on Curriculum and Classroom Environment	309	(1)
Reviewing the Types of Assessments Available	310	(1)
Informal Assessments	310	(1)
Strengths	310	(1)
Weaknesses	311	(1)
Examples of Informal Assessment Measures	311	(7)
Checklists and Observation Scales	311	(3)
Anecdotal Records	314	(1)
Audiotapes and Videotapes	314	(2)
Examples of Comprehensive Informal Language Assessments	316	(2)
Formal Assessments	318	(4)
Scope of Development Measured	319	(1)
Examiner Training	319	(1)
Purpose Served by Measure: Diagnosis or Screening	319	(1)
Strengths of Formal Measures	320	(1)
Weaknesses of Formal Measures	321	(1)
Overview of Specific Formal Assessment Instruments	322	(1)
Developing a Portfolio on Language Acquisition	323	(3)
Using the Assessment Information	326	(2)
Working with Parents	328	(1)
Assessment-Based Curricular Changes	328	(1)
Summary	329	(1)
Chapter Review	329	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	330	(1)
Enhancing Language Development Among Children with Communicative Disorders	331	(12)
A Team Approach to Helping Children with Communicative Disorders	332	(1)
Hearing Impairment	333	(1)
Characteristics	333	(1)
Techniques for Enhancing Language Development Among Children with Hearing Impairment	334	(1)
Articulation Disorders	334	(2)
Characteristics	334	(1)
Techniques for Enhancing Language Development Among Children with Articulation Disorders	335	(1)
Fluency Disorders	336	(3)
Characteristics	336	(1)
Techniques for Enhancing Language Development Among Children Who Stutter	337	(2)
Specific Language Impairment (SLI)/Language Delay	339	(1)
Characteristics	339	(1)
Techniques for Enhancing Language Development Among Children with SLI or Language Delay	339	(1)
Cognitive Impairment	340	(1)
Characteristics	340	(1)
Techniques for Enhancing Language Development Among Children with Cognitive Impairment	340	(1)
Making Referrals for Children At Risk for Communicative Disorders	341	(1)
Summary	341	(1)
Chapter Review	341	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	342	(1)
Fostering Language Development Through School-Home Connections	343	(22)
Goals for Establishing School-Home Connections	344	(2)
Increasing Parents' Awareness of Their Role	344	(1)
Increasing Parents' Awareness of Classroom Curriculum	345	(1)
Increasing Teacher's/School's Awareness and Understanding of Home Environment	345	(1)
Establishing a Learning Community	346	(2)
Mutual Respect	346	(1)
Cooperation and Collaboration	347	(1)
Frequent Communication	347	(1)
Factors Influencing Family/Parental Involvement	348	(2)
Parents' Own Experiences in School	348	(1)
Cultural Diversity	348	(1)
Parents' Work Obligations	349	(1)
Parents' Perceptions of Available Opportunities for Involvement	349	(1)
Opportunities for Participation and Involvement	350	(1)
Types of Interaction in School-Home Connections	350	(1)
Encouraging Parents to Come to School	350	(5)
Informal Conversations and Social Events	350	(1)
Open House	351	(1)
Conferences	352	(2)
Newsletters	354	(1)
Home Visits	355	(1)
Telephone Calls	355	(1)
At-Home Learning Activities	355	(4)
Conversations	357	(1)
Modeling	357	(1)
Collaborative Sharing	358	(1)
In-Class Participation	359	(1)
Characteristics of Successful Parent Programs	360	(1)
Examples of Successful Home-School Connections	361	(1)
Summary	362	(1)
Chapter Review	363	(1)
Chapter Extension Activities	363	(2)
Appendix A Teacher Resources for Linguistic and Cultural Diversity	365	(1)
Appendix B Ear Infections: Otitis Media	366	(3)
Appendix C Resource Books for Toddler Activities	369	(1)
Appendix D Enhancing Language Development Among Infants and Toddlers	370	(4)
Appendix E Generalizations on the Order of Phoneme Acquisition	374	(1)
Appendix F Teaching Resources for Enhancing Preschool Children's Language Development	375	(1)
Appendix G Teacher Resources for Kindergarten	376	(1)
Appendix H Resources for Word Study Activities	377	(1)
Appendix I Recommended References for At-Home Language/Literacy Activities	378	(1)
Appendix J Example of Storybook-Based Language Observation	379	(10)
Glossary	389	(6)
References	395	(20)
Index	415