Manual de Gramática with Atajo CD-ROM : Grammar Reference for Students of Spanish

by DOZIER/IGUINA

• ISBN13: 9780838498323
• ISBN10: 0838498329
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-07-22
• Publisher: Heinle

Summary

Combines clear, easy-reference charts with detailed grammar presentations in English and conceptual distinctions between Spanish and English. A chapter of practice exercises, writing activities correlated to Atajo, plus an appendix clarifying common lexical difficulties make this a valuable tool for intermediate and advanced literature and language courses.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	XIX
Chapter 1 Overview	1	(24)
A Sentence Components	2	(4)
B Verb Structure	6	(1)
C Sentence Structure	7	(7)
1. INDEPENDENT CLAUSES	7	(1)
2. MAIN OR PRINCIPAL CLAUSES	7	(1)
3. DEPENDENT OR SUBORDINATE CLAUSES	7	(7)
D Accents	14	(11)
1. SYLLABIFICATION	14	(1)
a. Consonants (Consonantes)	14	(1)
b. Vowels (Vocales)	15	(2)
2. STRESS	17	(1)
a. Categorization of Words by Stress	17	(1)
b. Rules for Written Accents	18	(1)
c. Special Cases	19	(1)
(1) ADVERBS ENDING IN -MENTE	19	(1)
(2) MONOSYLLABLES	19	(1)
(3) NON-MONOSYLLABIC HOMONYMS	20	(1)
(a) Aun vs. Aun	20	(1)
(b) Solo vs. Solo	20	(1)
(c) Demonstrative Pronouns	21	(1)
(d) Exclamative and Interrogative Adjectives, Pronouns, or Adverbs	21	(4)
Chapter 2 Nouns and Noun Determiners	25	(28)
A Nouns and Their Equivalents	26	(8)
1. INTRODUCTION	26	(1)
a. Definition	26	(1)
b. Noun Equivalents	26	(2)
c. Noun Companions	28	(1)
2. NOUNS: GENDER AND NUMBER	29	(11)
a. Gender (Genero)	29	(3)
b. Number (Numero)	32	(1)
3. PERSONAL A	32	(2)
B Noun Determiners	34	(19)
1. ARTICLES	34	(1)
a. Definite Articles	34	(2)
(1) SUBJECTS	36	(1)
(2) TITLES	37	(1)
(3) LANGUAGES	37	(1)
(4) POSSESSIVES VS. ARTICLES	38	(1)
b. Indefinite Articles	39	(2)
2. ADJECTIVES	41	(1)
a. Demonstrative Adjectives	41	(1)
b. Possessive Adjectives	42	(1)
c. Forms of Descriptive Adjectives	43	(1)
(1) COMMON ADJECTIVE ENDINGS	43	(1)
(2) ADJECTIVES WITH SHORT AND LONG FORMS	44	(1)
d. Position of Descriptive Adjectives	44	(5)
e. Comparisons	49	(1)
(1) COMPARISONS OF INEQUALITY	49	(1)
(a) With Adverbs, Adjectives, and Nouns	49	(1)
(b) With a Numerical Expression, Use De Instead of Que	49	(1)
(c) With a Verb or Clause as Second Part of Comparison	50	(1)
(2) COMPARISONS OF EQUALITY	51	(1)
(a) Tanto(-a, -os, -as)... como	51	(1)
(b) Tanto como	51	(1)
(c) Tan...como	51	(1)
f. Superlatives	52	(1)
Chapter 3 Pronouns	53	(48)
A Personal Pronouns	54	(15)
1. DEFINITIONS	54	(1)
a. Intransitive Verbs	54	(1)
b. Transitive Verbs	54	(1)
(1) WITH SUBJECT AND DIRECT OBJECT	54	(1)
(2) WITH SUBJECT, DIRECT OBJECT, AND INDIRECT OBJECT	54	(1)
(3) WITH SUBJECT AND INDIRECT OBJECT ONLY	55	(1)
2. SUBJECT PRONOUNS	56	(3)
3. DIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS	59	(1)
a. Formation and Usage	59	(1)
b. Stressed and Unstressed Object Pronouns (Direct and Indirect Object)	60	(1)
c. Lo: The Neuter (Invariable) Pronoun	61	(1)
4. INDIRECT OBJECT PRONOUNS	62	(2)
5. REQUIRED REPETITIVE OBJECT PRONOUNS	64	(1)
a. Direct Object Pronouns	64	(1)
b. Indirect Object Pronouns	64	(1)
6. ORDER OF OBJECT PRONOUNS WHEN COMBINED	65	(1)
7. POSITION OF OBJECT PRONOUNS	66	(1)
8. PREPOSITIONAL OBJECT PRONOUNS	67	(2)
B Se	69	(11)
1. INTRODUCTION	69	(1)
2. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS	70	(1)
a. Reflexives	70	(1)
b. Reciprocals	72	(1)
3. SE ME CONSTRUCTION: ACCIDENTAL OR IRRESPONSIBLE SE	72	(4)
4. IMPERSONAL SE	76	(1)
a. Introduction	76	(1)
(1) AGENT PRESENT	76	(1)
(2) NO AGENT: IMPERSONAL	77	(1)
(3) NO AGENT: NOT IMPERSONAL	77	(1)
b. Impersonal Se with Inanimate Objects	77	(1)
c. Impersonal Se with Persons	78	(1)
d. Impersonal Se with Both Human and Inanimate Objects	79	(1)
e. Impersonal Reflexive Construction--Uno	79	(1)
C Demonstrative and Possessive Pronouns	80	(2)
1. DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS	80	(1)
2. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS	81	(1)
D Interrogatives	82	(5)
1. QUE	82	(1)
2. CUAL	83	(1)
3. QUE VS. CUAL WITH SER	83	(2)
4. "HOW"	85	(1)
a. "How" + Verb = Como	85	(1)
b. "How" + Adjective or Adverb	85	(1)
5. WORD ORDER	86	(1)
E Exclamatives	87	(3)
1. QUE + NOUN	87	(1)
2. QUE + MODIFIED NOUN	87	(1)
3. QUE + ADJECTIVE	88	(1)
4. QUE + ADVERB	88	(1)
5. COMO + VERB	88	(1)
6. CUANTO + VERB	89	(1)
7 CUANTO(A) + NOUN	89	(1)
8 CUANTOS(AS) + NOUN	89	(1)
9. QUIEN + VERB	89	(1)
F Indefinites and Negatives	90	(3)
G Relative Pronouns	93	(8)
1. FORMATION AND USAGE	93	(2)
2. RELATIVE PRONOUNS WITHOUT A PREPOSITION	95	(1)
3. RELATIVE PRONOUNS WITH A PREPOSITION	95	(1)
a. El cual / el que	95	(1)
b. Exceptional Prepositions	96	(1)
4. ADDITIONAL USES	96	(1)
a. Lo que / lo cual (invariable)	96	(1)
b. El que	96	(1)
c. Lo que	97	(1)
d. Cuyo	97	(1)
e. Donde	98	(1)
f. "Who"	98	(1)
(1) INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN: QUIEN	98	(1)
(2) RELATIVE PRONOUN: QUE	98	(1)
(3) EL CUAL / EL QUE	99	(1)
g. "What"	99	(2)
Chapter 4 Prepositions, Adverbs, and Conjunctions	101	(46)
A Prepositions	102	(22)
1. FUNCTION OF PREPOSITIONS	102	(1)
2. VERBS USED WITHOUT PREPOSITIONS	103	(1)
3. INDIVIDUAL PREPOSITIONS	104	(1)
a. A	104	(1)
(1) USAGE	104	(1)
(2) PERSONAL A	105	(1)
(3) EXPRESSIONS WITH A	105	(2)
(4) VERBS WITH A	107	(1)
b. Con	108	(1)
(1) USAGE	108	(1)
(2) EXPRESSIONS WITH CON	109	(1)
(3) VERBS WITH CON	109	(1)
c. De	110	(1)
(1) USAGE	110	(1)
(2) EXPRESSIONS WITH DE	111	(1)
(3) VERBS WITH DE	111	(1)
d. En	113	(1)
(1) USAGE	113	(1)
(2) EXPRESSIONS WITH EN	114	(1)
(3) VERBS WITH EN	114	(1)
e. Para	116	(1)
(1) USAGE	116	(1)
(2) EXPRESSIONS WITH PARA	116	(1)
f. Por	117	(1)
(1) USAGE	117	(1)
(2) EXPRESSIONS WITH POR	118	(1)
(3) VERBS WITH POR	119	(1)
4. LIST OF EXPRESSIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS (ENGLISH-SPANISH)	120	(2)
5. REVIEW OF EXPRESSIONS WITH PREPOSITIONS	122	(2)
B Adverbs	124	(15)
1. DEFINITION	124	(1)
2. ADVERBS ENDING IN -MENTE	124	(1)
3. WORD ORDER	125	(1)
4. MULTIPLE-FUNCTION WORDS	125	(1)
5. ADVERBS OF PLACE	126	(1)
a. Aca / alla; aqui / alli	127	(1)
b. Arriba, encima; abajo, debajo; bajo	128	(1)
6. ADVERBS OF TIME	128	(1)
a. Aun, aun	129	(1)
b. Nunca, jamas	129	(1)
c. Tarde, temprano	129	(1)
d. Ya, ya no, todavia, todavia no	130	(1)
e. Examples of Adverbs of Time	130	(1)
7. ADVERBS OF MANNER	131	(1)
a. Asi	131	(1)
b. Bien	132	(1)
8. ADVERBS OF QUANTITY	132	(1)
a. Demasiado, mucho, muy	133	(1)
b. Example of Adverbs of Quantity	133	(1)
9. ADVERBS OF CONFIRMATION, DOUBT, OR NEGATION	134	(1)
a. Acaso / quiza / tal vez	134	(1)
b. Bueno	135	(1)
c. No	135	(1)
d. Si	135	(1)
e. Tambien / tampoco	136	(1)
f. Ya	136	(1)
10. ADVERBIAL PHRASES	136	(1)
11. RELATED ADVERBS AND PREPOSITIONS	137	(2)
C Conjunctions	139	(2)
1. USAGE	139	(1)
2. CONJUNCTIONS OF COORDINATION	139	(1)
3. CONJUNCTIONS OF SUBORDINATION	140	(1)
D Transitions	141	(6)
Chapter 5 Verbs: Formation	147	(28)
A Indicative Mood	148	(12)
1. PRESENT INDICATIVE	148	(1)
a. Regular Verbs	148	(1)
b. Stem-Changing Verbs	148	(2)
c. Spelling-Changing Verbs	150	(1)
d. Classified Irregular Verbs	151	(1)
e. Other Irregular Verbs	152	(1)
2. PAST TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE	153	(1)
a. Imperfect Indicative	153	(1)
b. Preterite	154	(3)
c. Present Perfect Indicative	157	(1)
d. Pluperfect Indicative	158	(1)
3. FUTURE	158	(1)
a. Simple Future	158	(1)
b. Future Perfect	159	(1)
B Conditional Mood	160	(1)
1. PRESENT CONDITIONAL	160	(1)
2. CONDITIONAL PERFECT	161	(1)
C Subjunctive Mood	161	(6)
1. PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE	161	(1)
a. Regular Verbs	161	(1)
b. Stem-Changing Verbs	162	(1)
c. Irregular Verbs	162	(2)
2. IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE	164	(2)
3. PRESENT PERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE	166	(1)
4. PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE	166	(1)
D Imperative Mood	167	(5)
1. DIRECT COMMANDS	167	(1)
a. Tu	167	(1)
b. Usted / Ustedes	168	(1)
c. Vosotros	170	(1)
d. Nosotros	171	(1)
2. INDIRECT COMMANDS	172	(1)
E Infinitive	172	(1)
1. PRESENT INFINITIVE	172	(1)
2. PERFECT INFINITIVE	172	(1)
F Participle	173	(2)
1. PRESENT PARTICIPLE OR GERUND	173	(1)
2. PAST PARTICIPLE	173	(2)
Chapter 6 Verbs: Usage	175	(82)
A Present Indicative	176	(1)
B Past Indicative Tenses: Preterite vs. Imperfect vs. Pluperfect	177	(1)
1. INTRODUCTION	177	(1)
2. ACTION VS. STATE	177	(1)
a. Definitions	177	(1)
b. Verbs of Action: Preterite Is the Rule, Imperfect Is the Exception	178	(2)
(1) SPECIAL NOTE ON "WOULD"	180	(1)
(2) ACTION VS. STATE REVIEW ELIMINATION CHECKLIST	180	(1)
c. Verbs of State: Imperfect Is the Rule, Preterite Is the Exception	181	(4)
3. BEGINNING-MIDDLE-END	185	(1)
a. Preterite: Beginning and / or End	185	(1)
b. Imperfect: Middle	186	(1)
4. DIACHRONIC VS. SYNCHRONIC	187	(1)
5. PLUPERFECT	188	(2)
C Compound Tenses	190	(7)
1. INTRODUCTION	190	(1)
2. PERFECT TENSES	191	(1)
a. Present Perfect Indicative	191	(1)
b. Future Perfect	191	(1)
c. Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Indicative	192	(1)
d. Conditional Perfect	192	(1)
e. Present Perfect Subjunctive	192	(1)
f. Pluperfect Subjunctive	192	(1)
3. SIMPLE PROGRESSIVE TENSES	193	(1)
a. INTRODUCTION	193	(1)
b. Present Progressive	193	(1)
c. Future Progressive	194	(1)
d. Past Progressive	194	(1)
e. Conditional Present Progressive	194	(1)
f. Subjunctive Present Progressive	195	(1)
g. Subjunctive Imperfect Progressive	195	(1)
4. PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSES	195	(1)
a. Introduction	195	(1)
b. Indicative Present Perfect Progressive	195	(1)
c. Indicative Future Perfect Progressive	195	(1)
d. Indicative Pluperfect Progressive	196	(1)
e. Conditional Perfect Progressive	196	(1)
f. Subjunctive Present Perfect Progressive	196	(1)
g. Subjunctive Pluperfect Progressive	196	(1)
5. MODAL AUXILIARIES	197	(1)
D Ways of Expressing the Future	197	(1)
E Conditional	198	(2)
1. INTRODUCTION	198	(1)
2. COURTESY WITH CONDITIONAL OF MODAL AUXILIARIES	199	(1)
3. HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS WITH OR WITHOUT CONDITION EXPRESSED WITH SI	199	(1)
4. FUTURE OF THE PAST	199	(1)
5. PROBABILITY IN THE PAST	200	(1)
F Probability	200	(2)
G Subjunctive	202	(29)
1. INTRODUCTION	202	(1)
2. NOMINAL CLAUSES	202	(1)
a. Definition and Usage	202	(1)
b. Subjunctive after Expressions of Emotion	203	(1)
c. Subjunctive after Expressions of Volition and Influence	205	(3)
d. Subjunctive after Expressions of Doubt and Negation of Reality	208	(1)
e. Subjunctive after Impersonal Expressions with Ser	209	(2)
3. ADJECTIVAL CLAUSES	211	(1)
a. Definition	211	(1)
b. Usage	211	(1)
4. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES	212	(1)
a. Definition	212	(1)
b. Usage	212	(1)
5. SEQUENCE OF TENSES	217	(1)
a. Introduction	217	(1)
b. Chronological Relativity	217	(1)
c. Aspect Relativity	223	(1)
d. Tense Relativity from Indicative to Subjunctive	224	(1)
(1) MAIN CLAUSE IN THE PRESENT SET	224	(1)
(2) MAIN CLAUSE IN THE PAST SET	225	(1)
6. IF (SI) CLAUSES	226	(1)
a. Sequence of Tenses	226	(1)
b. Como si (As If)	227	(1)
7. OJALA	228	(1)
8. EXPRESSIONS OF LEAVE-TAKING	229	(2)
H Infinitives and Present Participles	231	(5)
1. INFINITIVES	231	(1)
a. Present Infinitive	231	(1)
b. Perfect Infinitive	233	(1)
2. PRESENT PARTICIPLES	234	(2)
I Verbs Like Gustar	236	(5)
1. FORMATION	236	(1)
2. WORD ORDER	236	(1)
3. VERBS SIMILAR TO GUSTAR	237	(1)
4. ARTICLES	240	(1)
5. CHANGES IN MEANING	240	(1)
J Reflexive Verbs	241	(8)
K Indirect Discourse	249	(8)
1. INTRODUCTION	249	(1)
2. VERB-TENSE CHANGES	250	(1)
3. NO VERB-TENSE CHANGES	251	(1)
4. PERSON CHANGES	252	(1)
5. TIME CHANGES	253	(1)
6. OTHER CHANGES	254	(1)
a. Connectives	254	(1)
b. This, That, and the Other	254	(1)
c. Verbs of Communication	254	(1)
d. A Note on Word Order with Indirect Interrogatives	255	(2)
Chapter 7 Ser, Estar, Haber, Hacer, and Tener	257	(20)
A Overview	258	(1)
B Ser vs. Estar	259	(12)
1. WITH EQUAL ELEMENTS: SER	260	(1)
2. WITH ADJECTIVES	260	(1)
a. Predicate Adjectives	260	(1)
(1) ABURRIDO	262	(1)
(2) BUENO	262	(1)
(3) CALLADO	263	(1)
(4) CIEGO	263	(1)
(5) COMODO	263	(1)
(6) FRIO	263	(1)
(7) LISTO	263	(1)
(8) MADURO	264	(1)
(9) RICO	264	(1)
(10) VERDE	264	(1)
(11) VIVO	264	(1)
b. Expressions with "To Be"	264	(2)
c. Impersonal Expressions	266	(1)
3. WITH PREPOSITIONS AND ADVERBS	266	(1)
a. De	266	(1)
b. Time and Place	267	(1)
4. WITH PAST AND PRESENT PARTICIPLES	268	(1)
a. With Present Participles	268	(1)
b. With Past Participles: Passive Voice and Resultant Condition	268	(1)
(1) FORMATION OF THE PASSIVE VOICE	268	(1)
(2) A NOTE ON THE PASSIVE VOICE	269	(2)
C Estar vs. Haber	271	(1)
D Expressions with Estar and Tener	272	(1)
1. EXPRESSIONS WITH ESTAR	272	(1)
2. EXPRESSIONS WITH TENER	272	(1)
E Time Expressions	273	(4)
1. INTRODUCTION	273	(1)
a. Counting Forward	273	(1)
b. Counting Backward	273	(1)
2. DURATION	274	(1)
a. Counting Back from the Present	274	(1)
b. Counting Back from a Moment in the Past	275	(1)
3. AGO	276	(1)
Chapter 8 Lexical Variations	277	(26)
A Introduction	278	(1)
B Terms and Expressions	278	(25)
1. ACABAR	278	(1)
2. APPLY	279	(1)
3. ASK	280	(1)
4. AT	281	(1)
5. ATTEND	281	(1)
6. BECAUSE	282	(1)
7. BECOME OR GET	283	(2)
8. BUT	285	(1)
9. COME AND GO	286	(1)
10. DESPEDIR	287	(1)
11. EXIT AND SUCCESS	287	(1)
12. GO AND LEAVE	288	(1)
13. GUIDE	289	(1)
14. KNOW	290	(1)
15. LEARN	290	(1)
16. MEET	291	(1)
17. ORDER	292	(1)
18. PENSAR	292	(1)
19. PEOPLE VS. MACHINES	293	(1)
20. PLAY	295	(1)
21. PUT	296	(1)
22. REALIZE	297	(1)
23. SERVE	297	(1)
24. SPEND	298	(1)
25. TAKE	298	(1)
26. TIME	300	(1)
27. WHAT	300	(1)
Ejercicios	303	(124)
Verb Tables	427	(37)
Index	464	(9)
Answer Key	473