Materials Chemistry

by Fahlman, Bradley D.

• ISBN13: 9789400706927
• ISBN10: 9400706928
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2011-05-12
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The 2nd edition of Materials Chemistry builds on the strengths that were recognized by a 2008 Textbook Excellence Award from the Text and Academic Authors Association (TAA).Materials Chemistry addresses inorganic-, organic-, and nano-based materials from a structure vs. property treatment, providing a suitable breadth and depth coverage of the rapidly evolving materials field #xE2;#xAC;#x1D; in a concise format. The 2nd edition continues to offer innovative coverage and practical perspective throughout, e.g.: the opening solid-state chemistry chapter uses color illustrations of crystalline unit cells and digital photos of models to clarify their structures. This edition features more archetypical unit cells and includes fundamental principles of X-ray crystallography and band theory. In addition, an ample amorphous-solids section has been expanded to include more details regarding zeolite syntheses, as well as ceramics classifications and their biomaterial applications. The subsequent metals chapter has been re-organized for clarity, and continues to treat the full spectrum of powder metallurgical methods, complex phase behaviors of the Fe-C system and steels, and topics such as corrosion and shape-memory properties. The mining/processing of metals has also been expanded to include photographs of various processes occurring in an actual steelmaking plant. The semiconductor chapter addresses evolution and limitations/solutions of modern transistors, as well as IC fabrication and photovoltaics. Building on the fundamentals presented earlier, more details regarding the band structure of semiconductors is now included, as well as discussions of GaAs vs. Si for microelectronics applications, and surface reconstruction nomenclature. The emerging field of #xE2;#xAC;#xDC;soft lithographic#xE2;#xAC;" patterning is now included in this chapter, and thin film deposition methodologies are also greatly expanded to now include more fundamental aspects of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and atomic layer deposition (ALD). The polymer and #xE2;#xAC;#xDC;soft#xE2;#xAC;" materials chapter represents the largest expansion for the 2nd edition. This chapter describes all polymeric classes including dendritic polymers, as well as important additives such as plasticizers and flame-retardants, and emerging applications such as molecular magnets and self-repairing polymers. This edition now features #xE2;#xAC;#xDC;click chemistry#xE2;#xAC;" polymerization, #xC2;#xA0;silicones, conductive polymers and biomaterials applications such as biodegradable polymers, biomedical devices, drug delivery, and contact lenses. Final chapters on nanomaterials and materials-characterization techniques are also carefully surveyed, focusing on nomenclature, synthetic techniques, and applications taken from the latest scientific literature. The 2nd edition has been significantly updated to now include nanotoxicity, vapor-phase growth of 0-D nanostructures, and more details regarding synthetic techniques and mechanisms for solution-phase growth of various nanomaterials. Graphene, recognized by the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physics, is now also included in this edition. Most appropriate for Junior/Senior undergraduate students, as well as first-year graduate students in chemistry, physics, or engineering fields, Materials Chemistry may also serve as a valuable reference to industrial researchers. Each chapter concludes with a section that describes important materials applications, and an updated list of thought-provoking questions. The appendices have also been updated with additional laboratory modules for materials synthesis (e.g., porous silicon) and a comprehensive timeline of major materials developments.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
What is Materials Chemistry?	p. 1
Historical Perspectives	p. 2
Considerations in the Design of New Materials	p. 5
Design of New Materials Through a ôCritical Thinkingö Approach	p. 6
Solid-State Chemistry	p. 13
Amorphous vs. Crystalline Solids	p. 13
Types of Bonding in Solids	p. 14
Ionic Solids	p. 15
Metallic Solids	p. 16
Covalent Network Solids	p. 18
Molecular Solids	p. 18
The Crystalline State	p. 22
Crystal Growth Techniques	p. 26
Crystal Structures	p. 29
Crystal Symmetry and Space Groups	p. 56
X-Ray Diffraction from Crystalline Solids	p. 65
Crystal Imperfections	p. 74
Physical Properties of Crystals	p. 88
Bonding in Crystalline Solids: Introduction to Band Theory	p. 103
The Amorphous State	p. 113
Sol-Gel Processing	p. 114
Glasses	p. 125
Cementitious Materials	p. 136
Ceramics	p. 139
Metals	p. 157
Mining and Processing of Metals	p. 157
Powder Metallurgy	p. 171
Metallic Structures and Properties	p. 177
Phase Behavior of Iron-Carbon Alloys	p. 178
Hardening Mechanisms of Steels	p. 185
Stainless Steels	p. 200
Nonferrous Metals and Alloys	p. 204
Metal Surface Treatments for Corrosion Resistance	p. 217
Magnetism	p. 220
Reversible Hydrogen Storage	p. 226
Semiconductors	p. 239
Properties and Types of Semiconductors	p. 239
Silicon-Based Applications	p. 251
Silicon Wafer Production	p. 251
Integrated Circuits	p. 255
Light-Emitting Diodes: There is Life Outside of Silicon!	p. 321
Thermoelectric (Te) Materials	p. 330
Polymeric Materials	p. 349
Polymer Classifications and Nomenclature	p. 351
Polymerization Mechanisms	p. 356
Addition Polymerization	p. 359
Heterogeneous Catalysis	p. 364
Homogeneous Catalysis	p. 366
Step-Growth Polymerization	p. 372
Dendritic Polymers	p. 376
Polymerization via ôClickö Chemistry	p. 386
ôSoft Materialsö Applications: Structure vs. Properties	p. 388
Biomaterials Applications	p. 393
Conductive Polymers	p. 417
Molecular Magnets	p. 426
Polymer Additives	p. 437
Flame Retardants	p. 440
Nanomaterials	p. 457
Nanotoxicity	p. 458
What is ôNanotechnologyö?	p. 468
Nanoscale Building Blocks and Applications	p. 470
Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials	p. 473
One-Dimensional Nanostructures	p. 529
Two-Dimensional Nanostructures: The ôGraphene Frontierö	p. 559
Materials Characterization	p. 585
Optical Microscopy	p. 586
Electron Microscopy	p. 588
Electron Sources	p. 593
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)	p. 597
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)	p. 617
Surface Characterization Techniques Based on Particle Bombardment	p. 629
Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES)	p. 629
X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS)	p. 631
Ion-Bombardment Techniques	p. 634
Atom-Probe Tomography (APT)	p. 643
Scanning Probe Microscopy (SPM)	p. 645
Bulk Characterization Techniques	p. 651
	p. 669
	p. 681
	p. 693
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Carbon Nanotubes	p. 693
Background Information	p. 693
Procedure	p. 695
Supercritical Fluid Facilitated Growth of Copper and Aluminum Oxide NanopArticles	p. 697
Procedure	p. 698
Synthesis and Characterization of Liquid Crystals	p. 700
Procedure	p. 703
Template Synthesis and Magnetic Manipulation of Nickel Nanowires	p. 705
Procedure	p. 705
Introduction to Photolithography	p. 709
Procedure	p. 709
Synthesis of Gold Nanoclusters	p. 712
Procedure	p. 712
Synthesis of Porous Silicon	p. 713
Procedure	p. 714
Solid-Liquid-Solid (SLS) Growth of Silicon Nanowires	p. 714
Procedure	p. 716
Synthesis of Ferrofluids	p. 717
Metallurgy/Phase Transformations	p. 717
Heat Treatment of Glass Ceramics	p. 717
Index	p. 719
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