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David L. Pike is Professor of Literature at American University, where he teaches courses on urban culture and the underground, cinema, modernism, Dante, Roman literature, and the novel. He is the author of Canadian Cinema since the 1980s: At the Heart of the World (U of Toronto P, 2012); Metropolis on the Styx: The Underworlds of Modern Urban Culture, 1800 –2001(Cornell UP, 2007); Subterranean Cities: The World beneath Paris and London 1800–1945 (Cornell UP), shortlisted for the 2006 Modernist Studies Association book prize; Passage through Hell: Modernist Descents, Medieval Underworlds (Cornell UP), recipient of the 1997 Gustave O. Arlt Award in the Humanities from the Council of Graduate Schools and a Choice Outstanding Academic Book for 1997; and articles on urban culture, subterranean studies, film, and medieval literature. He is co-general editor of the Longman Anthology of World Literature.
Ana M. Acosta is Associate Professor of English at Brooklyn College, City University of New York. Her book, Reading Genesis in the Long Eighteenth Century: From Milton to Mary Shelley, was published by Ashgate in 2006. She has published articles on religion, science and Enlightenment and is currently at work on a book-length project entitled “Theaters of Enlightenment: Imagined Encounters between Science and Religion in 18th-century Culture.” She has twice been the recipient of a Whiting Fellowship, has received two PSC-CUNY awards, and was chosen in 2008 by the students at Brooklyn College as a Role Model in the conference “Standing on the Shoulders of Others.”
PART 1 A READER’S GUIDE TO THE WORLD OF WRITING
1. Reading and Thinking about Literature: A World of Meaning
Meaningless Words and the World of Meaning
Literary Form and Assumptions about Meaning
The Point of Literary Meaning
Forming Literary Meaning
Making Sense
Making Meaning out of Misunderstanding
Roberto Fernández, Wrong Channel
Deciphering Meaning: The Riddle Game
The Riddle as a Literary Device
Sylvia Plath, Metaphors
Reading for What Does Not Make Sense
Strategies for Reading Critically
Writer @ Work: The Reading Process
Sharon Olds, The Possessive
Student Writing: Justin Schiel reads and annotates The Possessive
Clarity and Ambiguity of Language
Working with Ambiguity in Literary Writing
Reading versus Writing
Working with Clarity in Nonliterary Writing: The Summary
Student Writing: Four Summaries ofThe Possessive
Clarity and Ambiguity in Storytelling
Franz Kafka, Before the Law
Student Writing: Two Summaries of Before the Law
Ursula K. Le Guin, The Wife’s Story
Clarity and Ambiguity of Argument: Summarizing an Essay
Rosa Ehrenreich Brooks, I Hate Trees
Student Writing: Melissa Kim, A Summary of Rosa Ehrenreich Brooks, “I Hate Trees”
Clarity and Ambiguity in Literary Genres
Plot Conventions and Expectations
Margaret Atwood, Happy Endings
Clarity and Ambiguity in Visual Culture
Visual Assumptions
Writing a Summary of an Image
Cornelius Gijsbrechts, Letter Rack with Christian V’s Proclamation
Student Writing: Alan Green, A Summary of Letter Rack with Christian V’s Proclamation
Looking Back: A World of Meaning
2. Argument, Critical Thinking, and the Process of Writing: Writing in the World
Crafting an Argument
Analyzing an Argumentative Essay
May Sarton, The Rewards of Living a Solitary Life
Making Your Own Argument
Argument versus Thesis
From Idea to Thesis
Chinua Achebe, Dead Men’s Path
Student Idea Map for “Dead Men’s Path”
Critical Thinking: Reading, Questioning, Writing
Writer @ Work: Critical Thinking from First Impressions to Finished Paper
Critical Thinking Step by Step
Mary Oliver, August
Student Writing: Katherine Randall, sample writing from drafts to final paper
Student Writing: Three Summaries of August
Critical Thinking in a Comparison Paper
Ellen Hunnicutt, Blackberries
Leslie Norris, Blackberries
Student Writing: Cynthia Wilson, Leave the Picking to the Boys
Thinking Critically about Visual Culture
Signs
Still Images
Sequential Images
Moving Images
Interactive Images
Looking Back: Writing in the World
3. Investigating the World: Planning, Writing, and Revising a Research Paper
Finding a Topic
Student Writing: Rob Lanney, Paper Topic and Revised Paper Topic
Finding, Evaluating, and Summarizing Your Sources in the Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources and Secondary Sources
The MLA Works-Cited List
Plagiarism and How to Avoid It
The Annotated Bibliography
Student Writing: Rob Lanney, Annotated Bibliography–Source #1
From the Annotated Bibliography to the First Draft
Making an Outline
Student Writing: Rob Lanney, The Castle in Productions and Films of Hamlet–An Outline
Writing the First Draft
MLA In-Text Citations
Writer @ Work: Revising
Student Writing: Rob Lanney, Hamlet’s Elsinore—Initial draft
Student Writing: Rob Lanney, Hamlet’s Elsinore
Student Writing: Lorraine Betesh, The Brooklyn Bridge in Illustrations and Photographs
Looking Back: Investigating the World
PART 2 The Writer’s World: Genres And The Craft Of Literature
4. Stories: Describing the World
What Is Fiction?
Fiction and History
Types of Fiction
The Craft of Fiction
Padgett Powell, A Gentleman’s C
The Materials of Fiction
The Tools of Fiction
Writer @ Work: Description
Julia Alvarez, Snow
Student Writing: Hashim Naseem, The Motherland
Describing the World: Topics for Essays
Looking Back: Describing the World
5. Poetry: Imagining the World
What Is Poetry?
Prosody: An Introduction
Samuel Taylor Coleridge, from Metrical Feet– Lesson for a Boy
Poetic Diction
Poetic Forms
Writer @ Work: Three Poems about Social Relations
William Blake, London
Robert Frost, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening
Mary Oliver, Singapore
Student Writing: Melissa Pabon, Summaries of London, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, and Singapore
Student Writing: Melissa Pabon, The Importance of Everyday Occurrences in London, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, and Singapore
Imagining the World: Topics for Essays
Writer @ Work: Reading and Writing Essays
Student Writing: Scott Nathanson, The Meaning of Death
Types of Essays
Looking Back: Imagining the World
6. Plays: Staging the World
What Is a Play?
Susan Glaspell, Trifles
Dramatic Structure
Characters
Staging
Form and Genre
Writer @ Work: Writing about a Live or a Taped Performance
Samuel Beckett, Krapp’s Last Tape
Student Writing: Joshua Cohen, Notes on Krapp’s Last Tape, directed by Atom Egoyan
Student Writing: Joshua Cohen, Response Paper on Krapp’s Last Tape
Staging the World: Topics for Essays
Looking Back: Staging the World
7. Essays: Explaining the World
What Is Nonfiction?
The Essay
Virginia Woolf, The Death of the Moth
Annie Dillard, Death of a Moth
Analyzing an Essay
Writer @ Work: Arguing with an Essay
George Packer, How Susie Bayer’s T-Shirt Ended Up on Yusuf Mama’s Back
Student Writing: Jacquelynn Messina, The Used Clothes Trade: Who Benefits?
Explaining the World: Topics for Essays
Looking Back: Explaining the World
8. Working with Literary Devices: Writing the World
Literary Devices
Patterns of Repetition
Patterns of Inversion
Patterns of Contradiction
Ambiguity and Double Meaning
Imagery
Referring to Other Texts
Word Pictures
John Keats, Drawing of the Sosibios Vase
John Keats, Ode on a Grecian Urn
Hiram Powers, Greek Slave
Elizabeth Barrett Browning, On Hiram Powers’ Greek Slave
Peter Brueghel the Elder, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
William Carlos Williams, Landscape with the Fall of Icarus
W. H. Auden, Musée des Beaux Arts
Michael Hamburger, Lines on Brueghel’s Icarus
Robert Hass, Heroic Simile
Akira Kurosawa, movie still from The Seven Samurai
Writing the World: Topics for Essays
PART 3 The Reader’s World: Exploring The Themes Of Literature
9. Me and You: The World Closest to Us
Photographs from The Family of Man
FAMILIES
**Dagoberto Gilb, Look on the Bright Side
Flannery O’Connor, A Good Man Is Hard to Find
James Baldwin, Sonny’s Blues
Jonathan Safran Foer, A Primer for the Punctuation of Heart Disease
Alice Walker, Everyday Use
Mary TallMountain, There Is No Word for Goodbye
Robert Hayden, Those Winter Sundays
Lucille Clifton, wishes for sons
**Rita Dove, Daystar
**A.R. Ammons, Coward
William Shakespeare, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark
Scott Russell Sanders, Buckeye
Amy Tan,from Mother Tongue
Families: Topics for Essays
CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Jamaica Kincaid, Girl
Lorrie Moore, The Kid’s Guide to Divorce
James Joyce, Araby
John Updike, A & P
**Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm, Little Red Cap
Anne Sexton, Red Riding Hood
Agha Shahid Ali, The Wolf’s Postscript to “Little Red Riding Hood”
Gary Soto, Behind Grandma’s House
**Martin Espada, Why I Went to College
Langston Hughes, Salvation
Children and Adolescents: Topics for Essays
LOVERS
John Steinbeck, The Chrysanthemums
**Haruki Murakami, The Year of Spaghetti
Amanda Holzer, Love and Other Catastrophes: A Mix Tape
Uruttiran, What She Said to Her Girl Friend
Ono no Komachi, Three tanka
William Shakespeare, How oft, when thou, my music, music play’st (Sonnet 128)
William Shakespeare, Let me not to the marriage of true minds (Sonnet 116)
William Shakespeare, When, in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes (Sonnet 29)
John Donne, The Flea
**Monica Ferrell, Rime Riche
Edgar Allan Poe, Annabel Lee
T. S. Eliot, The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock
**Jack Spicer, A Book of Music
Sei Shonagon, fromHateful Things
Joan Didion, Marrying Absurd
Lovers: Topics for Essays
Working Further with the World Closest to Us
**Reading Globally, Writing Locally: Marjane Satrapi and The Literature of the Middle East
**Marjane Satrapi, from Persepolis
**Marjane Satrapi, Iran and Israel
**From 1001 Nights: The Wonderful Bag
**Yehuda Amichal, The Diameter of the Bomb
**Yehuda Amichal, Wildpeace
**Mahmoud Darwish, Who Am I without Exile?
**Working Further with the Literature of the Middle East
10. Beliefs and Ethics: The Worlds around Us
Images of Good and Evil in the World
BELIEFS: CREATIONS AND BEGINNINGS
from Genesis
Salman Rushdie, Imagine There’s No Heaven
K. C. Cole, Murmurs
**Italo Calvino, All at One Point
Creation and Beginnings: Topics for Essays
ETHICS: DESTUCTION AND ENDINGS
Nathaniel Hawthorne, Young Goodman Brown
Kate Chopin, The Story of an Hour
Ernest Hemingway, Hills Like White Elephants
Tim O’Brien, The Things They Carried
**Tobias Wolff, Bullet in the Brain
William Carlos Williams, Complete Destruction
Robert Frost, Fire and Ice
John Donne, Death, Be Not Proud
Dylan Thomas, Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night
Emily Dickinson, I like a look of Agony
Emily Dickinson, Because I could not stop for Death —
Emily Dickinson, I felt a Funeral, in my Brain
Emily Dickinson, I heard a Fly buzz — when I died —
Emily Dickinson, It was not Death, for I stood up
Emily Dickinson, A Toad, can die of Light —
Emily Dickinson, Tell all the Truth but tell it slant —
Wilfrid Owen, Dulce et Decorum Est
Carolyn Forché, The Colonel
Sophocles, Antigone
Destruction and Endings: Topics for Essays
Working Further with the Worlds Around Us
Reading Globally, Writing Locally: Naguib Mahfouz and the Literature of Africa
Naguib Mahfouz, Half a Day
Naguib Mahfouz, Zaabalawi
Binyavanga Wainaina, How to Write about Africa
Jeremy Cronin, To learn how to speak . . .
Chenjerai Hove, You Will Forget
Working Further with the Literature of Africa
11. Spaces and Places: The World We Live in
Imagining Spaces
IN-BETWEEN SPACES
Robert Smithson, Spiral Jetty
Eudora Welty, A Worn Path
Raymond Carver, Cathedral
Sherman Alexie, This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona
Robert Frost, Mending Wall
James Wright, Lying in a Hammock at William Duffy’s Farm in Pine Island, Minnesota
Louise Erdrich, Dear John Wayne
Yusuf Komunyakaa, Facing It
Rachel Carson, fromThe Marginal World
Studs Terkel, The Mason: Carl Murray Bates
In-Between Spaces: Topics for Essays
CONFINED SPACES
Edgar Allan Poe, The Cask of Amontillado
William Faulkner, A Rose for Emily
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, The Yellow Wallpaper
Daniel Orosco, Orientation
Paul Laurence Dunbar, Sympathy
Stevie Smith, Not Waving but Drowning
Robert Browning, My Last Duchess
Henrik Ibsen, A Doll’s House
Malcolm X, fromThe Autobiography of Malcolm X
Confined Spaces: Topics for Essays
Working Further with the World We Live In
Reading Globally, Writing Locally: Jhumpa Lahiri and the Literature of Asia
Jhumpa Lahiri, My Two Lives
Jhumpa Lahiri, When Mr. Pirzada Came to Dine
Kazuo Ishiguro, A Family Supper
Garrett Hongo, Who Among You Knows the Essence of Garlic?
Xu Gang, Red Azalea on the Cliff
Working Further with the Literature of Asia
12. Nature, Cities, and the Environment: The World We Share
Imagining City and Nature Together
LIVING IN THE CITY
Toni Cade Bambara, The Lesson
Allen Ginsberg, A Supermarket in California
Ezra Pound, In a Station of the Metro
Valzhyna Mort, New York
Langston Hughes, Theme for English B
David Ives, Sure Thing
Bill Buford, Lions and Tigers and Bears
Living in the City: Topics for Essays
LIVING IN NATURE
Christo and Jeanne-Claude, Three Projects
Julio Cortázar, Axolotl
T. Coraghessan Boyle, Greasy Lake
Bash o , Four haiku
Richard Wright, Haiku
William Carlos Williams, so much depends
Elizabeth Bishop, The Fish
Kay Ryan, Turtle
Walt Whitman, When I Heard the Learn’d Astronomer
Langston Hughes, The Negro Speaks of Rivers
Gerard Manley Hopkins, Inversnaid
Louis D. Owens, The American Indian Wilderness
Donella Meadows, Living Lightly and Inconsistently on the Land
Living in Nature: Topics for Essays
Working Further with the World We Share
Reading Globally, Writing Locally: Gabriel GarcÌa MÁrquez and the Literature of the Americas
Gabriel García Márquez, The Handsomest Drowned Man in the World
Gabriel García Márquez, The Very Old Man with Enormous Wings
Pablo Neruda, The Word
Jimmy Santiago Baca, So Mexicans Are Taking Jobs from Americans
Tino Villanueva, Variation on a Theme by William Carlos Williams
Working Further with the Literature of the Americas
Appendix A: The World of Literary Criticism
Appendix B: MLA Documentation Guidelines
Glossary
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