Manual de gramática Grammar Reference for Students of Spanish (with Quia Passcard)

by Dozier, Eleanor; Iguina, Zulma

• ISBN13: 9780838450987
• ISBN10: 0838450989
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-07-12
• Publisher: Heinle

Summary

MANUAL DE GRAM & Aacute;TICA is the easiest to use grammar reference text for intermediate and advanced students of Spanish.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Overview	1	(28)
Sentence Components	2	(3)
Verb Structure	5	(1)
Sentence Structure	6	(6)
Independent Clauses	6	(1)
Main or Principal Clauses	6	(1)
Dependent or Subordinate Clauses	6	(6)
Verb-Subject Agreement	12	(5)
Accents	17	(12)
Syllabification	17	(1)
Consonants (Consonantes)	17	(1)
Vowels (Vocales)	18	(2)
Stress	20	(1)
Categorization of Words by Stress	20	(1)
Rules for Written Accents	20	(1)
Special Cases	21	(1)
Adverbs Ending in -mente	21	(1)
Monosyllables	22	(1)
Non-Monosyllabic Homonyms	22	(1)
Aun vs. Aun	23	(1)
Solo vs. Solo	23	(1)
Demonstrative Pronouns	23	(1)
Exclamative and Interrogative Adjectives, Pronouns, or Adverbs	24	(5)
Nouns and Noun Determiners	29	(28)
Nouns and Their Equivalents	30	(8)
Introduction	30	(1)
Definition	30	(1)
Noun Equivalents	30	(2)
Noun Companions	32	(1)
Nouns: Gender and Number	33	(1)
Gender (Genero)	33	(2)
Number (Numero)	35	(1)
Personal A	36	(2)
Noun Determiners	38	(19)
Articles	38	(1)
Definite Articles	38	(2)
Subjects	40	(1)
Titles	41	(1)
Languages	41	(1)
Possessives vs. Articles	42	(1)
Indefinite Articles	43	(2)
Adjectives	45	(1)
Demonstrative Adjectives	45	(1)
Possessive Adjectives	46	(1)
Forms of Descriptive Adjectives	47	(1)
Common Adjective Endings	47	(1)
Adjectives with Short and Long Forms	48	(1)
Position of Descriptive Adjectives	48	(5)
Comparisons	53	(1)
Comparisons of Inequality	53	(1)
With Adverbs, Adjectives, and Nouns	53	(1)
With a Numerical Expression, Use De Instead of Que	53	(1)
With a Verb or Clause as Second Part of Comparison	54	(1)
Comparisons of Equality	54	(1)
Tanto(-a, -os, -as)... como	55	(1)
Tanto como	55	(1)
Tan... como	55	(1)
Superlatives	56	(1)
Pronouns	57	(50)
Personal Pronouns	58	(16)
Definitions	58	(1)
Intransitive Verbs	58	(1)
Transitive Verbs	58	(1)
With Subject and Direct Object	58	(1)
With Subject, Direct Object, and Indirect Object	59	(1)
With Subject and Indirect Object Only	59	(2)
Subject Pronouns	61	(3)
Direct Object Pronouns	64	(1)
Formation and Usage	64	(1)
Stressed and Unstressed Object Pronouns (Direct and Indirect Object)	65	(1)
Lo: The Neuter (Invariable) Pronoun	66	(1)
Indirect Object Pronouns	67	(1)
Required Repetitive Object Pronouns	68	(1)
Direct Object Pronouns	68	(1)
Indirect Object Pronouns	69	(1)
Order of Object Pronouns When Combined	70	(1)
Position of Object Pronouns	71	(1)
Prepositional Object Pronouns	72	(2)
Se	74	(11)
Introduction	74	(1)
Reflexive Pronouns	75	(1)
Reflexives	75	(2)
Reciprocals	77	(1)
Se Me Construction: Accidental or Irresponsible Se	77	(3)
Impersonal Se	80	(1)
Introduction	80	(1)
Agent Present	81	(1)
No Agent: Impersonal	81	(1)
No Agent: Not Impersonal	82	(1)
Impersonal Se with Inanimate Objects	82	(1)
Impersonal Se with Persons	83	(1)
Impersonal Se with Both Human and Inanimate Objects	84	(1)
Impersonal Reflexive Construction---Uno	84	(1)
Demonstrative and Possessive Pronouns	85	(2)
Demonstrative Pronouns	85	(1)
Possessive Pronouns	86	(1)
Interrogatives	87	(5)
¿Que?	88	(1)
¿Cual?	88	(1)
¿Que? vs. ¿Cual? with Ser	88	(2)
``How''	90	(1)
``How'' + Verb = ¿Como?	90	(1)
``How'' + Adjective or Adverb	90	(2)
Word Order	92	(1)
Exclamatives	92	(3)
¡Que! + Noun	93	(1)
¡Que! + Modified Noun	93	(1)
¡Que! + Adjective	93	(1)
¡Que! + Adverb	94	(1)
¡Como! + Verb	94	(1)
¡Cuanto! + Verb	94	(1)
¡Cuanto(a)! + Noun	95	(1)
¡Cuantos(as)! + Noun	95	(1)
¡Quien! + Verb	95	(1)
Indefinites and Negatives	95	(4)
Relative Pronouns	99	(8)
Formation and Usage	99	(2)
Relative Pronouns without a Preposition	101	(1)
Relative Pronouns with a Preposition	102	(1)
El cual / el que	102	(1)
Exceptional Prepositions	102	(1)
Additional Uses	102	(1)
Lo que / lo cual (invariable)	102	(1)
El que	102	(1)
Lo que	103	(1)
Cuyo	103	(1)
Donde	104	(1)
``Who''	104	(1)
Interrogative Pronoun: ¿Quien?	104	(1)
Relative Pronoun: Que	104	(1)
El cual / el que	105	(1)
``What''	105	(2)
Prepositions, Adverbs, and Conjunctions	107	(46)
Prepositions	108	(22)
Function of Prepositions	108	(1)
Verbs Used without Prepositions	109	(1)
Individual Prepositions	110	(1)
A	110	(1)
Usage	110	(1)
Personal A	111	(1)
Expressions with A	111	(2)
Verbs with A	113	(1)
Con	114	(1)
Usage	114	(1)
Expressions with Con	115	(1)
Verbs with Con	115	(1)
De	116	(1)
Usage	116	(1)
Expressions with De	117	(1)
Verbs with De	117	(2)
En	119	(1)
Usage	119	(1)
Expressions with En	120	(1)
Verbs with En	120	(2)
Para	122	(1)
Usage	122	(1)
Expressions with Para	122	(1)
Por	123	(1)
Usage	123	(1)
Expressions with Por	124	(1)
Verbs with Por	125	(1)
List of Expressions with Prepositions (English-Spanish)	126	(2)
Review of Expressions with Prepositions	128	(2)
Adverbs	130	(16)
Definition	130	(1)
Adverbs Ending in -mente	130	(1)
Word Order	131	(1)
Multiple-Function Words	131	(2)
Adverbs of Time	133	(2)
Adverbs of Manner	135	(2)
Adverbs of Quantity	137	(1)
Adverbs of Confirmation, Doubt, or Negation	138	(2)
Adverbial Phrases	140	(1)
Adverbs of Place	141	(3)
Related Adverbs and Prepositions	144	(2)
Conjunctions	146	(2)
Usage	146	(1)
Conjunctions of Coordination	146	(1)
Conjunctions of Subordination	147	(1)
Transitions	148	(5)
Verbs: Formation	153	(30)
Indicative Mood	154	(12)
Present Indicative	154	(1)
Regular Verbs	154	(1)
Stem-Changing Verbs	154	(2)
Spelling-Changing Verbs	156	(2)
Classified Irregular Verbs	158	(1)
Other Irregular Verbs	159	(1)
Past Tenses of the Indicative	160	(1)
Imperfect Indicative	160	(1)
Preterite	161	(3)
Present Perfect Indicative	164	(1)
Pluperfect Indicative	164	(1)
Future	165	(1)
Simple Future	165	(1)
Future Perfect	166	(1)
Conditional Mood	166	(2)
Present Conditional	166	(1)
Conditional Perfect	167	(1)
Subjunctive Mood	168	(6)
Present Subjunctive	168	(1)
Regular Verbs	168	(1)
Stem-Changing Verbs	168	(1)
Irregular Verbs	169	(2)
Imperfect Subjunctive	171	(2)
Present Perfect Subjunctive	173	(1)
Pluperfect Subjunctive	173	(1)
Imperative Mood	174	(5)
Direct Commands	174	(1)
Tu	174	(1)
Usted / Ustedes	175	(2)
Vosotros	177	(1)
Nosotros	178	(1)
Indirect Commands	179	(1)
Infinitive	179	(1)
Present Infinitive	179	(1)
Perfect Infinitive	179	(1)
Participle	180	(3)
Present Participle or Gerund	180	(1)
Past Participle	180	(3)
Verbs: Usage	183	(80)
Present Indicative	184	(1)
Past Indicative Tenses: Preterite vs. Imperfect vs. Pluperfect	185	(13)
Action vs. Non-Action	185	(1)
Definitions	186	(1)
Verbs of Action: Preterite Is the Rule, Imperfect Is the Exception	186	(2)
Special Note on ``Would''	188	(1)
Action Verb Elimination Checklist	189	(1)
Non-Action Verbs: Imperfect Is the Rule, Preterite Is the Exception	189	(4)
Beginning-Middle-End	193	(1)
Preterite: Beginning and/or End	194	(1)
Imperfect: Middle	194	(1)
Diachronic vs. Synchronic	195	(2)
Pluperfect	197	(1)
Compound Tenses	198	(7)
Introduction	198	(1)
Perfect Tenses	199	(1)
Present Perfect Indicative	199	(1)
Future Perfect	199	(1)
Past Perfect (Pluperfect) Indicative	200	(1)
Conditional Perfect	200	(1)
Present Perfect Subjunctive	200	(1)
Pluperfect Subjunctive	200	(1)
Simple Progressive Tenses	201	(1)
Introduction	201	(1)
Present Progressive	201	(1)
Future Progressive	202	(1)
Past Progressive	202	(1)
Conditional Present Progressive	202	(1)
Subjunctive Present Progressive	203	(1)
Subjunctive Imperfect Progressive	203	(1)
Perfect Progressive Tenses	203	(1)
Introduction	203	(1)
Indicative Present Perfect Progressive	203	(1)
Indicative Future Perfect Progressive	203	(1)
Indicative Pluperfect Progressive	204	(1)
Conditional Perfect Progressive	204	(1)
Subjunctive Present Perfect Progressive	204	(1)
Subjunctive Pluperfect Progressive	204	(1)
Modal Auxiliaries	205	(1)
Ways of Expressing the Future	205	(1)
Conditional	206	(2)
Introduction	206	(1)
Courtesy with Conditional of Modal Auxiliaries	206	(1)
Hypothetical Situations with or without Condition Expressed with Si	207	(1)
Future of the Past	207	(1)
Probability in the Past	207	(1)
Probability	208	(1)
Subjunctive	209	(29)
Introduction	209	(1)
Nominal Clauses	210	(1)
Definition and Usage	210	(1)
Subjunctive after Expressions of Emotion	211	(2)
Subjunctive after Expressions of Volition and Influence	213	(2)
Subjunctive after Expressions of Doubt and Negation of Reality	215	(1)
Subjunctive after Impersonal Expressions with Ser	216	(2)
Adjectival Clauses	218	(1)
Definition	218	(1)
Usage	218	(2)
Adverbial Clauses	220	(1)
Definition	220	(1)
Usage	220	(4)
Sequence of Tenses	224	(1)
Introduction	224	(1)
Chronological Relativity	224	(5)
Aspect Relativity	229	(2)
Tense Relativity from Indicative to Subjunctive	231	(1)
Main Clause in the Present Set	231	(1)
Main Clause in the Past Set	232	(1)
If (Si) Clauses	233	(1)
Sequence of Tenses	233	(1)
Como si (As If)	234	(1)
Ojala	235	(1)
Expressions of Leave-Taking	236	(2)
Infinitives and Present Participles	238	(4)
Infinitives	238	(1)
Present Infinitive	238	(2)
Perfect Infinitive	240	(1)
Present Participles	240	(2)
Verbs Like Gustar	242	(6)
Formation	242	(1)
Word Order	243	(1)
Verbs Similar to Gustar	244	(3)
Articles	247	(1)
Changes in Meaning	247	(1)
Reflexive Verbs	248	(8)
Indirect Discourse	256	(7)
Introduction	257	(1)
Verb-Tense Changes	257	(1)
No Verb-Tense Changes	258	(1)
Person Changes	259	(1)
Time Changes	260	(1)
Other Changes	261	(1)
Connectives	261	(1)
This, That, and the Other	261	(1)
Verbs of Communication	261	(1)
A Note on Word Order with Indirect Interrogatives	261	(2)
Ser, Estar, Haber, Hacer, and Tener	263	(20)
Overview	264	(1)
Ser vs. Estar	265	(11)
With Equal Elements: Ser	265	(1)
With Adjectives	266	(1)
Predicate Adjectives	266	(2)
Aburrido (boring vs. bored)	268	(1)
Bueno (good vs. in good health, tasty)	268	(1)
Callado (quiet by nature vs. silent now)	268	(1)
Ciego (blind vs. blinded figuratively or momentariliy)	269	(1)
Comodo (comfortable object vs. comfortable person)	269	(1)
Frio (cold as norm or not, used with objects)	269	(1)
Listo (clever [person or animal] vs. ready)	269	(1)
Maduro (mature vs. ripe)	269	(1)
Rico (wealthy vs. delicious)	270	(1)
Verde (green vs. unripe)	270	(1)
Vivo (smart, bright person vs. alive)	270	(1)
Expressions with ``To Be''	270	(2)
Impersonal Expressions	272	(1)
With Prepositions and Adverbs	272	(1)
De	272	(1)
Time and Place	273	(1)
With Past and Present Participles	273	(1)
With Present Participles	273	(1)
With Past Participles: Passive Voice and Resultant Condition	273	(1)
Formation of the Passive Voice	274	(1)
A Note on the Passive Voice	275	(1)
Estar vs. Haber	276	(1)
Expressions with Estar and Tener	277	(1)
Expressions with Estar	277	(1)
Expressions with Tener	278	(1)
Time Expressions	278	(5)
Introduction	278	(1)
Counting Forward	278	(1)
Counting Backward	279	(1)
Duration	279	(1)
Counting Back from the Present	279	(1)
Counting Back from a Moment in the Past	280	(1)
Ago	281	(2)
Lexical Variations	283	(26)
Introduction	283	(1)
Terms and Expressions	284	(22)
Acabar	284	(1)
Apply	285	(1)
Ask	286	(1)
At	286	(1)
Attend	287	(1)
Because	288	(1)
Become or Get	289	(1)
But	290	(1)
Come and Go	291	(1)
Despedir	292	(1)
Exit and Success	292	(1)
Go and Leave	293	(1)
Guide	294	(1)
Know	295	(1)
Learn	295	(1)
Meet	296	(1)
Order	297	(1)
Pensar	297	(1)
People vs. Machines	298	(2)
Play	300	(1)
Put	300	(1)
Realize	301	(1)
Serve	302	(1)
Spend	302	(1)
Take	302	(2)
Time	304	(1)
What	305	(1)
False Cognates	306	(3)
Ejercicios	309	(138)
Answer Key	447	(44)
Verb Tables	491	(38)
Index	529