Latin America and Its People, Volume 1

by Martin, Cheryl E.; Wasserman, Mark

• ISBN13: 9780205054695
• ISBN10: 0205054692
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-02-17
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

#xA0;Written by two of the leading scholars in the field, Latin America and Its People, Volume 1presents a fresh interpretative survey of Latin-American history from pre-Columbian times to the end of the colonial era. It takes a thematic approach to examining the many institutions that Latin-Americans have built and rebuilt - families, governments, churches, political parties, labor unions, schools and armies - through the everyday#xA0;lives of the diverse people who forged these institutions and later altered them to meet changing circumstances.

Author Biography

Cheryl E. Martin

Cheryl E. Martin has taught Latin-American history at the University of Texas at El Paso since 1978. A native of Buffalo, New York, she received her bachelor’s degree from the Georgetown University School of Foreign Service and her M.A. and Ph.D. from Tulane University. She studied at the Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador, on a Fulbright Fellowship and was a visiting instructor at the Universidad Autónoma de Chihuahua, Mexico. Her publications include Rural Society in Colonial Morelos (1985) and Governance and Society in Colonial Mexico: Chihuahua in the Eighteenth Century (1996). She also co-edited, with William Beezley and William E. French, Rituals of Rule, Rituals of Resistance: Public Celebrations and Popular Culture in Mexico (1994). Martin has served on the Council of the American Historical Association and on the editorial boards of the Hispanic American Historical Review, The Americas, the Latin American Research Review and H. Borderlands. She has received two fellowships from the National Endowment for the Humanities and Awards for Distinguished Achievement in both teaching and research at the University of Texas at El Paso. She enjoys reading and travel and is the proud grandmother of Mackenzie and Zachary.

 

Mark Wasserman

Mark Wasserman is a professor of history at Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, where he has taught since 1978. Brought up in Marblehead, Massachusetts, he earned his B.A. at Duke University and his M.A. and Ph.D. at the University of Chicago. He is the author of three books on Mexico: Capitalists, Caciques, and Revolution: The Native Elite and Foreign Enterprise in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1854—1911(1984), Persistent Oligarchs: Elites and Politics in Chihuahua, Mexico, 1910—1940 (1993) and Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War (2000). He also coauthored the early editions of the best-selling History of Latin America (1980—88) with Benjamin Keen. Wasserman has twice won the Arthur P. Whitaker Prize for his books and has received research fellowships from the Tinker Foundation, the American Council of Learned Societies/Social Science Research Council, the American Philosophical Society and the National Endowment of the Humanities. He has been vice-chair for undergraduate education of the Rutgers department of history and chair of the department’s Teaching Effectiveness Committee.Wasserman was an elected member of the Highland Park, New Jersey Board of Education for nearly a decade and served as its president for two years. He is an avid fan of Duke basketball and enjoys hiking and travel.

Table of Contents

List of Features
List of Maps and Color Plates 
Map of National Capitals 
Preface
About the Authors 

 

CHAPTER 1 THE FIRST PEOPLES OF THE AMERICAS 
The First Americans 
Coming to America 
Subsistence Strategies and the Development of Agriculture 
Sedentary Communities and Ceremonial Centers 
Ceremonial Centers in Mexico and Peru 
The Olmec: “Mother Culture” of Mexico? 
Chavín de Huantar in Peru 
The Cities of Classic Mesoamerica 
Monte Albán 
Teotihuacan 
Maya Civilization in the Classic Era 
Peru After Chavín 
The Moche 
The Nazca 
Tiwanaku 
The Wari Empire 
Mesoamerica and Peru, 900—1400 C.E. 
The Toltecs 
The Mixtecs of Oaxaca 
The Post-Classic Maya 
Peru after Tiwanaku and Wari 
The World of Early Americans 
People and Their Environment 
Early Americans and Their Beliefs 
Communities, States, and War 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Archaeology, Literacy, and the Study of History 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Pacal the Great, King of Palenque, 603—683 C.E. 
SLICE OF LIFE The Craft Workers of Chan Chan, 1400 C.E. 

 

CHAPTER 2 AMERICANS AND IBERIANS ON THE EVE OF CONTACT 
Mesoamerica in the Fifteenth Century 
The Rise of the Mexica 
Mexica Statecraft 
Mexica Religion 
Everyday Life in the Time of the Mexica 
Mesoamerica on the Eve of the Spanish Invasion 
The Andes in the Fifteenth Century 
The Rise of the Incas 
Inca Statecraft 
Andean Religion in the Time of the Incas 
Everyday Life in the Time of the Incas 
The Aztecs and Incas Compared 
The Diversity of American Peoples 
The Tainos and Caribs 
The Tupi of Coastal Brazil 
The “Pueblo” Peoples of New Mexico 
The Spanish and the Portuguese 
Centuries of Conquest 
Medieval Iberia and the Reconquista 
Iberian Monarchies in the Fifteenth Century 
The Breakdown of Iberian “Convivencia” 
Iberian Society in the Fifteenth Century 
Iberia and the Beginnings of Overseas Expansion 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Counting People in Past Societies 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Tanta Carhua, Bride of the Sun 
SLICE OF LIFE The Marketplace at Tlatelolco 

 

CHAPTER 3 THE EUROPEAN CONQUEST OF AMERICA 
The Europeans Arrive 
Columbus and the First Encounters 
The Caribbean Colonies 
The Portuguese in Brazil 
The Spanish in Mesoamerica and the Andes 
Cortés and the Aztecs 
The Search for “Otro México” 
The Pizarros and the Incas 
Military Conquest or Strategic Alliance? 
Building a Colonial Society 
The Ecological Conquest 
Conquistadors, Encomenderos, and Native Peoples 
A Multiracial Society in Formation 
The “Spiritual Conquest” of Latin America 
Early Evangelization 
The Impact of Evangelization 
Resistance to Christianity 
The Consolidation of Colonial Empires 
The Viceroyalties of New Spain and Peru 
The Spanish Colonial Bureaucracy 
Royal Government in Brazil 
The Church in Spanish America and Brazil 
The Spanish and Portuguese Empires 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Malinche and the Uses of Historical Memory 
SLICE OF LIFE The Cuzco Cabildo Founds a Convent, 1551 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Domingos Fernandes Nobre, Mameluco of Brazil

 

CHAPTER 4 THE IBERIANS’ NEW WORLD 
The Lure of Precious Metals 
The Silver Boom 
Labor and Technology in Silver Mining 
Procuring a Labor Supply 
Gold Mining in Brazil 
Agriculture 
Sugar Plantations 
Haciendas and Ranches 
Landownership 
Landed Elites 
Rural Society 
Trade and Transportation 
International Commerce 
Overland Transport 
Merchants 
Mercantile Restrictions 
Cities and Towns in the Iberians’ New World 
Capital Cities 
Provincial Capitals and Other Towns 
Urban Amenities 
Urban Working Classes 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Documenting Colonial Enterprise 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Antonio López De Quiroga, Bolivian Entrepreneur 
SLICE OF LIFE The Safra in Colonial Brazil 

 

CHAPTER 5 THE AMERINDIANS’ CHANGING WORLD 
Native Communities in Mesoamerica and the Andes 
Shifting Populations in the República de Indios 
Local Government in the República de Indios 
Subsistence and Survival in the República de Indios 
Native Communities and the Cash Economy 
Families and Households in the República de Indios 
Religion and Community Life in the República de Indios 
Natives as Catholics 
Belief and Practice in the República de Indios 
Religion and Community Identity 
Mission Indians 
Jesuit and Franciscan Missions 
Native Peoples in the Jesuit and Franciscan Missions 
Mission Indians and Colonial Society 
Native Peoples and the Colonial Order 
Indians in the República de Españoles 
“Indios Bárbaros” 
Regional Revolts 
Native Historical Memory and the Colonial Order 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Measuring Acculturation Using Indigenous Language Sources 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Felipe Guaman Poma de Ayala 
SLICE OF LIFE The Indians of Oaxtepec Defend Their Land and Water 

 

CHAPTER 6 A NEW PEOPLE AND THEIR WORLD 
The Making of Multiethnic Societies 
Spanish and Portuguese Immigrants 
Creoles 
Mestizos and Mamelucos 
African Slaves 
Slave Resistance 
Maroon Communities 
Free Blacks and Mulattos 
Race and Class in Colonial Latin America 
Social and Cultural Definitions of Race 
Class and Ethnicity 
Honor, Gender, and Patriarchy 
Honor and the Patriarchal Family 
Marriage and the Family 
Honor and Sexuality 
Honor and Homosexuality 
The Limits of Patriarchy 
Convents: “Islands of Women” 
Convents and Colonial Society 
Conformity and Defiance in Colonial Society 
The Social Etiquette of Everyday Life 
The Administration of Justice 
The Inquisition and Deviant Behavior 
Rituals of Rule 
Scatological Songs and Dances of Defiance 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Parish Registers and the Study of Colonial Society 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Juana De Cobos, Baker in Chihuahua 
SLICE OF LIFE Corpus Christi in Cuzco 

 

CHAPTER 7 THE SHIFTING FORTUNES OF COLONIAL EMPIRES 
The Spanish and Portuguese Empires in Eighteenth-Century Politics 
Great Britain and Latin America 
The Seven Years’ War 
The American Revolution and Latin America 
The French Revolution and Latin America 
The Haitian Revolution 
The Bourbon and Pombaline Reforms 
Defending the Spanish Empire 
Administrative Restructuring and New Viceroyalties 
The Power of the Church 
Economic Development 
Latin American Peoples in the Age of Revolution 
Social Change in the Late Colonial Period 
The Changing Face of Colonial Cities 
The Enlightenment in Latin America 
Resistance and Rebellion in the Late Colonial Period 
Developing Creole Consciousness 
Resistance to the Bourbon Reforms 
Conspiracies in Brazil 
The Great Rebellion in Peru 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Latin America and the Atlantic World
SLICE OF LIFE The Royal Tobacco Factory in Mexico City 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES  José Antonio Aponte, sculptor of Havana

SLICE OF LIFE The royal tobacco factory in Mexico City 

 

CHAPTER 8 THE NEW NATIONS OF LATIN AMERICA 
Spanish America and the Crisis of 1808 
Spain and the Napoleonic Invasion 
Representative Government in Spain and America, 1808—1814 
The “American Question” 
Spanish American Grievances and the Crisis of 1808 
Mexico 
Venezuela 
Argentina 
Spanish American Independence 
The Final Campaigns 
Regional Conflicts in the Spanish American Struggle for Independence 
The Independence of Brazil 
The Portuguese Monarchy in Brazil 
Popular Unrest in Brazil 
The Culmination of Brazilian Independence 
The Meaning of Independence 
Conclusion 
LEARNING MORE ABOUT LATIN AMERICANS 
HOW HISTORIANS UNDERSTAND Were the wars of independence the turning point? 
LATIN AMERICAN LIVES Manuela Sáenz, 1797-1856, liberator of South America
SLICE OF LIFE The 16th of September: independence day in Mexico 

 

Glossary 
Credits
Index