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9781447129141

Materials for Nuclear Plants

by
  • ISBN13:

    9781447129141

  • ISBN10:

    1447129148

  • Format: Hardcover
  • Copyright: 2012-08-31
  • Publisher: Springer Verlag
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Summary

The clamor for non-carbon dioxide emitting energy production has directly impacted on the development of nuclear energy. As new nuclear plants are built, plans and designs are continually being developed to manage the range of challenging requirement and problems that nuclear plants face especially when managing the greatly increased operating temperatures, irradiation doses and extended design life spans. Materials for Nuclear Plants: From Safe Design to Residual Life Assessments provides a comprehensive treatment of the structural materials for nuclear power plants with emphasis on advanced design concepts. Materials for Nuclear Plants: From Safe Design to Residual Life Assessments approaches structural materials with a systemic approach. Important components and materials currently in use as well as those which can be considered in future designs are detailed, whilst the damage mechanisms responsible for plant ageing are discussed and explained. Methodologies for materials characterization, materials modeling and advanced materials testing will be described including design code considerations and non-destructive evaluation concepts. Including models for simple system dynamic problems and knowledge of current nuclear power plants in operation, Materials for Nuclear Plants: From Safe Design to Residual Life Assessments is ideal for students studying postgraduate courses in Nuclear Engineering. Designers on courses for code development, such as ASME or ISO and nuclear authorities will also find this a useful reference.

Table of Contents

Nuclear Plantsp. 1
Current Reactorsp. 1
Pressurized Water Reactorsp. 2
Boiling Water Reactorsp. 2
CANDU Reactorsp. 6
Advanced Gas Reactorsp. 8
Improvements and Developments of Reactor Conceptsp. 9
Advanced Light Water Reactorsp. 9
Advanced Heavy Water Reactorsp. 11
Small Modular Reactorsp. 11
Advanced New Reactor Conceptsp. 13
Neutron Spectrum, Fast Reactors and Fuel Cyclesp. 16
Neutron Spectrump. 16
Fuel Cyclesp. 18
Generation IV Nuclear Plantsp. 22
Sodium Fast Reactorp. 22
Lead-Cooled Fast Reactorp. 29
Very-High-Temperature Reactor Systemp. 32
Gas-Cooled Fast Reactor System R&Dp. 41
Supercritical Water Reactorp. 44
Molten Salt Reactorp. 47
Other Advanced Nuclear Plant Conceptsp. 49
Traveling Wave Reactorp. 49
Accelerator-Driven Systemsp. 51
Space Nuclear Plantsp. 53
Nuclear Fusionp. 55
Conversion of Nuclear Energy into Electricity and Heatp. 58
Referencesp. 61
Materialsp. 65
Introductionp. 65
Basicsp. 65
Point Defectsp. 67
Linear Defectsp. 71
Planar Defectsp. 73
Diffusion Processesp. 75
Binary Phase Diagramsp. 79
Classes of Materials for Nuclear Applicationsp. 81
Steelsp. 84
Superalloysp. 102
Refractory Alloysp. 110
Zirconium Alloysp. 110
Intermetallicsp. 112
Nano-Structured Materialsp. 114
Ceramic Materialsp. 124
Coatingsp. 128
Referencesp. 128
Components and Its Productionp. 135
Components of Nuclear Plantsp. 135
Vesselp. 136
Fuel Elementsp. 141
Control Rodsp. 148
Other Reactor Internalsp. 148
Piping and Steam Generatorp. 151
Intermediate Heat Exchangerp. 152
Energy Conversion Systemsp. 155
Materials for Nuclear Fission Plantsp. 157
Fusionp. 157
Production Techniquesp. 163
Meltingp. 164
Shapingp. 168
Powder Metallurgyp. 172
Powder Productionp. 173
Powder Compactionp. 174
Graphitep. 176
Fiber Reinforced Materialsp. 179
Fusion Proceduresp. 181
Submerged Arc and Gas Tungsten Arc Weldingp. 181
Defects in Weldsp. 183
Other Bonding Methodsp. 185
Coatings and Surface Treatmentp. 188
Liningp. 188
Chemical Vapor Deposition CVDp. 190
Physical Vapor Depositionp. 190
Thermal Sprayp. 192
Other Surface Treatmentsp. 192
Referencesp. 192
Mechanical Properties of Nuclear Materialsp. 197
Introductionp. 197
Strength of Materialsp. 198
Plastic Deformation of Single Crystalsp. 198
Stress-Strain Curvesp. 200
Hardening Mechanismsp. 203
Toughnessp. 206
Impact Testing and Fracture Appearance Transition Temperaturep. 206
Fracture Toughnessp. 208
Creepp. 217
Creep Curvep. 217
Stress Rupture Curvep. 220
Mechanisms of Thermal Creep in Metalsp. 222
Creep Damagep. 227
Extrapolation of Stress Rupture Datap. 228
Creep Crack Growthp. 232
Thermal Creep of Ceramics for Nuclear Plantsp. 235
Fatiguep. 235
Introductionp. 235
Basic Principlesp. 236
Representation of Fatigue Resultsp. 237
Fatigue Crack Growthp. 241
Phenomenology of Fatiguep. 244
Greep-Fatigue Interactionsp. 246
Referencesp. 251
Irradiation Damagep. 255
Introductionp. 255
Early Stage of Radiation Damagep. 257
Reactions of Point Defects Created During Irradiationp. 261
Influence of Temperaturep. 263
Influence of Lattice Typep. 265
Influence of Chemical Compositionp. 267
Other Types of Irradiation Damagep. 268
Radiation Induced Segregation (RIS)p. 268
Irradiation Induced (Coherent) Precipitationp. 270
Amorphizationp. 271
The Production of Foreign Atomsp. 272
Radiation Induced Dimensional Changesp. 273
Void Swellingp. 273
Radiation Creepp. 275
Radiations Effects at High Temperaturesp. 279
Influence of Radiation on Mechanical Propertiesp. 281
Strength and Toughnessp. 281
Influence of Irradiation on Fatigue and Fatigue Crack Growthp. 283
Creep and Creep-Fatiguep. 284
Radiation Damaged in Non-Metallic Structural Materialsp. 285
Graphitep. 285
Silicon Carbidep. 287
Irradiation Damage of Componentsp. 288
Light Water Reactorsp. 288
Radiation Damage in Advanced Reactorsp. 294
Referencesp. 302
Environmental Damage in Nuclear Plantsp. 309
Basic Aspects of Corrosionp. 309
Forms of Corrosionp. 309
Corrosion Testingp. 312
Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)p. 316
Corrosion and Fatigue Loadingp. 317
High Temperature Effectsp. 319
Environmental Effects in Light Water Reactorsp. 320
Basicsp. 320
Pressure Boundariesp. 323
Reactor Internalsp. 328
Corrosion of Zircaloy Claddingsp. 331
Environmental Effects in Advanced Reactorsp. 335
Sodium Fast Reactorp. 335
High Temperature Gas reactorsp. 341
Other Advanced Nuclear Plantsp. 345
Fusionp. 353
Referencesp. 354
Advanced Mechanical Testing and Analysis Methodsp. 359
Introductionp. 359
Micro-Mechanical Testingp. 360
Fatigue Crack Growth Testingp. 362
Fracture Toughness Testingp. 363
Shear Punchp. 366
Micro-Nanohardness Testingp. 368
Compression and Tensile Tests with Micro-Samplesp. 370
Advanced Auxiliary Equipmentp. 371
Irradiationp. 371
Preparation of Miniaturized Samples with Focused Ion Beamp. 373
Measurement of Changes in Geometry of Microsamplesp. 374
Microstructural Investigationsp. 375
Scanning Electron Microscopep. 375
Transmission Electron Microscopep. 376
Other Analysis Techniquesp. 377
Analysis With Beamlinesp. 377
Modelling Techniquesp. 386
First Principle Considerationsp. 387
Molecular Dynamicsp. 389
Kinetic Monte Carlo and Rate Theoryp. 390
Dislocation Dynamicsp. 391
Computational Thermodynamicsp. 393
Some Results of Multiscale Modelingp. 393
Further Outlookp. 400
Referencesp. 402
Design, Life-Time and Residual Lifep. 407
Introductionp. 407
Loads and Stresses in Componentsp. 410
Equivalent Stressesp. 410
Notchesp. 415
Codes and Design Rulesp. 417
General Structure of Codesp. 417
Selected Materials Problemsp. 423
Material Properties Databases Needsp. 430
Non Destructive Testing/Evaluationp. 432
General Considerationsp. 432
NDE Techniquesp. 435
Advanced Material Characterizationp. 441
NDE of Advanced Nuclear Systemsp. 445
RPV as an Examplep. 447
Plant Life Management (PLIM) and Plant Life Extension (PLEX)p. 451
Referencesp. 452
Questions and Exercisesp. 457
Solutionsp. 467
Indexp. 475
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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