Longman Writer, The: Rhetoric, Reader, Handbook

by Nadell, Judith; Langan, John; McMeniman, Linda

• ISBN13: 9780205334643
• ISBN10: 0205334644
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Table of Contents

Preface	xxi
PART I THE READING PROCESS	1	(12)
Becoming a Strong Reader	3	(10)
Get an Overview of the Selection	4	(1)
Deepen Your Sense of the Selection	5	(1)
Evaluate the Selection	5	(8)
``Family Counterculture''	7	(6)
Ellen Goodman
PART II THE WRITING PROCESS	13	(132)
Getting Started Through Prewriting	15	(23)
Observations About the Writing Process	15	(2)
Use Prewriting to Get Started	17	(18)
Keep a Journal	17	(2)
The Pre-Reading Journal Entry	19	(1)
Understand the Boundaries of the Assignment	20	(1)
Determine Your Purpose, Audience, Tone, and Point of View	21	(2)
Analyzing Your Audience: A Checklist	23	(2)
Discover Your Essay's Limited Subject	25	(3)
Generate Raw Material About Your Limited Subject	28	(5)
Organize the Raw Material	33	(2)
Activities: Getting Started Through Prewriting	35	(3)
Identifying a Thesis	38	(8)
What Is a Thesis?	38	(1)
Finding a Thesis	38	(1)
Writing an Effective Thesis	39	(3)
Tone and Point of View	40	(1)
Implied Pattern of Development	40	(1)
Including a Plan of Development	40	(1)
Don't Write a Highly Opinionated Statement	41	(1)
Don't Make an Announcement	41	(1)
Don't Make a Factual Statement	41	(1)
Don't Make a Broad Statement	42	(1)
Arriving at an Effective Thesis	42	(1)
Placing the Thesis in an Essay	43	(1)
Activities: Identifying a Thesis	43	(3)
Supporting the Thesis with Evidence	46	(8)
What Is Evidence?	46	(1)
How Do You Find Evidence?	47	(1)
How the Patterns of Development Help Generate Evidence	47	(1)
Characteristics of Evidence	48	(4)
The Evidence Is Relevant and Unified	48	(1)
The Evidence Is Specific	49	(1)
The Evidence Is Adequate	50	(1)
The Evidence Is Dramatic	51	(1)
The Evidence Is Accurate	51	(1)
The Evidence Is Representative	51	(1)
Borrowed Evidence Is Documented	51	(1)
Activities: Supporting the Thesis with Evidence	52	(2)
Organizing the Evidence	54	(9)
Use the Patterns of Development	54	(1)
Select an Organizational Approach	55	(2)
Chronological Approach	55	(1)
Spatial Approach	56	(1)
Emphatic Approach	56	(1)
Simple-to-Complex Approach	57	(1)
Prepare an Outline	57	(4)
Guidelines for Outlining: A Checklist	58	(3)
Activities: Organizing the Evidence	61	(2)
Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft	63	(29)
How to Move from Outline to First Draft	63	(1)
General Suggestions on How to Proceed	64	(1)
If You Get Bogged Down	64	(1)
A Suggested Sequence for Writing the First Draft	65	(17)
Write the Supporting Paragraphs	65	(11)
Write Other Paragraphs in the Essay's Body	76	(1)
Write the Introduction	76	(3)
Write the Conclusion	79	(2)
Write the Title	81	(1)
Pulling It All Together	82	(1)
Sample First Draft	83	(2)
Harriet Davids, ``Challenges for Today's Parents''	83	(1)
Commentary	84	(1)
Activities: Writing the Paragraphs in the First Draft	85	(7)
Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development	92	(13)
Strategies to Make Revision Easier	93	(5)
Set Your First Draft Aside for a While	93	(1)
Work from Typed or Printed Text	93	(1)
Read the Draft Aloud	94	(1)
Participate in Peer Review	94	(1)
Evaluate and Respond to Peer Review	95	(1)
Evaluate and Respond to Your Instructor's Comments	96	(1)
View Revision as a Series of Steps	97	(1)
Revising Overall Meaning and Structure	98	(1)
Revising Overall Meaning and Structure: A Checklist	98	(1)
Revising Paragraph Development	99	(2)
Revising Paragraph Development: A Checklist	100	(1)
Sample Student Revision of Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development	101	(1)
Activities: Revising Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development	102	(3)
Revising Sentences and Words	105	(28)
Revising Sentences	105	(13)
Make Sentences Consistent with Your Tone	105	(1)
Make Sentences Economical	106	(3)
Vary Sentence Type	109	(4)
Vary Sentence Length	113	(1)
Make Sentences Emphatic	114	(4)
Revising Sentences: A Checklist	118	(1)
Revising Words	118	(10)
Make Words Consistent with Your Tone	119	(1)
Use an Appropriate Level of Diction	119	(1)
Avoid Words That Overstate or Understate	120	(1)
Select Words with Appropriate Connotations	120	(1)
Use Specific Rather Than General Words	121	(1)
Use Strong Verbs	122	(2)
Delete Unnecessary Adverbs	124	(1)
Use Original Figures of Speech	125	(1)
Avoid Sexist Language	126	(2)
Revising Words: A Checklist	128	(1)
Sample Student Revision of Sentences and Words	128	(1)
Activities: Revising Sentences and Words	129	(4)
Editing and Proofreading	133	(12)
Edit Carefully	133	(1)
Use the Appropriate Manuscript Format	134	(2)
Appropriate Manuscript Format: A Checklist	134	(2)
Proofread Closely	136	(1)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Proofreading	137	(5)
``Challenges for Today's Parents''	137	(2)
Harriet Davids
Commentary	139	(3)
Activities: Editing and Proofreading	142	(3)
PART III THE PATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT	145	(233)
An Overview of the Patterns of Development	147	(8)
The Patterns in Action: During the Writing Process	147	(1)
The Patterns in Action: In an Essay	148	(7)
Analyzing How a Writer Combines Patterns: A Checklist	149	(1)
Virginia Woolf, ``The Death of the Moth''	149	(6)
Description	155	(38)
What Is Description?	155	(1)
How Description Fits Your Purpose and Audience	156	(1)
Prewriting Strategies	157	(1)
Description: A Prewriting Checklist	158	(1)
Strategies for Using Description in an Essay	158	(4)
Revision Strategies	162	(1)
Description: A Revision/Peer Review Checklist	162	(1)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision	163	(6)
``Salt Marsh''	164	(2)
Marie Martinez
Commentary	166	(3)
Activities: Description	169	(2)
Prewriting Activities	169	(1)
Revising Activities	169	(2)
Professional Selections: Description	171	(20)
``Once More to the Lake''	171	(7)
E. B. White
``Sister Flowers''	178	(6)
Maya Angelou
``Flavio's Home''	184	(7)
Gordon Parks
Additional Writing Topics: Description	191	(2)
Narration	193	(35)
What Is Narration?	193	(1)
How Narration Fits Your Purpose and Audience	194	(1)
Prewriting Strategies	194	(1)
Narration: A Prewriting Checklist	194	(1)
Strategies for Using Narration in an Essay	195	(6)
Revision Strategies	201	(2)
Narration: A Revision/Peer Review Checklist	201	(2)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision	203	(4)
Paul Monahan, ``If Only''	204	(1)
Commentary	205	(2)
Activities: Narration	207	(2)
Prewriting Activities	207	(1)
Revising Activities	208	(1)
Professional Selections: Narration	209	(16)
``Shooting an Elephant''	209	(7)
George Orwell
``The Fourth of July''	216	(5)
Audre Lorde
``So Tsi-fai''	221	(4)
Sophronia Liu
Additional Writing Topics: Narration	225	(3)
Illustration	228	(35)
What Is Illustration?	228	(1)
How Illustration Fits Your Purpose and Audience	229	(2)
Prewriting Strategies	231	(1)
Illustration: A Prewriting Checklist	231	(1)
Strategies for Using Illustration in an Essay	232	(3)
Revision Strategies	235	(1)
Illustration: A Revision/Peer Review Checklist	235	(1)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision	236	(7)
Michael Pagano, ``Pursuit of Possessions''	238	(2)
Commentary	240	(3)
Activities: Illustration	243	(2)
Prewriting Activities	243	(1)
Revising Activities	244	(1)
Professional Selections: Illustration	245	(16)
``Bombs Bursting in Air''	245	(6)
Beth Johnson
``Managing Mixed Messages''	251	(5)
Susan Douglas
``Is Sex All That Matters?''	256	(5)
Joyce Garity
Additional Writing Topics: Illustration	261	(2)
Division-Classification	263	(40)
What Is Division-Classification?	263	(2)
How Division-Classification Fits Your Purpose and Audience	265	(1)
Prewriting Strategies	266	(1)
Division-Classification: A Prewriting Checklist	266	(1)
Strategies for Using Division-Classification in an Essay	267	(3)
Revision Strategies	270	(1)
Division-Classification: A Revision/Peer Review Checklist	271	(1)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision	271	(8)
Gail Oremland, ``The Truth About College Teachers''	273	(4)
Commentary	277	(2)
Activities: Division-Classification	279	(2)
Prewriting Activities	279	(1)
Revising Activities	280	(1)
Professional Selections: Division-Classification	281	(20)
``Propaganda Techniques in Today's Advertising''	282	(5)
Ann McClintock
``But What Do You Mean?''	287	(8)
Deborah Tannen
``Doublespeak''	295	(6)
William Lutz
Additional Writing Topics: Division-Classification	301	(2)
Process Analysis	303	(41)
What Is Process Analysis?	303	(1)
How Process Analysis Fits Your Purpose and Audience	304	(1)
Prewriting Strategies	305	(1)
Process Analysis: A Prewriting Checklist	305	(1)
Strategies for Using Process Analysis in an Essay	306	(4)
Revision Strategies	310	(1)
Process Analysis: A Revision/Peer Review Checklist	310	(1)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision	311	(8)
Robert Barry, ``Becoming a Videoholic''	313	(4)
Commentary	317	(2)
Activities: Process Analysis	319	(3)
Prewriting Activities	319	(1)
Revising Activities	320	(2)
Professional Selections: Process Analysis	322	(20)
``Don't Just Stand There''	322	(6)
Diane Cole
``Your New Computer''	328	(6)
Bill Bryson
``Watching the Animals''	334	(8)
Richard Rhodes
Additional Writing Topics: Process Analysis	342	(2)
Comparison-Contrast	344	(34)
What Is Comparison-Contrast?	344	(1)
How Comparison-Contrast Fits Your Purpose and Audience	345	(1)
Prewriting Strategies	346	(1)
Comparison-Contrast: A Prewriting Checklist	346	(1)
Strategies for Using Comparison-Contrast in an Essay	347	(4)
Revision Strategies	351	(1)
Comparison-Contrast: A Revision/Peer Review Checklist	351	(1)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision	352	(7)
Carol Siskin, ``The Virtues of Growing Older''	355	(2)
Commentary	357	(2)
Activities: Comparison-Contrast	359	(2)
Prewriting Activities	359	(1)
Revising Activities	360	(1)
Professional Selections: Comparison-Contrast	361	(15)
``A Slow Walk of Trees''	361	(5)
Toni Morrison
``The Ugly Truth About Beauty''	366	(4)
Dave Barry
``And Then I Went to School''	370	(6)
Joseph H. Suina
Additional Writing Topics: Comparison-Contrast	376	(2)
Cause-Effect	378	(133)
What Is Cause-Effect?	378	(1)
How Cause-Effect Fits Your Purpose and Audience	379	(1)
Prewriting Strategies	380	(1)
Cause-Effect: A Prewriting Checklist	380	(1)
Strategies for Using Cause-Effect in an Essay	381	(5)
Revision Strategies	386	(1)
Cause-Effect: A Revision/Peer Review Checklist	386	(1)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision	387	(8)
``Americans and Food''	389	(3)
Carl Novack
Commentary	392	(3)
Activities: Cause-Effect	395	(2)
Prewriting Activities	395	(1)
Revising Activities	396	(1)
Professional Selections: Cause-Effect	397	(14)
``Why We Crave Horror Movies''	397	(4)
Stephen King
``Why People Don't Help in a Crisis''	401	(6)
John M. Darley
Bibb Latane
``Black Men and Public Space''	407	(4)
Brent Staples
Additional Writing Topics: Cause-Effect	411	(2)
Definition	413	(31)
What Is Definition?	413	(1)
How Definition Fits Your Purpose and Audience	414	(1)
Prewriting Strategies	415	(1)
Definition: A Prewriting Checklist	415	(1)
Strategies for Using Definition in an Essay	416	(3)
Revision Strategies	419	(1)
Definition: A Revision/Peer Review Checklist	419	(1)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision	420	(7)
``Physics in Everyday Life''	421	(3)
Laura Chen
Commentary	424	(3)
Activities: Definition	427	(1)
Prewriting Activities	427	(1)
Revising Activities	427	(1)
Professional Selections: Definition	428	(14)
``Entropy''	429	(4)
K. C. Cole
``Life As Type A''	433	(5)
James Gleick
``Absolutophobia''	438	(4)
John Leo
Additional Writing Topics: Definition	442	(2)
Argumentation-Persuasion	444	(67)
What Is Argumentation-Persuasion?	444	(1)
How Argumentation-Persuasion Fits Your Purpose and Audience	445	(3)
Prewriting Strategies	448	(1)
Argumentation-Persuasion: A Prewriting Checklist	448	(1)
Strategies for Using Argumentation-Persuasion in an Essay	449	(15)
Revision Strategies	464	(2)
Argumentation-Persuasion: A Revision/Peer Review Checklist	464	(2)
Student Essay: From Prewriting Through Revision	466	(10)
``Compulsory National Service''	469	(3)
Mark Simmons
Commentary	472	(4)
Activities: Argumentation-Persuasion	476	(4)
Prewriting Activities	476	(1)
Revising Activities	477	(3)
Professional Selections: Argumentation-Persuasion	480	(28)
``In Praise of the `F' Word''	480	(5)
Mary Sherry
``Why Computers Don't Belong in the Classroom''	485	(4)
Clifford Stoll
Debating the Issues: Date Rape	489	(1)
``Rape: A Bigger Danger Than Feminists Know''	490	(5)
Camille Paglia
``Common Decency''	495	(4)
Susan Jacoby
Debating the Issues: Multiculturalism	499	(1)
``Let's Tell the Story of All America's Cultures''	500	(4)
Yuh Ji-Yeon
Jr., ``The Cult of Ethnicity: Good and Bad''	504	(4)
Arthur Schlesinger
Additional Writing Topics: Argumentation-Persuasion	508	(3)
PART IV THE RESEARCH PAPER	511	(100)
Selecting a Subject, Using the Library and the Internet, and Taking Notes	513	(51)
Some General Comments About the Research Paper	513	(1)
Plan the Research	514	(7)
Understand the Paper's Boundaries	514	(1)
Understand Primary Versus Secondary Research	515	(3)
Choose a General Subject	518	(1)
Selecting an Appropriate Subject to Research: A Checklist	518	(1)
Prewrite to Limit the General Subject	519	(1)
Conduct Preliminary Research	519	(1)
Identify a Working Thesis	520	(1)
Make a Schedule	521	(1)
Find Sources in the Library	521	(13)
The Computerized Catalog	522	(1)
The Card Catalog	523	(3)
The Reference Section	526	(2)
Periodicals	528	(6)
Use the Internet	534	(10)
The Internet and the World Wide Web	534	(1)
What the Web Offers	534	(1)
The Advantages and Limitations of the Library and the Web	535	(1)
Accessing the Web	535	(2)
Using the Net to Find Books on Your Topic	537	(1)
Using the Net to Find Articles and Other Materials on Your Topic	538	(5)
Evaluating Internet Materials	543	(1)
Using Other Internet Tools	543	(1)
Prepare a Working Bibliography	544	(1)
Take Notes to Support the Thesis with Evidence	545	(16)
Why Take Notes?	545	(1)
Before Note-Taking: Evaluate Sources	545	(1)
Before Note-Taking: Refine Your Working Bibliography	546	(2)
Before Note-Taking: Read Your Sources	548	(2)
When Note-Taking: What to Select	550	(1)
When Note-Taking: How to Record Statistics	551	(1)
When Note-Taking: Use Index Cards	551	(2)
Two Other Note-Taking Approaches	553	(1)
Kinds of Notes	553	(8)
Activities: Selecting a Subject, Using the Library and the Internet, and Taking Notes	561	(3)
Writing the Research Paper	564	(47)
Refine Your Working Thesis	564	(1)
Sort the Note Cards	565	(1)
Organize the Evidence by Outlining	565	(2)
Prepare the Works Cited List: MLA Format	567	(9)
Citing Book Sources	568	(3)
Citing Periodical Sources	571	(2)
Citing Computerized Sources	573	(2)
Citing Other Nonprint Sources	575	(1)
Write the First Draft	576	(1)
Presenting the Results of Primary Research	577	(1)
Document Borrowed Material Using MLA Format---How to Avoid Plagiarism	577	(9)
Indicate Author and Page	578	(3)
Special Cases of Authorship	581	(1)
Special Cases of Pagination	582	(1)
Blending Quotations into Your Text	583	(2)
Presenting Statistics	585	(1)
Revise, Edit, and Proofread the First Draft	586	(2)
Revising the Research Paper: A Checklist	587	(1)
APA Documentation Format	588	(4)
Parenthetic Citations	589	(1)
References List	590	(2)
Computerized Sources	592	(1)
A Note About Other Documentation Systems	592	(1)
Student Research Paper: MLA-Style Documentation	593	(15)
``America's Homeless: How the Government Can Help''	594	(14)
Brian Courtney
Commentary	608	(1)
Activities: Writing the Research Paper	608	(3)
PART V THE LITERARY PAPER AND EXAM ESSAY	611	(34)
Writing About Literature	613	(21)
Elements of Literary Works	614	(2)
How to Read a Literary Work	616	(2)
Read to Form a General Impression	616	(1)
Ask Questions About the Work	616	(1)
Analyzing a Literary Work: A Checklist	616	(1)
Reread and Annotate	617	(1)
Modify Your Annotations	618	(1)
Write the Literary Analysis	618	(7)
Prewrite	618	(1)
Identify Your Thesis	619	(1)
Support the Thesis with Evidence	620	(1)
Organize the Evidence	621	(1)
Write the First Draft	621	(2)
Revise Overall Meaning, Structure, and Paragraph Development	623	(1)
Revising a Literary Analysis: A Checklist	623	(1)
Edit and Proofread	624	(1)
Pulling It All Together	625	(2)
Read to Form a General Impression	625	(1)
``Early Autumn''	625	(1)
Langston Hughes
Ask Questions About the Work	626	(1)
Reread and Annotate	626	(1)
Student Essay	627	(2)
``Stopping to Talk''	627	(1)
Karen Vais
Commentary	628	(1)
Additional Selections and Writing Assignments	629	(5)
``Out, Out---''	630	(1)
Robert Frost
``The Story of an Hour''	631	(3)
Kate Chopin
Writing Exam Essays	634	(11)
Three Forms of Written Answers	635	(1)
Short Answers	635	(1)
Paragraph-Length Answers	635	(1)
Essay-Length Answers	636	(1)
How to Prepare for Exam Essays	636	(1)
At the Examination	637	(2)
Survey the Entire Test	637	(1)
Understand the Essay Question	637	(2)
Write the Essay	639	(3)
Prewrite	639	(1)
Identify Your Thesis	639	(1)
Support the Thesis with Evidence	639	(1)
Organize the Evidence	640	(1)
Write the Draft	640	(1)
Revise, Edit, and Proofread	641	(1)
Sample Essay Answer	642	(2)
Commentary	643	(1)
Activity: Writing Exam Essays	644	(1)
PART VI A CONCISE HANDBOOK	645	(2)
OPENING COMMENTS	647	(3)
SENTENCE FAULTS	650	(12)
Fragments	650	(6)
Phrase Fragments	650	(3)
Dependent Clause Fragments	653	(3)
Comma Splices and Run-On Sentences	656	(4)
Three Common Pitfalls	657	(3)
Faulty Parallelism	660	(2)
VERBS	662	(5)
Problems with Subject-Verb Agreement	662	(3)
Problems with Verb Tense	665	(2)
PRONOUNS	667	(8)
Problems with Pronoun Use	667	(8)
Pronoun Case	667	(3)
Pronoun Agreement	670	(3)
Pronoun Reference	673	(2)
MODIFIERS	675	(3)
Problems with Modification	675	(3)
Misplaced and Ambiguous Modifiers	675	(1)
Dangling Modifiers	676	(2)
PUNCTUATION	678	(22)
Period	678	(2)
Question Mark	680	(1)
Exclamation Point	680	(1)
Comma	680	(6)
Semicolon	686	(1)
Colon	687	(1)
Quotation Marks	688	(3)
Ellipsis	691	(1)
Apostrophe	692	(2)
Parentheses	694	(2)
Brackets	696	(1)
Hyphen	696	(2)
Dash	698	(2)
MECHANICS	700	(6)
Capitalization	700	(1)
Underlining and Italics	701	(2)
Numbers	703	(1)
Abbreviations	704	(2)
SPELLING	706	(9)
Index	715