Literature Reading, Reacting, Writing (with Lit21 CD-ROM Version 1.5)

by Kirszner, Laurie G.; Mandell, Stephen R.

• ISBN13: 9781413006407
• ISBN10: 141300640X
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-10-10
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

The first three-genre introduction to literature text to address the changing canon is now the first to include a comprehensive guide for writing about literature-with full coverage of critical thinking, argument, and the writing process. Teachers themselves, Kirszner & Mandell take students through each step of the research and writing process, helping them to craft literary analyses and arguments and to understand that writing about literature is a process of discovery, examination, and debate. Combining the broadest selection of literature available with time-proven and class-tested instruction, LITERATURE: READING, REACTING, WRITING, Sixth Edition, remains the most useful and student-friendly introduction to literature text available.

Table of Contents

Preface	xl
Understanding Literature	1	(14)
Imaginative Literature	1	(2)
Conventional Themes	3	(1)
The Literary Canon	4	(1)
All about Suicide	5	(1)
Luisa Valenzuela
Telephone Conversation	6	(1)
Wole Soyinka
Interpreting Literature	7	(2)
Evaluating Literature	9	(3)
The Function of Literary Criticism	12	(3)
Checklist: Evaluating Literary Criticism	13	(2)
Reading and Writing About Literature	15	(26)
Reading Literature	15	(2)
Previewing	15	(1)
Highlighting	16	(1)
Checklist: Using Highlighting Symbols	17	(1)
My Arkansas	17	(2)
Maya Angelou
Annotating	18	(1)
Writing about Literature	19	(22)
Planning an Essay	19	(7)
Drafting an Essay	26	(1)
Revising and Editing an Essay	27	(4)
Checklist: Using Sources	31	(2)
Checklist: Conventions of Writing about Literature	33	(1)
Exercise: Two Student Papers	34	(1)
Student Paper: Initiation into Adulthood	35	(3)
Student Paper: Hard Choices	38	(3)
Fiction	41	(724)
Understanding Fiction	43	(14)
Defining Fiction	43	(1)
The Short Story	44	(1)
Sleepy Time Gal	45	(3)
Gary Gildner
Happy Endings	48	(3)
Margaret Atwood
A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease	51	(5)
Jonathan Safran Foer
A Final Note	56	(1)
Reading and Writing About Fiction	57	(25)
Reading Fiction	57	(1)
Active Reading	58	(1)
The Secret Lion	58	(6)
Alberto Alvaro Rios
Writing about Fiction	64	(18)
Planning an Essay	64	(4)
Drafting an Essay	68	(1)
Student Paper: Symbols in ``The Secret Lion'' (First Draft)	69	(3)
Revising and Editing an Essay	72	(1)
Student Paper: Symbols in ``The Secret Lion'' (Second Draft)	73	(4)
Student Paper: ``The Secret Lion'': Everything Changes (Final Draft)	77	(5)
Plot	82	(39)
Conflict	83	(1)
Stages of Plot	83	(1)
Order and Sequence	84	(1)
A Final Note	85	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Plot	85	(1)
The Story of an Hour	86	(3)
Kate Chopin
Once upon a Time	89	(6)
Nadine Gordimer
Kansas	95	(6)
Stephen Dobyns
A Rose for Emily	101	(8)
William Faulkner
How to Talk to Your Mother (Notes)	109	(12)
Lorrie Moore
Writing Suggestions: Plot	118	(3)
Character	121	(50)
Round and Flat Characters	122	(1)
Dynamic and Static Characters	123	(1)
Motivation	123	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Character	124	(1)
A&P	124	(6)
John Updike
Miss Brill	130	(5)
Katherine Mansfield
Gryphon	135	(13)
Charles Baxter
The Third and Final Continent	148	(15)
Jhumpa Lahiri
The Swing	163	(8)
Mary Ladd Gavell
Writing Suggestions: Character	169	(2)
Setting	171	(51)
Historical Setting	172	(1)
Geographical Setting	173	(1)
Physical Setting	173	(2)
Checklist: Writing about Setting	175	(1)
The Storm	175	(5)
Kate Chopin
This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona	180	(10)
Sherman Alexie
Battle Royal	190	(12)
Ralph Ellison
I Stand Here Ironing	202	(8)
Tillie Olsen
Cowboys Are My Weakness	210	(12)
Pam Houston
Writing Suggestions: Setting	220	(2)
Point of View	222	(54)
First-Person Narrators	223	(1)
Unreliable Narrators	224	(1)
Third-Person Narrators	225	(2)
Omniscient Narrators	225	(1)
Limited Omniscient Narrators	226	(1)
Objective Narrators	227	(1)
Selecting an Appropriate Point of View	227	(5)
Limited Omniscient Point of View	228	(1)
First-Person Point of View (Child)	228	(1)
First-Person Point of View (Adult)	229	(1)
Omniscient Point of View	229	(1)
Objective Point of View	230	(1)
Checklist: Selecting An Appropriate Point of View: Review	231	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Point of View	231	(1)
Big Black Good Man	232	(11)
Richard Wright
The Cask of Amontillado	243	(6)
Edgar Allan Poe
Barn Burning	249	(15)
William Faulkner
Chin	264	(6)
Gish Jen
Looking for a Rain God	270	(6)
Bessie Head
Writing Suggestions: Point of View	274	(2)
Style, Tone, and Language	276	(54)
Style and Tone	276	(1)
The Uses of Language	277	(2)
Formal and Informal Diction	279	(1)
Imagery	280	(1)
Figures of Speech	281	(1)
A Final Note	281	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Style, Tone, and Language	282	(1)
Araby	282	(6)
James Joyce
The Littoral Zone	288	(9)
Andrea Barrett
A Clean, Well-Lighted Place	297	(5)
Ernest Hemingway
A Good Man Is Hard to Find	302	(12)
Flannery O'Connor
The Things They Carried	314	(16)
Tim O'Brien
Writing Suggestions: Style, Tone, and Language	328	(2)
Symbol and Allegory	330	(51)
Symbol	330	(3)
Literary Symbols	331	(1)
Recognizing Symbols	332	(1)
Allegory	333	(2)
Checklist: Writing about Symbol and Allegory	335	(1)
Young Goodman Brown	335	(11)
Nathaniel Hawthorne
The Lottery	346	(8)
Shirley Jackson
Everyday Use	354	(7)
Alice Walker
Cathedral	361	(12)
Raymond Carver
Dog	373	(8)
Richard Russo
Writing Suggestions: Symbol and Allegory	380	(1)
Theme	381	(64)
Interpreting Themes	382	(1)
Identifying Themes	383	(3)
Checklist: Writing about Theme	385	(1)
Doe Season	386	(12)
David Michael Kaplan
The Rocking-Horse Winner	398	(13)
D.H. Lawrence
Seventeen Syllables	411	(11)
Hisaye Yamamoto
A Worn Path	422	(7)
Eudora Welty
The Fireman	429	(16)
Rick Bass
Writing Suggestions: Theme	443	(2)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ``The Yellow Wallpaper'': A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing	445	(47)
The Yellow Wallpaper	447	(15)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Why I Wrote ``The Yellow Wallpaper''	462	(1)
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Scudder's Comment on ``The Yellow Wallpaper''	463	(1)
Elaine R. Hedges
from The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination	464	(2)
Sandra M. Gilbert
Susan Gubar
from To Herland and Beyond: The Life and Works of Charlotte Perkins Gilman	466	(4)
Ann J. Lane
from The Diaries of Charlotte Perkins Gilman	470	(6)
Denise D. Knight
from Gilman's Arabesque Wallpaper	476	(2)
Marty Roth
Petition to the New Jersey Legislature	478	(1)
Lucy Stone
Antoinette Brown Blackwell
Judiciary Committee of the New Jersey Assembly, Response to the Petition by Lucy Stone and Antoinette Brown Blackwell	479	(2)
Postpartum Depression	481	(2)
Lise M. Stevens
Beyond the Village Pale	483	(9)
Patricia J. Williams
Topics for Further Research	485	(1)
Student Paper: Confinement and Escape in Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ``The Yellow Wallpaper''	486	(6)
Joyce Carol Oates's ``Where are you Going, where have you Been?'': A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing	492	(49)
Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?	494	(15)
Joyce Carol Oates
When Characters from the Page Are Made Flesh on the Screen	509	(3)
Joyce Carol Oates
from In Fairyland, without a Map: Connie's Exploration Inward in Joyce Carol Oates's ``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?''	512	(3)
Gretchen Schulz
R. J. R. Rockwood
from Connie's Tambourine Man: A New Reading of Arnold Friend	515	(4)
Mike Tierce
John Michael Crafton
It's All Over Now, Baby Blue	519	(1)
Bob Dylan
from a review of ``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been: Selected Early Stories''	519	(3)
Laura Kalpakian
from Oates's ``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?''	522	(2)
Stephen Slimp
from The Pied Piper of Tucson	524	(5)
Don Moser
The Pied Piper of Hamelin	529	(2)
Anonymous
Little Red Riding Hood	531	(10)
Charles Perrault
Topics for Further Research	532	(2)
Student Paper: Mesmerizing Men and Vulnerable Teens: Power Relationships in ``Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?'' and ``Teenage Wasteland''	534	(7)
Fiction for Further Reading	541	(224)
Dead Man's Path	541	(2)
Chinua Achebe
The Lesson	543	(6)
Toni Cade Bambara
A City of Churches	549	(2)
Donald Barthelme
Hold Tight	551	(5)
Amy Bloom
Greasy Lake	556	(7)
T. Coraghessan Boyle
The Carnival Dog, the Buyer of Diamonds	563	(9)
Ethan Canin
The Open Boat	572	(17)
Stephen Crane
Aguantado	589	(10)
Junot Diaz
The Disappearance	599	(5)
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
Fleur	604	(10)
Louise Erdrich
A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings	614	(4)
Gabriel Garcia Marquez
Same Place, Same Things	618	(11)
Tim Gautreaux
The Birthmark	629	(12)
Nathaniel Hawthorne
Domestic Help	641	(3)
Raj Kamal Jha
Saboteur	644	(8)
Ha Jin
Eveline	652	(3)
James Joyce
Girl	655	(1)
Jamaica Kincaid
The German Refugee	656	(9)
Bernard Malamud
Bartleby, the Scrivener	665	(25)
Herman Melville
Boys and Girls	690	(10)
Alice Munro
B. Wordsworth	700	(5)
V.S. Naipaul
Shopping	705	(9)
Joyce Carol Oates
Good Country People	714	(13)
Flannery O'Connor
The Jilting of Granny Weatherall	727	(6)
Katherine Anne Porter
Fifteen Minutes in the Life of Larry Weller	733	(7)
Carol Shields
The Chrysanthemums	740	(8)
John Steinbeck
Two Kinds	748	(8)
Amy Tan
Teenage Wasteland	756	(9)
Anne Tyler
Poetry	765	(522)
Understanding Poetry	767	(8)
Poetry	767	(1)
Marianne Moore
Poetry	768	(1)
Nikki Giovanni
Ars Poetica	769	(1)
Archibald MacLeish
Defining Poetry	770	(1)
That time of year thou mayst in me behold	771	(1)
William Shakespeare
I walk in the old street	771	(1)
Louis Zukofsky
1(a	772	(1)
E.E. Cummings
Reading Poetry	773	(1)
Recognizing Kinds of Poetry	773	(2)
Narrative Poetry	773	(1)
Lyric Poetry	774	(1)
Discovering Themes in Poetry	775	(26)
A Woman Mourned by Daughters	775	(2)
Adrienne Rich
Photograph of my Father in His Twenty-Second Year	777	(1)
Raymond Carver
My Father in the Navy: A Childhood Memory	777	(1)
Judith Ortiz Cofer
Poems about Parents	778	(1)
My Papa's Waltz	778	(1)
Theodore Roethke
Do not go gentle into that good night	779	(1)
Dylan Thomas
My Mama moved among the days	780	(1)
Lucille Clifton
Those Winter Sundays	780	(1)
Robert Hayden
Digging	780	(1)
Seamus Heaney
My Father's Song	781	(1)
Simon J. Ortiz
My Father	782	(1)
Yehuda Amichai
The Boy Beheld His Mother's Past	782	(1)
Jill Bialosky
Poems about Love	783	(1)
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love	783	(1)
Christopher Marlowe
The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd	784	(1)
Sir Walter Raleigh
There is a garden in her face	785	(1)
Thomas Campion
My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun	785	(1)
William Shakespeare
Meeting at Night	786	(1)
Robert Browning
Parting at Morning	786	(1)
Robert Browning
How Do I Love Thee?	786	(1)
Elizabeth Barrett Browning
What Lips My Lips Have Kissed	787	(1)
Edna St. Vincent Millay
Stop all the clocks, cut off the telephone	787	(1)
W.H. Auden
General Review of the Sex Situation	788	(1)
Dorothy Parker
Wreath for a Bridal	788	(1)
Sylvia Plath
A Pink Wool Knitted Dress	789	(1)
Ted Hughes
Poems about War	790	(1)
The Soldier	791	(1)
Rupert Brooke
Anthem for Doomed Youth	791	(1)
Wilfred Owen
An Irish Airman Foresees His Death	792	(1)
William Butler Yeats
For the Union Dead	792	(2)
Robert Lowell
What Were They Like?	794	(1)
Denise Levertov
On the Notion of Tenderness in Wartime	795	(1)
Carl Phillips
How Did They Kill My Grandmother?	795	(2)
Boris Slutsky
Goodnight Saigon	797	(1)
Billy Joel
Facing It	798	(1)
Yusef Komunyakaa
The End and the Beginning	799	(2)
Wislawa Szymborska
Reading and Writing About Poetry	801	(21)
Reading Poetry	801	(1)
Active Reading	802	(1)
Those Winter Sundays	802	(1)
Robert Hayden
Digging	803	(1)
Seamus Heaney
Writing about Poetry	804	(4)
Planning an Essay	804	(3)
Drafting an Essay	807	(1)
Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (First Draft)	808	(5)
Revising and Editing an Essay	812	(1)
Student Paper: A Comparison of Two Poems about Fathers (Second Draft)	813	(4)
Student Paper: Digging For Memories (Final Draft)	817	(5)
Voice	822	(43)
I'm nobody! Who are you?	823	(1)
Emily Dickinson
The Speaker in the Poem	823	(1)
Gretel in Darkness	824	(1)
Louise Gluck
My Grandmother Would Rock Quietly and Hum	825	(2)
Leonard Adame
Negro	827	(1)
Langston Hughes
My Last Duchess	828	(2)
Robert Browning
Where Mountain Lion Lay Down with Deer	830	(1)
Leslie Marmon Silko
Suicide Note	831	(2)
Janice Mirikitani
An Idle Thought	833	(2)
Deborah Garrison
Nice Car, Camille	835	(1)
James Tate
The Shipfitter's Wife	836	(1)
Dorianne Laux
The Tone of the Poem	837	(1)
Fire and Ice	837	(1)
Robert Frost
The Man He Killed	838	(1)
Thomas Hardy
Patterns	839	(3)
Amy Lowell
Try to Praise the Mutilated World	842	(1)
Adam Zagajewski
The World Is Too Much with Us	843	(1)
William Wordsworth
Morning Song	844	(1)
Sylvia Plath
To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time	845	(1)
Robert Herrick
The Grammar Lesson	846	(1)
Steve Kowit
Irony	847	(1)
Porphyria's Lover	847	(2)
Robert Browning
Ozymandias	849	(1)
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Hope	850	(2)
Ariel Dorfman
The Unknown Citizen	852	(1)
W.H. Auden
Cinderella	853	(4)
Anne Sexton
Ballad of Birmingham	857	(1)
Dudley Randall
How to Write the Great American Indian Novel	858	(2)
Sherman Alexie
What We Heard about the Japanese	860	(1)
Rachel Rose
What the Japanese Perhaps Heard	861	(4)
Rachel Rose
Checklist: Writing about Voice	863	(1)
Writing Suggestions: Voice	863	(2)
Word Choice, Word Order	865	(32)
Words, Words, Words	865	(1)
Sipho Sepamla
Word Choice	866	(2)
When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer	868	(1)
Walt Whitman
For the Grave of Daniel Boone	869	(2)
William Stafford
Autumn Begins in Martins Ferry, Ohio	871	(1)
James Wright
Living in Sin	872	(1)
Adrienne Rich
in Just	873	(2)
E.E. Cummings
ABC	875	(1)
Robert Pinksky
I Knew a Woman	875	(2)
Theodore Roethke
Levels of Diction	877	(1)
The City Planners	877	(1)
Margaret Atwood
Baca Grande	878	(2)
Jim Sagel
Sears Life	880	(1)
Wanda Coleman
The Value of Education	881	(1)
Mark Halliday
The Faithful Wife	882	(1)
Barbara L. Greenberg
For the Student Strikers	883	(1)
Richard Wilbur
Dog Fight	884	(2)
Charles Bukowski
Dialect	886	(1)
Gracie	886	(1)
Faye Kicknosway
John Anderson My Jo	887	(1)
Robert Burns
We Real Cool	888	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks
Word Order	889	(1)
One day I wrote her name upon the strand	889	(2)
Edmund Spenser
anyone lived in a pretty how town	891	(1)
E.E. Cummings
To an Athlete Dying Young	892	(1)
A.E. Housman
My Life had stood---a Loaded Gun---	893	(4)
Emily Dickinson
Checklist: Writing about Word Choice and Word Order	894	(1)
Writing Suggestions: Word Choice, Word Order	895	(2)
Imagery	897	(19)
Cloud Painter	898	(2)
Jane Flanders
Red Wheelbarrow	900	(1)
William Carlos Williams
In a Station of the Metro	901	(1)
Ezra Pound
Some Good Things to Be Said for the Iron Age	901	(1)
Gary Snyder
The Meal	902	(1)
Suzanne E. Berger
The Great Figure	903	(2)
William Carlos Williams
Sleepless at Crown Point	905	(1)
Richard Wilbur
Division	905	(1)
Michael Chitwood
Washing Rice	906	(1)
Lam Thi My Da
The Alley of Flowers	906	(2)
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
Man on a Fire Escape	908	(1)
Edward Hirsch
Vignette	909	(1)
Maxine Kumin
Valentine's Afternoon	910	(1)
Michael McFee
Nothing Gold Can Stay	911	(1)
Robert Frost
Reapers	911	(1)
Jean Toomer
Dulce et Decorum Est	912	(4)
Wilfred Owen
Checklist: Writing about Imagery	914	(1)
Writing Suggestions: Imagery	914	(2)
Figures of Speech	916	(32)
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?	917	(1)
William Shakespeare
Simile, Metaphor, and Personification	917	(1)
Harlem	918	(1)
Langston Hughes
Constantly Risking Absurdity	919	(1)
Lawrence Ferlinghetti
Rooming houses are old women	920	(1)
Audre Lorde
Oh, my love is like a red, red rose	921	(1)
Robert Burns
Ex-Basketball Player	922	(1)
John Updike
The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner	923	(1)
Randall Jarrell
The Secretary Chant	924	(1)
Marge Piercy
A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning	925	(2)
John Donne
Natural History	927	(1)
E.B. White
A Bouquet	928	(1)
Bei Dao
My Father as a Guitar	929	(1)
Martin Espada
Kangaroo	930	(1)
Mary Jo Salter
Hyperbole and Understatement	931	(1)
Daddy	932	(2)
Sylvia Plath
Holes Commence Falling	934	(2)
David Huddle
To My Dear and Loving Husband	936	(1)
Anne Bradstreet
To His Coy Mistress	936	(2)
Andrew Marvell
``Out, Out---''	938	(2)
Robert Frost
My Son, My Executioner	940	(1)
Donald Hall
you fit into me	941	(1)
Margaret Atwood
Spring Elegy	941	(1)
Sherod Santos
Metonymy and Synecdoche	942	(1)
To Lucasta Going to the Wars	942	(1)
Richard Lovelace
Henry Clay's Mouth	943	(1)
Thomas Lux
Apostrophe	944	(1)
On Passing thru Morgantown, Pa	944	(1)
Sonia Sanchez
A Supermarket in California	944	(4)
Allen Ginsberg
Checklist: Writing about Figures of Speech	946	(1)
Writing Suggestions: Figures of Speech	946	(2)
Sound	948	(28)
Had I the Choice	949	(1)
Walt Whitman
Rhythm	949	(1)
Sadie and Maud	950	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks
Meter	951	(3)
I like to see it lap the Miles---	954	(2)
Emily Dickinson
Aunt Jennifer's Tigers	956	(1)
Adrienne Rich
For Malcolm, a Year After	957	(1)
Etheridge Knigth
Alliteration and Assonance	958	(1)
The Eagle	959	(1)
Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Comparatives	960	(1)
N. Scott Momaday
Delight in Disorder	961	(1)
Robert Herrick
Rhyme	961	(1)
The Lama	962	(1)
Ogden Nash
A Sketch	963	(2)
Richard Wilbur
Further Reading: Alliteration, Assonance, and Rhyme	965	(1)
Pied Beauty	965	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins
As I Walked Out One Evening	966	(2)
W.H. Auden
Nobody's Fool	968	(1)
Kelly Cherry
A Mown Lawn	969	(1)
Lydia Davis
Pitcher	970	(1)
Robert Francis
A Parting Gift	971	(1)
Alan Shapiro
The Beginning	972	(1)
Mona Van Duyn
Jabberwocky	972	(4)
Lewis Carroll
Checklist: Writing about Sound	974	(1)
Writing Suggestions: Sound	974	(2)
Form	976	(36)
On the Sonnet	977	(1)
John Keats
Sonnet	977	(2)
Billy Collins
Closed Form	979	(1)
Blank Verse	979	(1)
Stanza	979	(2)
The Sonnet	981	(1)
When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes	981	(1)
William Shakespeare
The White City	982	(1)
Claude McKay
On First Looking into Chapman's Homer	983	(2)
John Keats
First Fight. Then Fiddle	985	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks
Minimalist Sonnet: Summer Virus	985	(1)
Mona Van Duyn
The Sestina	986	(1)
Nani	986	(2)
Alberto Alvaro Rios
Sestina	988	(1)
Elizabeth Bishop
The Villanelle	989	(1)
The Waking	989	(2)
Theodore Roethke
In Memory of Donald A. Stauffer	991	(1)
William Meredith
The Epigram	991	(1)
What Is an Epigram?	991	(1)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Her Whole Life Is an Epigram	991	(1)
William Blake
Why I Went to College	992	(1)
Martin Espada
Haiku	992	(1)
Widow's Lament	993	(1)
Richard Brautigan
Four Haiku	993	(1)
Matsuo Basho
After Basho	994	(1)
Carolyn Kizer
Open Form	994	(1)
Chicago	995	(1)
Carl Sandburg
Life Is a Nice Place	996	(1)
Louise Gluck
the sky was can dy	997	(1)
E.E. Cummings
from Out of the Cradle Endlessly Rocking	998	(1)
Walt Whitman
Sleep	999	(1)
Diane Wakoski
Monet's ``Waterlilies''	1000	(1)
Robert Hayden
Spring and All	1001	(2)
William Carlos Williams
The Colonel	1003	(1)
Carolyn Forche
Immigrants	1004	(1)
Pat Mora
Christopher Robin	1005	(1)
Czeslaw Milosz
Concrete Poetry	1006	(1)
Women	1006	(1)
May Swenson
Easter Wings	1007	(1)
George Herbert
Group Photo with Winter Trees	1008	(4)
Greg Williamson
Checklist: Writing about Form	1009	(1)
Writing Suggestions: Form	1009	(3)
Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth	1012	(27)
The Sick Rose	1012	(1)
William Blake
Symbol	1013	(1)
For Once, Then, Something	1013	(1)
Robert Frost
Child's Grave, Hale Country, Alabama	1014	(2)
Jim Simmerman
Volcanoes be in Sicily	1016	(1)
Emily Dickinson
Island	1017	(1)
Langston Hughes
Night Crow	1018	(1)
Theodore Roethke
Allegory	1018	(1)
Uphill	1019	(1)
Christina Rossetti
Diving into the Wreck	1019	(3)
Adrienne Rich
Allusion	1022	(1)
Future Plans	1022	(2)
Wole Soyinka
Dreams of Suicide	1024	(1)
William Meredith
The True-Blue American	1025	(1)
Delmore Schwartz
Myth	1026	(1)
Yet Do I Marvel	1027	(1)
Countee Cullen
Windigo	1028	(1)
Louise Erdrich
Leda and the Swan	1029	(1)
William Butler Yeats
Sea Grapes	1030	(2)
Derek Walcott
Musee des Beaux Arts	1032	(1)
W.H. Auden
Journey of the Magi	1033	(2)
T.S. Eliot
The Fathers	1035	(4)
Elizabeth Holmes
Checklist: Writing about Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth	1036	(1)
Writing Suggestions: Symbol, Allegory, Allusion, Myth	1037	(2)
The Poetry of Emily Dickinson: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing	1039	(59)
Success is counted sweetest	1043	(2)
Emily Dickinson
``Faith'' is a fine invention	1045	(1)
Emily Dickinson
I taste a liquor never brewed---	1045	(1)
Emily Dickinson
Safe in their Alabaster Chambers---	1045	(1)
Emily Dickinson
``Heaven''---is what I cannot reach!	1046	(1)
Emily Dickinson
Wild Nights---Wild Nights!	1046	(1)
Emily Dickinson
The Soul selects her own Society---	1046	(1)
Emily Dickinson
Nature---sometimes sears a Sapling	1047	(1)
Emily Dickinson
Some keep the Sabbath going to Church---	1047	(1)
Emily Dickinson
After great pain, a formal feeling comes---	1047	(1)
Emily Dickinson
I read my sentence---steadily---	1048	(1)
Emily Dickinson
We grow accustomed to the Dark---	1048	(1)
Emily Dickinson
Much Madness is divinest Sense---	1049	(1)
Emily Dickinson
This is my letter to the World	1049	(1)
Emily Dickinson
I heard a Fly buzz---when I died---	1049	(1)
Emily Dickinson
The Brain---is wider than the Sky---	1050	(1)
Emily Dickinson
I dwell in Possibility---	1050	(1)
Emily Dickinson
One need not be a Chamber---to be Haunted---	1051	(1)
Emily Dickinson
Because I could not stop for Death---	1051	(1)
Emily Dickinson
The Only News I know	1052	(1)
Emily Dickinson
I never saw a Moor---	1052	(1)
Emily Dickinson
The Bustle in a House	1052	(1)
Emily Dickinson
Tell all the Truth but tell it slant---	1053	(1)
Emily Dickinson
There is no Frigate like a Book	1053	(1)
Emily Dickinson
That Love is all there is	1053	(2)
Emily Dickinson
from The Letters of Emily Dickinson	1055	(4)
Thomas H. Johnson
Theodora Ward
from Emily Dickinson and the Life of Language: A Study in Symbolic Poetics	1059	(4)
E. Miller Budick
from The Passion of Emily Dickinson	1063	(4)
Judith Farr
from The Life of Emily Dickinson	1067	(4)
Richard B. Sewall
from Positive as Sound: Emily Dickinson's Rhyme	1071	(2)
Judy Jo Small
from Emily Dickinson	1073	(3)
Allen Tate
Did a Bipolar Trait Bring a Turn for the Verse?	1076	(2)
Shankar Vedantam
from Vocation according to Dickinson	1078	(3)
Michael Ryan
from Comic Power in Emily Dickinson	1081	(5)
Suzanne Juhasz
Christanne Miller
Martha Nell Smith
Dickinson's ``Wild Nights!''	1086	(12)
James L. Dean
Topics for Further Research	1088	(2)
Student Paper: The Musicality of Emily Dickinson's Poetry	1090	(8)
The Poetry of Langston Hughes: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing	1098	(51)
The Negro Speaks of Rivers	1104	(1)
Langston Hughes
The Weary Blues	1104	(1)
Langston Hughes
I, Too	1105	(1)
Langston Hughes
Ballad of the Landlord	1105	(1)
Langston Hughes
Theme for English B	1106	(1)
Langston Hughes
Dream Boogie	1107	(1)
Langston Hughes
Birmingham Sunday (September 15, 1963)	1108	(1)
Langston Hughes
Old Walt	1109	(1)
Langston Hughes
Genius Child	1109	(1)
Langston Hughes
Park Bench	1110	(1)
Langston Hughes
Lenox Avenue: Midnight	1110	(1)
Langston Hughes
Un-American Investigators	1110	(1)
Langston Hughes
Dinner Guest: Me	1111	(1)
Langston Hughes
Ballad of Booker T	1112	(2)
Langston Hughes
from The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain	1114	(2)
Langston Hughes
To Negro Writers	1116	(1)
Langston Hughes
from My Adventures as a Social Poet	1117	(2)
Langston Hughes
from The Origins of Poetry in Langston Hughes	1119	(7)
Arnold Rampersad
from Dead Rocks and Sleeping Men: Aurality in the Aesthetic of Langston Hughes	1126	(3)
Herman Beavers
from ``Midnight Ruffles of Cat-Gut Lace'': The Boogie Poems of Langston Hughes	1129	(4)
Steven C. Tracy
from Do Right to Write Right: Langston Hughes's Aesthetics of Simplicity	1133	(5)
Karen Jackson Ford
from Langston Hughes and the `Other' Whitman	1138	(1)
George B. Hutchinson
Hughes's ``Genius Child''	1139	(3)
C.D. Rogers
Topics for Further Research	1140	(2)
Student Paper: Challenging the Father/Challenging the Self: Langston Hughes's `The Negro Speaks of Rivers'	1142	(7)
Poetry for Further Reading	1149	(107)
Defending Walt Whitman	1149	(1)
Sherman Alexie
Africa	1150	(1)
Maya Angelou
Bonny Barbara Allan	1151	(1)
Anonymous
Western Wind	1152	(1)
Anonymous
Dover Beach	1153	(1)
Matthew Arnold
Myrtle	1154	(1)
John Ashbery
Apollo	1154	(1)
Elizabeth Alexander
This Is a Photograph of Me	1155	(1)
Margaret Atwood
Whether or Not There Are Apples	1156	(1)
Robin Behn
The Fish	1157	(1)
Elizabeth Bishop
the Chimney Sweeper	1158	(1)
William Blake
The Lamb	1159	(1)
William Blake
London	1160	(1)
William Blake
To see a World in a Grain of Sand	1160	(1)
William Blake
The Tyger	1160	(1)
William Blake
The Emigrant Irish	1161	(1)
Eavan Boland
The Author to Her Book	1162	(1)
Anne Bradstreet
The Ballad of Rudolph Reed	1162	(2)
Gwendolyn Brooks
The Chicago Defender Sends a Man to Little Rock	1164	(2)
Gwendolyn Brooks
Medgar Evers	1166	(1)
Gwendolyn Brooks
She Walks in Beauty	1166	(1)
George Gordon
Lord Byron
Intellectual Heritage	1167	(1)
Shulamith Wechter Caine
Oysters	1167	(1)
Rafael Campo
In Memory of Jenny and Evelyn Who Were Playing When the Stoop Collapsed	1168	(1)
Phyllis Capello
the mississippi river empties into the gulf	1169	(1)
Lucille Clifton
Kubla Khan	1169	(2)
Samuel Taylor Coleridge
Lines Lost among Trees	1171	(1)
Billy Collins
To Brooklyn Bridge	1172	(1)
Hart Crane
Buffalo Bill's	1173	(1)
E.E. Cummings
next to of course god america	1173	(1)
E.E. Cummings
The Brides Come to Yuba City	1174	(1)
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni
Immigrant Picnic	1175	(1)
Gregory Djanikian
Batter My Heart, Three-Personed God	1176	(1)
John Donne
Death Be Not Proud	1177	(1)
John Donne
Song	1177	(1)
John Donne
A Display of Mackerel	1178	(1)
Mark Doty
The Satisfaction Coal Company	1179	(2)
Rita Dove
Waiting with Two Members of a Motorcycle Gang for My Child to Be Born	1181	(1)
Stephen Dunn
We Wear the Mask	1182	(1)
Paul Laurence Dunbar
The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock	1182	(4)
T.S. Eliot
Emmett Till	1186	(1)
James A. Emanuel
Indian Boarding School: The Runaways	1187	(1)
Louise Erdrich
Acquainted with the Night	1187	(1)
Robert Frost
Birches	1188	(1)
Robert Frost
Desert Places	1189	(1)
Robert Frost
Mending Wall	1190	(1)
Robert Frost
The Road Not Taken	1191	(1)
Robert Frost
Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening	1191	(1)
Robert Frost
Arbole, Arbole	1192	(1)
Federico Garcia Lorca
Please Fire Me	1193	(1)
Deborah Garrison
Nikki-Rosa	1194	(1)
Nikki Giovanni
I Was Taught Three	1195	(1)
Jorie Graham
Heat	1196	(1)
H.D.
Helen	1196	(1)
H.D.
I'm four, in itchy woolen leggings	1197	(1)
Marilyn Hacker
Thick and Thin	1197	(1)
Rachel Hadas
Morning Song	1198	(1)
Joy Harjo
The Convergence of the Twain	1198	(2)
Thomas Hardy
Homage to the Empress of the Blues	1200	(1)
Robert Hayden
Mid-Term Break	1200	(1)
Seamus Heaney
Anonymous	1201	(1)
Victor Hernandez Cruz
God's Grandeur	1201	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins
The Windhover	1202	(1)
Gerard Manley Hopkins
The Hongo Store 29 Miles Volcano Hilo, Hawaii	1203	(1)
Garrett Kaoru Hongo
Desert Island	1203	(1)
Andrew Hudgins
Visit	1204	(1)
Ted Hughes
On the Death of Friends in Childhood	1205	(1)
Donald Justice
School Letting Out	1206	(1)
Donald Justice
La Belle Dame sans Merci: A Ballad	1206	(2)
John Keats
Bright Star! Would I Were Steadfast as Thou Art	1208	(1)
John Keats
Ode on a Grecian Urn	1208	(2)
John Keats
When I Have Fears	1210	(1)
John Keats
On the Robbery across the Street	1210	(1)
Aron Keesbury
A Boy Goes into the World	1211	(1)
Jane Kenyon
Aubade	1212	(1)
Philip Larkin
The Gift	1213	(1)
Li-Young Lee
Llanto	1214	(1)
Philip Levine
Evening at the Shack	1214	(1)
Harry McCabe
If We Must Die	1215	(1)
Claude McKay
Page from the Koran	1215	(1)
James Merrill
For the Anniversary of My Death	1216	(1)
W.S. Merwin
When I consider how my light is spent	1216	(1)
John Milton
The United Fruit Co.	1217	(1)
Pablo Neruda
Pay-Per-View Etude	1218	(1)
Daniel Nester
The One Girl at the Boys' Party	1218	(1)
Sharon Olds
Rite of Passage	1219	(1)
Sharon Olds
Autobiographia Literaria	1220	(1)
Frank O'Hara
Alligator Poem	1220	(1)
Mary Oliver
Dates	1221	(1)
Michael Ondaatje
Once the two of us	1222	(1)
Gregory Orr
Claims	1222	(1)
Judith Ortiz Cofer
Ethics	1223	(1)
Linda Pastan
Marks	1224	(1)
Linda Pastan
Scott Wonders If His Daughter Will Understand Tragedy If He Kills Rock and Roll	1224	(1)
Lucia Maria Perillo
Barbie Doll	1225	(1)
Marge Piercy
The Friend	1225	(1)
Marge Piercy
If You Could Write One Great Poem, What Would You Want It to Be About?	1226	(1)
Robert Pinsky
Metaphors	1226	(1)
Sylvia Plath
Mirror	1227	(1)
Sylvia Plath
The River-Merchant's Wife: A Letter	1227	(1)
Ezra Pound
Naming of Parts	1228	(1)
Henry Reed
Miniver Cheevy	1229	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson
Richard Cory	1230	(1)
Edwin Arlington Robinson
That Will to Divest	1230	(1)
Kay Ryan
Fog	1231	(1)
Carl Sandburg
right on: white america	1231	(1)
Sonia Sanchez
Let me not to the marriage of true minds	1232	(1)
William Shakespeare
Not marble, nor the gilded monuments	1233	(1)
William Shakespeare
Ode to the West Wind	1233	(2)
Percy Bysshe Shelley
Spring	1235	(1)
Charles Simic
A Shearling Coat	1236	(1)
Louis Simpson
Not Waving but Drowning	1236	(1)
Stevie Smith
Lost Sister	1237	(1)
Cathy Song
Black Hair	1238	(1)
Gary Soto
Hamlet	1239	(1)
Wole Soyinka
Finding a Yiddish Paper on the Riverside Line	1240	(1)
Barry Spacks
Traveling through the Dark	1240	(1)
William Stafford
Anecdote of the Jar	1241	(1)
Wallace Stevens
The Emperor of Ice-Cream	1241	(1)
Wallace Stevens
Old Man Leaves Party	1242	(1)
Mark Strand
Aguacero	1242	(1)
Virgil Suarez
Ulysses	1243	(2)
Alfred
Lord Tennyson
Rainbow	1245	(1)
John Updike
My Mother Sews Blouses	1245	(1)
Gina Valdes
Lineage	1246	(1)
Margaret Walker
Go, lovely rose	1246	(1)
Edmund Waller
The Man from Washington	1247	(1)
James Welch
On Being Brought from Africa to America	1247	(1)
Phillis Wheatley
A Noiseless Patient Spider	1247	(1)
Walt Whitman
from Song of Myself	1248	(1)
Walt Whitman
Tantrum	1249	(1)
C.K. Williams
The Dance	1250	(1)
William Carlos Williams
Composed upon Westminster Bridge, September 3, 1802	1250	(1)
William Wordsworth
I wandered lonely as a cloud	1250	(1)
William Wordsworth
My heart leaps up when I behold	1251	(1)
William Wordsworth
She dwelt among the untrodden ways	1251	(1)
William Wordsworth
The Solitary Reaper	1252	(1)
William Wordsworth
Crazy Jane Talks with the Bishop	1253	(1)
William Butler Yeats
The Lake Isle of Innisfree	1253	(1)
William Butler Yeats
Sailing to Byzantium	1254	(1)
William Butler Yeats
The Second Coming	1255	(1)
William Butler Yeats
Biographical Sketches of Selected Poets	1256	(31)
Drama	1287	(854)
Understanding Drama	1289	(27)
Dramatic Literature	1289	(1)
Origins of the Modern Theater	1289	(9)
The Ancient Greek Theater	1289	(3)
The Elizabethan Theater	1292	(3)
The Modern Theater	1295	(3)
Kinds of Drama	1298	(5)
Tragedy	1298	(3)
Comedy	1301	(2)
A Note on Translations	1303	(2)
The Stronger	1305	(5)
August Strindberg
Beauty	1310	(6)
Jane Martin
Reading and Writing About Drama	1316	(20)
Reading Drama	1316	(2)
Active Reading	1317	(1)
Writing about Drama	1318	(18)
Planning an Essay	1318	(3)
Drafting an Essay	1321	(1)
Student Paper: The Women's Role in Trifles (First Draft)	1322	(2)
Revising and Editing an Essay	1324	(1)
Student Paper: Confinement and Rebellion in Trifles (Second Draft)	1325	(5)
Student Paper: Desperate Measures: Acts of Defiance in Trifles (Final Draft)	1330	(6)
Plot	1336	(121)
Plot Structure	1337	(1)
Plot and Subplot	1338	(1)
Plot Development	1338	(3)
Flashbacks	1339	(1)
Foreshadowing	1340	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Plot	1340	(1)
Trifles	1341	(13)
Susan Glaspell
True West	1354	(46)
Sam Shepard
A Doll House	1400	(57)
Henrik Ibsen
Writing Suggestions: Plot	1455	(2)
Character	1457	(181)
Characters' Words	1458	(6)
Formal and Informal Language	1460	(1)
Plain and Elaborate Style	1461	(1)
Tone	1462	(1)
Irony	1463	(1)
Characters' Actions	1464	(1)
Stage Directions	1464	(2)
Actors' Interpretations	1466	(2)
Checklist: Writing about Character	1467	(1)
The Brute	1468	(12)
Anton Chekov
Marty	1480	(27)
Paddy Chayefsky
Proof	1507	(55)
David Auburn
Death of a Salesman	1562	(76)
Arthur Miller
Writing Suggestions: Character	1636	(2)
Staging	1638	(128)
Stage Directions	1639	(1)
The Uses of Staging	1640	(2)
Costumes	1640	(1)
Props	1641	(1)
Scenery and Lighting	1641	(1)
Music and Sound Effects	1642	(1)
A Final Note	1642	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Staging	1643	(1)
The Cuban Swimmer	1643	(14)
Milcha Sanchez-Scott
Oedipus the King	1657	(42)
Sophocles
A Midsummer Night's Dream	1699	(67)
William Shakespeare
Writing Suggestions: Staging	1764	(2)
Theme	1766	(138)
Titles	1767	(1)
Conflicts	1767	(1)
Dialogue	1768	(1)
Characters	1769	(1)
Staging	1770	(1)
A Final Note	1770	(1)
Checklist: Writing about Theme	1770	(1)
Tender Offer	1771	(7)
Wendy Wasserstein
Wit	1778	(39)
Margaret Edson
Antigone	1817	(31)
Sophocles
Fences	1848	(56)
August Wilson
Writing Suggestions: Theme	1902	(2)
Tennessee Williams's The Glass Menagerie: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing	1904	(96)
The Glass Menagerie	1906	(52)
Tennessee Williams
Author's Production Notes (Preface to the Published Edition)	1958	(2)
Tennessee Williams
from ``The Angels of Fructification'': Tennessee Williams, Tony Kushner, and Images of Homosexuality on the American Stage	1960	(4)
James Fisher
from Through the Soundproof Glass: The Prison of Self-Consciousness in The Glass Menagerie	1964	(2)
Eric P. Levy
from Dramatzing Dementia: Madness in the Plays of Tennessee Williams	1966	(1)
Jacqueline O'Connor
from Remember Me to Tom	1967	(2)
Edwina Dakin Williams
from Tennessee Williams: Memoirs	1969	(3)
Tennessee Williams
from Tennessee Williams: An Intimate Biography	1972	(1)
Dakin Williams
Shepherd Meade
Interview 1945	1973	(1)
Jean Evans
from Irony and Distance in The Glass Menagerie	1974	(3)
Thomas L. King
from Student Companion to Tennessee Williams	1977	(2)
Nancy Marie Patterson Tischler
from The Glass Menagerie Revisited: Catastrophe without Violence	1979	(2)
Roger B. Stein
from Family, Drama, and American Dreams	1981	(3)
Tom Scanlan
Portrait of a Girl in Glass	1984	(9)
Tennessee Williams
Topics for Further Research	1991	(2)
Student Paper: Laura's Gentleman Caller	1993	(7)
William Shakespeare's Hamlet: A Casebook for Reading, Research, and Writing	2000	(141)
Hamlet	2002	(105)
William Shakespeare
from The Sublime or the Ridiculous?: Hamlet's Enigmatic Positioning within the American Cultural Hierarchy	2107	(3)
Elizabeth Reitz Mullenix
Hamlet's Melancholy	2110	(4)
Zhang Siyang
Foils in Hamlet	2114	(2)
Vince Escanalar
from Reforming the Role	2116	(2)
Mark Rose
from Revision by Excision: Rewriting Gertrude	2118	(6)
Ellen J. O'Brien
from The Camera in Gertrude's Closet	2124	(6)
June Schlueter
James P. Lusardi
from Ophelia's Mad Speeches	2130	(11)
Sandra K. Fischer
Student Paper: Reclaiming Shakespeare's Gertrude: Rejecting Role Revisions on Stage and in Film	2132	(7)
Topics for Further Research	2139	(2)
WRITING ABOUT LITERATURE	2141	(88)
Three Special Writing Assignments	2143	(22)
Writing a Comparison-Contrast Paper	2143	(8)
Checklist: Writing a Comparison-Contrast Paper	2144	(1)
Sample Student Paper: Comparing Two Fictional Characters	2145	(1)
Student Paper: The Dangerous Consequences of Societal Limbo	2146	(5)
Suggested Topics for Comparison-Contrast Papers	2151	(1)
Writing an Explication	2151	(8)
Checklist: Writing an Explication	2152	(1)
Sample Student Paper: Explicating a Poem	2152	(1)
Student Paper: A Lingering Doubt	2153	(5)
Suggested Topics for Explication Papers	2158	(1)
Writing a Character Analysis	2159	(6)
Checklist: Writing a Character Analysis	2159	(1)
Sample Student Paper: Anlyzing a Character in a Play	2159	(1)
Student Paper: Linda Loman: Breaking the Mold	2160	(4)
Suggested Topics for Character Analysis Papers	2164	(1)
Writing A Research Paper	2165	(34)
Choosing a Topic	2165	(1)
Looking for Sources	2165	(1)
Narrowing your Topic	2166	(1)
Doing Research	2166	(1)
Taking Notes	2166	(2)
Integrating Sources	2168	(1)
Avoiding Plagiarism	2168	(1)
Drafting a Thesis Statement	2169	(1)
Making an Outline	2169	(1)
Writing your Paper	2170	(1)
Documenting Sources	2171	(28)
Parenthetical References in the Text	2171	(1)
Checklist: Guidelines for Punctuating Parenthetical References	2172	(2)
The List of Works Cited	2174	(9)
Content Notes	2183	(1)
Sample Literature Papers with MLA Documentation	2183	(1)
Student Paper: And Again She Makes the Journey: Character and Act in Eudora Welty's ``A Worn Path''	2184	(7)
Student Paper: ``A&P'': A Class Act	2191	(8)
Using Literary Criticism in your Writing	2199	(21)
Formalism	2199	(2)
A Formalist Reading: Kate Chopin's ``The Storm''	2200	(1)
For Further Reading: Formalism	2201	(1)
Reader-Response Criticism	2201	(3)
Reader-Response Readings: Kate Chopin's ``The Storm''	2202	(1)
For Further Reading: Reader-Response Criticism	2203	(1)
Sociological Criticism	2204	(1)
Feminist Criticism	2205	(2)
A Feminist Reading: Tillie Olsen's ``I Stand Here Ironing''	2206	(1)
For Further Reading: Feminist Criticism	2207	(1)
Marxist Criticism	2207	(2)
A Marxist Reading: Tillie Olsen's ``I Stand Here Ironing''	2208	(1)
For Further Reading: Marxist Criticism	2208	(1)
New Historicism	2209	(2)
A New Historicist Reading: Charlotte Perkins Gilman's ``The Yellow Wallpaper''	2210	(1)
For Further Reading: New Historicist Criticism	2211	(1)
Psychoanalytic Criticism	2211	(1)
Psychoanalytic Terms	2212	(2)
A Psychoanalytic Reading: Edgar Allan Poe's ``The Cask of Amontillado''	2213	(1)
For Further Reading: Psychoanalytic Criticism	2214	(1)
Structuralism	2214	(2)
A Structuralist Reading: William Faulkner's ``Barn Burning''	2215	(1)
For Further Reading: Structuralism	2216	(1)
Deconstruction	2216	(4)
A Deconstructionist Reading: Flannery O'Connor's ``A Good Man Is Hard to Find''	2218	(1)
For Further Reading: Deconstruction	2218	(2)
Writing Essay Exams About Literature	2220	(9)
Planning an Essay Exam Answer	2220	(3)
Review Your Material	2220	(1)
Consider Your Audience and Purpose	2221	(1)
Read through the Entire Exam	2221	(1)
Read the Question Carefully	2221	(2)
Brainstorm to Find Ideas	2223	(1)
Shaping an Essay Exam Answer	2223	(1)
State Your Thesis	2223	(1)
Make a Scratch Outline	2224	(1)
Drafting and Revising an Essay Exam Answer	2224	(1)
Sample Student Essay Exam Answer	2225	(4)
Appendix: Literary History: From Aristotle to the Present	2229	(1)
Beginnings: The Greeks and Romans (c. 450 B.C.--A.D. 400)	2229	(1)
The Middle Ages (c. A.D. 400--1500)	2229	(1)
The Renaissance (c. 1500--1660)	2230	(1)
The Enlightenment (1660--1798)	2230	(1)
The Romantic Period (1798--1837)	2231	(1)
The Victorian Period (1837--1901)	2232	(1)
The Modern Period (since 1901)	2233
Glossary of Literary Terms	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index of First Lines of Poetry	1	(4)
Index of Authors and Titles	5