Preface to the Fifth Edition | p. xi |
To the Student | p. xi |
To the Teacher | p. xii |
Introduction to Chemistry | p. 1 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 2 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 2 |
Chemistry is ... ? | p. 4 |
Matter and Energy | p. 4 |
Measurement and the Metric System | p. 13 |
Metric Prefixes | p. 14 |
Scientific Notation | p. 15 |
Volume and Density | p. 16 |
Reporting Measured Quantities | p. 17 |
Solving Problems | p. 23 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 31 |
Atoms, Molecules, and ions | p. 39 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 39 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 39 |
Introduction to the Atomic Model of Matter | p. 41 |
Development of the Early Models of the Atom | p. 42 |
The Current View of Atomic Structure | P44 |
Identifying Elements: Names, Symbols, and Atomic Numbers | p. 45 |
Neutrons, Isotopes, and Mass Numbers | p. 46 |
Molecules | p. 48 |
Ions | p. 49 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 50 |
Formulas, Equations, and Chemical Reactions | p. 55 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 55 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 55 |
Chemical Formulas | p. 56 |
Writing and Naming Chemical Formulas | p. 59 |
Chemical Equations | p. 65 |
Balancing a Chemical Equation | p. 65 |
Classifying Chemical Reactions | p. 68 |
Additional Material | p. 72 |
Other Ways of Naming Ionic Compounds | p. 72 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 72 |
Chemical Calculations | p. 79 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 80 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 80 |
Introduction | p. 81 |
Atomic Mass | p. 81 |
The Formula Mass of a Substance | p. 83 |
The Mole Concept and Molar Mass | p. 84 |
Problems Involving a Single Substance | p. 84 |
Problems Involving Chemical Equations | p. 88 |
Additional Material | p. 89 |
Converting Between Moles and Numbers of Particles | p. 89 |
Empirical Formula from Percent Composition | p. 90 |
Mole-Mass Problems | p. 91 |
Mass-Mass Problems | p. 92 |
Percent Yield | p. 93 |
Limiting Reactants | p. 94 |
End-of Chapter Questions | p. 96 |
Energy and Chemical Reactions | p. 105 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 105 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 105 |
Energy and its Measurement | p. 107 |
Heat of Reaction | p. 109 |
Potential Energy Diagrams | p. 110 |
Spontaneous Reactions | p. 112 |
Additional Material | p. 114 |
Additional Calorimetry Problems | p. 114 |
Transfer of Energy and Equilibrium Temperature | p. 115 |
The Role of Energy in Chemical Reactions | p. 117 |
Additional Aspects of Heats of Reaction | p. 118 |
The Second Law of Thermodynamics | p. 123 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 125 |
The Phases of Matter | p. 135 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 136 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 136 |
Introduction | p. 137 |
Gases | p. 137 |
The Gas Laws | p. 139 |
The Kinetic-Molecular Theory (KMT) of Gas Behavior | p. 150 |
Liquids | p. 152 |
Solids | p. 154 |
Change of Phase | p. 154 |
Additional Material | p. 157 |
Measuring Gas Pressure in the Laboratory | p. 157 |
The Ideal (Universal) Gas Law | p. 159 |
The Density of an Ideal Gas at STP | p. 161 |
Gases and Chemical Reactions | p. 163 |
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures | p. 164 |
Graham's Law of Effusion (Diffusion) | p. 166 |
Gases Collected over Water | p. 167 |
Additional Fusion and Vaporization Problems | p. 169 |
Phase Diagrams | p. 170 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 172 |
Nuclear Chemistry | p. 183 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 184 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 184 |
Nuclear Particles | p. 186 |
Nuclear Equations | p. 186 |
Natural Radioactivity and Radioactive Decay | p. 187 |
Half-Life | p. 189 |
Uses of Radioisotopes | p. 190 |
Induced Nuclear Reactions | p. 191 |
Additional Material | p. 193 |
The Uranium-238 Decay Series | p. 193 |
Isomeric Transition | p. 194 |
Detection and Measurement of Radioactivity | p. 195 |
Solving Radioactive Decay Problems | p. 195 |
Particle Accelerators | p. 197 |
Fission Reactors | p. 197 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 200 |
The Electronic Structure of Atoms | p. 209 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 209 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 209 |
Introduction | p. 211 |
The Bohr Model of the Atom | p. 211 |
The Modern (Wave-Mechanical) Model | p. 214 |
Valence Electrons | p. 214 |
Lewis Structures (Electron-Dot Diagrams) | p. 215 |
Additional Material | p. 216 |
Atomic Orbitals and Sublevels | p. 216 |
Electron Configurations of Atoms | p. 218 |
Lewis Structures and Atomic Orbitals | p. 223 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 225 |
Chemical Periodicity | p. 231 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 231 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 231 |
Introduction | p. 233 |
The Periodic Table in History | p. 234 |
The Modern Periodic Table | p. 234 |
Properties Associated with Periodicity | p. 235 |
Variation of Periodic Properties Among the Elements | p. 238 |
The Chemistry of the Representative Groups | p. 246 |
The Chemistry of a Period | p. 248 |
Additional Material | p. 248 |
Sublevels and the Periodic Table | p. 248 |
Successive Ionization Energies | p. 249 |
Electron Affinity | p. 249 |
Additional Aspects of First Ionization Energy | p. 249 |
Variation of Successive Ionization Energies | p. 250 |
Synthetic Elements | p. 251 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 253 |
Chemical Bonding and Molecular Shape | p. 259 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 260 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 260 |
Bonding and Stability | p. 262 |
Ionic Bonding | p. 263 |
Covalent Bonding | p. 265 |
Electronegativity and Bonding | p. 266 |
Drawing the Lewis Structures of Covalent Molecules and Polyatomic Ions | p. 267 |
Network Solids | p. 270 |
Metallic Substances | p. 270 |
Dipoles and Polar Molecules | p. 271 |
Polarity and Molecular Symmetry | p. 272 |
Intermolecular Forces | p. 273 |
Physical and Chemical Properties of Bonded Substances: A Summary | p. 277 |
Additional Material | p. 278 |
Resonance Structures | p. 278 |
Additional Topics in Bonding | p. 280 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 290 |
Organic Chemistry | p. 297 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 298 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 298 |
Organic Chemistry Is ... ? | p. 299 |
Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Compounds | p. 300 |
Hydrocarbons and Homologous Series | p. 301 |
Functional Groups | p. 308 |
Organic Reactions | p. 314 |
Additional Material | p. 317 |
Stereoisomerism | p. 317 |
The Benzene Series | p. 318 |
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Alcohols | p. 319 |
Dihydroxy and Trihodroxy Alcohols | p. 320 |
Types of Polymerization | p. 320 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 322 |
Solutions and Their Properties | p. 329 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 330 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 330 |
A Solution Is ... ? | p. 331 |
Saturated and Unsaturated Solutions | p. 332 |
Solubility | p. 332 |
Concentrations of Solutions | p. 335 |
Effect of the Solute on the Solvent | p. 340 |
Behavior of Electrolytes in Solution | p. 340 |
Additional Material | p. 341 |
Mole Fraction | p. 341 |
Molality | p. 342 |
Dilution of Stock Solutions | p. 343 |
Solutions and Chemical Equations | p. 344 |
Calculating the Freezing and Boiling Points of Solutions | p. 345 |
Suspensions and Colloidal Dispersions | p. 346 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 348 |
Kinetics and Equalibrium | p. 355 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 355 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 355 |
Chemical Kinetics | p. 357 |
Reversible Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium | p. 359 |
Phase Equilibrium | p. 360 |
Solution Equilibrium | p. 361 |
Chemical Equilibrium | p. 361 |
Additional Material | p. 365 |
The Common-Ion Effect | p. 365 |
Heterogeneous Equilibrium | p. 366 |
The Equilibrium Constant (Keq) | p. 366 |
Problems Involving the Equilibrium Constant | p. 369 |
Applications of Chemical Equilibrium | p. 372 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 373 |
Acids and Bases | p. 385 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 385 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 385 |
Operational Definitions of Acids and Bases | p. 387 |
Arrhenius Definitions of Acids and Bases | p. 389 |
Acid-Base Titration | p. 389 |
Brönsted-Lowry Definitions of Acids and Bases | p. 392 |
The pH Scale of Acidity and Basicity | p. 394 |
Acid-Base Indicators | p. 395 |
Additional Material | p. 396 |
Amphiprotic (Amphoteric) Substances | p. 396 |
Acid-Base Equilibria | p. 396 |
Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs | p. 398 |
Neutralization (Revisited) | p. 399 |
Strengths of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs | p. 400 |
Ionization Constants of Acids and Bases (Ka and Kb) | p. 401 |
Ionization Constant of Water (Kw) | p. 403 |
A More Detailed Look at pH and pOH | p. 404 |
Hydrolysis of Salts in Aqueous Solutions | p. 407 |
Acid-Base Properties of Oxides | p. 409 |
Lewis Definitions of Acids and Bases | p. 409 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 410 |
Reducation-oxidation(Redox) and Electrochemistry | p. 417 |
Basic (Regents-Level) Material | p. 417 |
NYS Regents Concepts and Skills | p. 417 |
What Are Oxidation and Reduction? | p. 419 |
Formal Definitions of Oxidation and Reduction | p. 420 |
Redox Equations | p. 421 |
Spontaneous Redox Reactions | p. 422 |
Electrochemical Cells | p. 425 |
Additional Material | p. 428 |
Balancing Redox Equations by the Half-ReactionMethod | p. 428 |
Balancing Redox Equations by the Ion-ElectronMethod | p. 429 |
Half-Cell Potentials and Cell Voltage | p. 432 |
The Standard Hydrogen Half-Cell | p. 434 |
Electrolysis of Water and Aqueous NaCl (Brine) | p. 435 |
Electroplating | p. 436 |
Additional Applications of Redox and Electrochemistry | p. 436 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 438 |
The Chemistry Laboratory | p. 447 |
Introduction | p. 447 |
Safety Procedures | p. 448 |
Using Measuring Devices | p. 448 |
Basic Laboratory Skills | p. 449 |
Identification of Common Laboratory Apparatus | p. 449 |
Basic Laboratory Activities | p. 451 |
The Role of Color in Identifying Substances | p. 452 |
Guidelines for Laboratory Reports | p. 454 |
End-of-Chapter Questions | p. 454 |
Glossary | p. 465 |
New York State Regents Reference Tables For Chemistry | p. 479 |
Additional Reference Tables For Chemistry | p. 493 |
Answers To End-Of-Chapter Questions | p. 505 |
Answering Constructed-Response Questions | p. 523 |
The New York State Examination In Chemistry | p. 533 |
June 2011 Regents Examination | p. 535 |
Answers To Regents Examination | p. 66 |
Index | p. 567 |
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