Legal Research, Analysis, and Writing

by Putman, William H.

Edition:

1st

ISBN13:

9780766854550

ISBN10:

0766854558

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

8/21/2003

Publisher(s):

Cengage Learning

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Summary

Paralegals in training, those in practice and law students will greatly appreciate the wealth of information contained in Legal Research, Writing and Analysis. This book is written in laymen?s terms with concepts clearly illustrated through numerous examples and hypotheticals. The material will prepare readers to perform tasks ranging from the drafting of interoffice legal memoranda summarizing research and analysis of issues involved in a client?s case to the preparation of drafts of appellate court briefs. Readers will become familiar with such subject areas as conducting statutory and case law research and analysis, identifying key facts in a case, conducting counteranalysis and identifying issues. There is no other book available that covers as many areas of legal research, writing and analysis and in such an in-depth manner.

Preface

Chapter Features

xvi

Support Material

xvii

Acknowledgments

xix

About the Author

Table of Figures

xxi

Table of Cases

xxv

PART I Introduction to Research, Analytical Principles and the Legal Process

(46)

Introduction to Legal Principles and Authorities

(23)

Introduction

(1)

Sources of Law

(9)

Enacted Law

(1)

Common Law/Case Law

(7)

Hierarchy of the Law

(1)

Authority

(6)

Types of Authority

(2)

Role of Authority

(4)

Key Points Checklist: Analyzing the law

(1)

Application

(5)

Summary

(1)

Quick References

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Exercises

(2)

Introduction to Legal Research and Analysis

(22)

Introduction

(1)

Legal Analysis Defined

(1)

Legal Research and the Analysis Process

(11)

Facts

(1)

Preliminary Research

(1)

IRAC Analysis

(9)

General Considerations

(2)

Focus

(1)

Ethics---Intellectual Honesty

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Conducting Analysis

(1)

Application

(8)

Battery Issue

(2)

Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Issue

(2)

Summary

(1)

Quick References

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Exercises

(2)

PART II Legal Research

(250)

Constitutions, Statutes, Administrative Law, and Court Rules---Research and Analysis

(49)

Introduction

(1)

Anatomy of a Statute

(9)

Numbers

(1)

Short Title

(1)

Purpose Clause

(1)

Scope

(1)

Definitions

(1)

Substantive Provisions

(1)

Other Provisions

(1)

Annotations/Reference Information

(1)

Statutory Research---Locating Statutes

(12)

Federal Law

(10)

State Statutory Law and Codes

(1)

The Research Process---Techniques and Strategies

(2)

Computer-Aided Research

(1)

Ethics---Competence and Diligence

(1)

Administrative Law

(7)

Federal Administrative Law

(6)

State Administrative Law

(1)

Court Rules

(1)

Analysis---The Process

(8)

Step 1. Determine If the Statute Applies

(2)

Step 2. Analyze the Statute

(2)

Step 3. Apply the Statute to the Legal Problem or Issue

(2)

Summary of the Statutory Analysis Process

(1)

General Considerations

(2)

Legislative History

(1)

Canons of Construction

(2)

Key Points Checklist: Working with Statutes

(1)

Application

(9)

Summary

(1)

Quick References

(1)

Internet Resources

(1)

Statutory Citation

(1)

Exercises

(3)

Case Law---Research and Briefing

(35)

Introduction

(1)

Court Opinions---In General

(1)

Court Opinions---Importance

(2)

Court Opinions---Elements

100

(4)

In General

100

(1)

Elements of a Reported Case

100

(4)

Court Opinions---Researching

104

(12)

Publication of Court Opinions

104

(10)

Researching Court Opinions---Locating Case Law

114

(2)

Court Opinion---Briefing (Case Brief)

116

(7)

Introduction

116

(1)

Importance of Briefing

116

(1)

How to Read a Case

116

(1)

Case Brief---Elements

117

(6)

Case Brief---Updating

123

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Locating, Reading, and Briefing Court Opinion

123

(1)

Application

124

(8)

Summary

128

(1)

Quick References

129

(1)

Internet Resources

129

(1)

Case Law Citation

130

(1)

Exercises

130

(2)

Secondary Authority---Encyclopedias, Treatises, Annotated Law Reports, Digests, Shepard's

132

(51)

Introduction

132

(2)

Legal Encyclopedias

134

(9)

National Encyclopedias

135

(1)

State Encyclopedias

135

(8)

Treatises

143

(3)

Types and Features of Treatises

143

(2)

Research Using Treatises

145

(1)

American Law Reports

146

(9)

A.L.R. Components

147

(6)

Research Using A.L.R.

153

(2)

Digests

155

(12)

West Key-Number Digest System

156

(4)

Components of the West Digests

160

(2)

Types of Digests

162

(4)

Research Using Digests

166

(1)

Shepard's Citations

167

(11)

Format and Components of Shepard's Citations

168

(5)

Types of Shepard's Citations

173

(3)

Research Using Shepard's Citations

176

(2)

Key Points Checklist: Secondary Authority

178

(1)

Application

179

(4)

Summary

179

(1)

Quick References

180

(1)

Internet Resources

180

(1)

Citation

180

(1)

Exercises

181

(2)

Secondary Authority---Periodicals, Restatements, Uniform Laws, Dictionaries, Legislative History, and Other Secondary Authorities

183

(37)

Introduction

183

(1)

Legal Periodicals

184

(7)

Types of Legal Periodicals

185

(2)

Research Using Legal Periodicals

187

(4)

Restatements of the Law

191

(9)

Restatement Features

191

(1)

Research Using Restatements of the Law

192

(8)

Uniform Laws and Model Acts

200

(5)

Features of Uniform Laws and Model Acts

201

(1)

Research Using Uniform and Model Laws

201

(4)

Dictionaries and Words and Phrases

205

(1)

Legal Dictionaries

205

(1)

Words and Phrases

206

(1)

Legislative History

206

(7)

Federal Legislative History Sources

206

(2)

Researching Federal Legislative History

208

(5)

State Legislative History

213

(1)

Jury Instructions---Other Research Sources

213

(2)

Jury Instructions

213

(1)

Practice and Form Books

213

(2)

Loose-leaf Services

215

(1)

Presidential Materials

215

(1)

Martindale-Hubbell Law Directory

215

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Periodicals, Restatements, Uniform Laws, Dictionaries, Legislative History, and Other Secondary Authorities

215

(1)

Application

216

(4)

Summary

216

(1)

Quick References

217

(1)

Internet Resources

217

(1)

Citation

218

(1)

Exercises

219

(1)

Computers and Legal Research

220

(36)

Introduction

220

(1)

Westlaw

221

(16)

Signing On

221

(1)

Finding Primary Authority

222

(14)

Finding Secondary Authority

236

(1)

Printing and Saving

237

(1)

Lexis

237

(13)

Signing On

237

(1)

Finding Primary Authority

237

(10)

Finding Secondary Authority

247

(2)

Printing and Saving

249

(1)

Westlaw or Lexis

250

(1)

Other Internet Sources

250

(1)

General Access and Links

250

(1)

Government Sources

251

(1)

Law School Web Sites

251

(1)

CD-ROM

251

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Computers and Legal Research

252

(1)

Application

252

(4)

Summary

253

(1)

Quick References

254

(1)

Internet Resources

254

(1)

Citation

254

(1)

Exercises

254

(2)

Legal Citation

256

(41)

Introduction

256

(2)

In General

256

(1)

The Bluebook and the ALWD Citation Manual

257

(1)

General Rules of Citation

258

(17)

Typeface

258

(1)

Italics and Underscoring

259

(1)

Citation Placement in Sentences and Clauses

260

(1)

Abbreviations

261

(1)

Capitalization

262

(1)

Quotations

263

(4)

Page Numbers (Pinpoint Citations)

267

(2)

String Citations

269

(1)

Short-Citation Forms (Id., Supra, and Hereinafter)

269

(2)

Internal Cross-References (Supra and Infra)

271

(1)

Signals

271

(2)

Sections and Paragraphs (§ ¶)

273

(1)

Electronic Sources

274

(1)

Primary Authority

275

(14)

Case Law

276

(8)

Constitutions

284

(1)

Statutory Law

285

(3)

Rules of Evidence and Procedure

288

(1)

Administrative Law

289

(1)

Secondary Authority

289

(4)

Annotated Law Reports

289

(1)

Legal Dictionary

290

(1)

Legal Encyclopedia

291

(1)

Periodicals---Law Review/Journal Citations

291

(1)

Restatements

292

(1)

Treatises/Books

293

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Citation

293

(1)

Application

294

(3)

Summary

294

(1)

Quick References

295

(1)

Internet Resources

295

(1)

Exercises

295

(2)

PART III The Specifics of Legal Analysis

297

(108)

Legal Analysis---Key Facts

298

(20)

Introduction

299

(1)

Facts in General---Definition

300

(1)

Importance of Facts

301

(1)

Types of Facts in General

301

(2)

Irrelevant Facts

302

(1)

Background Facts

302

(1)

Key Facts

303

(1)

Key Facts---Definition and Types

303

(2)

Definition

303

(1)

Types of Key Facts

304

(1)

Key Facts Identification---Client's Case

305

(4)

Step 1 Identify Each Cause of Action

306

(1)

Step 2 Determine the Elements

306

(1)

Step 3 List All Facts Related to the Elements

307

(1)

Step 4 Determine Which Facts Apply

307

(1)

Multiple Issues

308

(1)

Key Facts Identification---Case Law

309

(3)

Step 1 Read the Entire Case

310

(1)

Step 2 Look to the Holding

310

(1)

Step 3 Identify the Key Facts

311

(1)

Multiple Issues

312

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Identifying Key Facts

312

(1)

Application

312

(6)

Client's Fact Situation

312

(2)

Court Opinion

314

(2)

Summary

316

(1)

Quick References

316

(1)

Internet Resources

317

(1)

Exercises

317

(1)

Legal Analysis---Issue Identification

318

(25)

Introduction

319

(1)

Definition and Types

319

(1)

Elements

320

(2)

Applicable Law

320

(1)

Legal Question

321

(1)

Key Facts

321

(1)

Examples

321

(1)

Issue Identification---Client's Case

322

(4)

Step 1 Identify Each Type of Cause of Action

322

(1)

Step 2 Determine the Elements of Each Cause of Action

323

(1)

Step 3 Determine the Key Facts

324

(1)

Step 4 Assemble the Issue

325

(1)

Multiple Issues

326

(1)

Issue Identification---Case Law

326

(5)

Step 1 General Question

328

(1)

Step 2 Look to the Holding

329

(1)

Step 3 Assemble the Issue

330

(1)

Other Aids---Case Law Issue Identification

330

(1)

Multiple Issues

330

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Identifying the Issue

331

(1)

Application

332

(11)

Client's Fact Situation

332

(1)

Court Opinion

333

(4)

Summary

337

(1)

Quick References

337

(1)

Internet Resources

337

(1)

Exercises

338

(5)

Legal Analysis---Stating the Issue

343

(21)

Introduction

344

(1)

Shorthand/Broad Statement of the Issue

344

(2)

Comprehensive/Narrow Statement of the Issue

346

(2)

Issue---Law Component

348

(5)

Issue Based on Common Law

349

(1)

Issue Based on Enacted Law

349

(3)

Format of the Law Component

352

(1)

Issue---Question Component

353

(1)

Issue---Significant/Key Facts Component

354

(2)

Ethics---Objectively Stating the Issue

356

(1)

General Considerations

357

(1)

Name

357

(1)

Approach

358

(1)

Multiple Issues

358

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Drafting an Issue

358

(1)

Application

359

(5)

Chapter Hypothetical

359

(1)

False Imprisonment

359

(1)

Summary

360

(1)

Quick References

361

(1)

Internet Resources

361

(1)

Exercises

361

(3)

Case Law Analysis---Is a Case on Point?

364

(20)

Introduction

365

(1)

Definition---On Point

365

(1)

On Point---Importance

365

(2)

Precedent

366

(1)

Mandatory Precedent

366

(1)

Persuasive Precedent

366

(1)

Stare Decisis

367

(1)

Determining If a Case Is on Point

367

(11)

Step 1---Are the Key Facts Sufficiently Similar?

368

(5)

Step 2---Are the Rules/Principles of Law Sufficiently Similar?

373

(5)

Key Points Checklist: Determining If a Case Is on Point

378

(1)

Application

378

(6)

Chapter Hypothetical

378

(1)

Libel Case

379

(1)

Summary

380

(1)

Quick References

381

(1)

Internet Resources

381

(1)

Exercises

381

(3)

Counteranalysis

384

(21)

Introduction

385

(1)

Counteranalysis---Definition

385

(1)

Counteranalysis---Why?

385

(1)

Counteranalysis---When?

386

(1)

Counteranalysis---Techniques

387

(10)

In General

387

(1)

Enacted Law

388

(4)

Case Law

392

(5)

Counteranalysis Techniques---Comments

397

(1)

Counteranalysis---Where?

397

(2)

Court Brief

397

(1)

Interoffice Research Memorandum

398

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Conducting Counteranalysis

399

(1)

Application

399

(6)

Chapter Hypothetical

399

(1)

Counteranalysis---Reliance on Legislative Act

400

(1)

Counteranalysis---Reliance on Court Opinion

400

(1)

Summary

401

(1)

Quick References

401

(1)

Internet Resources

402

(1)

Exercises

402

(3)

PART IV Legal Writing

405

(162)

Fundamentals of Writing

406

(31)

Sentences

406

(4)

Sentence---Structure/Pattern

407

(1)

Sentence---Basic Rules

407

(3)

Paragraphs

410

(2)

Paragraph---Topic Sentence

410

(1)

Paragraph---Body

411

(1)

Paragraph---Closing Sentence

411

(1)

Paragraph---Transition Sentence

412

(1)

Paragraph Length

412

(1)

Word Selection and Usage

412

(5)

Excessive/Redundant Words

413

(1)

Noun-Verb Strings

413

(1)

Nominalizations

413

(1)

Legalese

414

(1)

Archaic Words

414

(1)

Sexist Language

414

(2)

Specific Words---Problem Areas

416

(1)

Grammar

417

(7)

Subject-Verb Agreement

417

(2)

Verb Tense

419

(1)

Parallel Construction

419

(1)

Superfluous Verbs

420

(1)

Modifier and Infinitives

420

(2)

Noun-Pronoun Agreement

422

(2)

Punctuation

424

(7)

Comma (,)

424

(2)

Semicolon (;)

426

(1)

Colon (:)

427

(1)

Apostrophe (')

427

(1)

Quotation Marks (`` '')

428

(1)

Ellipses (. . .)

429

(1)

Brackets ([ ])

430

(1)

Parentheses ``()''

430

(1)

Hyphen (-)

430

(1)

Dash (---)

430

(1)

General Considerations

431

(1)

Spelling

431

(1)

Numbers

431

(1)

Formal Writing Conventions

432

(1)

Key Points Checklist: Successful Legal Writing

432

(1)

Application

432

(5)

Summary

433

(1)

Quick References

434

(1)

Internet Resources

434

(1)

Exercises

434

(3)

The Writing Process for Effective Legal Writing

437

(24)

Introduction

438

(1)

Importance of Writing Skills

438

(1)

Goal of Legal Writing

438

(1)

Legal Writing Process

439

(14)

Prewriting Stage

440

(11)

Writing Stage

451

(1)

Postwriting Stage

452

(1)

General Research Suggestions

453

(2)

Key Points Checklist: The Writing Process

455

(1)

Application

455

(6)

Prewriting Stage

455

(2)

Writing Stage

457

(1)

Postwriting Stage

457

(1)

Summary

458

(1)

Quick References

458

(1)

Internet Resources

459

(1)

Exercises

459

(2)

Office Legal Memorandum: Issues and Facts

461

(24)

Introduction

462

(1)

Definition

463

(1)

Purposes, Uses, and Importance

463

(2)

Prewriting Stage

465

(4)

Nature of the Assignment

465

(1)

Constraints on the Assignment

466

(1)

Organization of the Assignment

467

(2)

Sections of the Office Memorandum

469

(10)

Heading

469

(1)

Statement of Assignment

470

(1)

Issue

471

(2)

Brief Answer

473

(1)

Statement of Facts

474

(5)

Key Points Checklist: Preparing an Interoffice Memorandum

479

(1)

Application

480

(5)

Summary

483

(1)

Quick References

484

(1)

Internet Resources

484

(1)

Exercise

484

(1)

Office Legal Memorandum: Analysis to Conclusion

485

(30)

Introduction

486

(1)

Analysis Section

486

(9)

Analysis---Format

486

(2)

Analysis Part A: Rule of Law

488

(2)

Analysis Part B: Rule of Law Interpretation---Case Law

490

(3)

Analysis Part C: Application of Rule of Law to Client's Case

493

(2)

Analysis Part D: Counteranalysis

495

(1)

Conclusion

495

(2)

Recommendations

497

(1)

General Considerations

498

(3)

Heading

498

(1)

Introductory Sentences

498

(1)

Transition Sentences

498

(1)

Paragraphs

499

(1)

Persuasive Precedent

499

(1)

Conclusions

500

(1)

Revisions/Drafts

500

(1)

Additional Authority

500

(1)

Key Points Checklist: The Interoffice Memorandum---Analysis to Conclusion

501

(1)

Application

501

(14)

Example 1

501

(1)

Example 2

502

(4)

Comments on Examples

506

(1)

Summary

507

(1)

Quick References

507

(1)

Internet Resources

507

(1)

Exercises

507

(8)

External Memoranda: Court Briefs

515

(30)

Introduction

516

(1)

General Considerations

516

(9)

Similarities---Court Briefs and Office Memoranda

516

(1)

Dissimilarities---Court Briefs and Office Memoranda

517

(8)

Trial Court Briefs

525

(6)

Audience

526

(1)

Constraints

526

(1)

Format/Content

527

(4)

Appellate Court Briefs

531

(4)

Audience

532

(1)

Constraints

532

(1)

Format/Content

532

(3)

Key Points Checklist: Preparing a Court Brief

535

(1)

Application

535

(10)

Summary

539

(1)

Quick References

540

(1)

Internet Resources

540

(1)

Exercises

540

(5)

Correspondence

545

(22)

Introduction

545

(1)

Basic Components

546

(5)

Letterhead

546

(1)

Date

547

(1)

Method of Delivery

547

(1)

Recipient's Address Block

547

(1)

Reference (Re:) Line

548

(1)

Salutation

548

(1)

Body

548

(1)

Closing

549

(1)

Signature and Title

550

(1)

Initials of Drafter

550

(1)

Enclosure Notation

550

(1)

Others Receiving Copies

550

(1)

Format Style

550

(1)

General Considerations---All Correspondence

551

(1)

Types of Correspondence

551

(8)

Information Letter

552

(2)

Opinion Letter

554

(3)

Demand/Advocacy Letter

557

(2)

Key Points Checklist: Preparing Legal Correspondence

559

(1)

Application

559

(8)

Example---Information Letter

560

(1)

Example---Opinion Letter

561

(2)

Comments on Examples

563

(1)

Summary

563

(1)

Quick References

564

(1)

Internet Resources

564

(1)

Exercises

565

(2)

Appendix A---Court Opinions

567

(47)

Appendix B---Appellate Court Brief

614

(31)

Appendix C---Web Sites

645

(3)

Glossary

648

(5)

Index

653

Legal Research, Analysis, and Writing

9780766854550

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