Mechanical Alloying

by El-Eskandarany

• ISBN13: 9780815514626
• ISBN10: 081551462X
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2001-12-31
• Publisher: Elsevier Science

Summary

Unique in bringing about a solid-state reaction at room temperature, mechanical alloying produces powders and compounds difficult or impossible to obtain by conventional techniques. Immediate and cost-effective industry applications of the resultant advanced materials are in cutting tools and high performance aerospace products such as metal matrix armor and turbine blades. The book is a guided introduction to mechanical alloying, covering material requirements equipment, processing, and engineering properties and characteristics of the milled powders. Chapters 3 and 4 treat the fabrication of nanophase materials and nanophase composite materials. Chapter 8 provides extensive coverage of metallic glass substances. This book is ideal for materials scientists in industry and in research, design, processing, and plant engineers in the cutting tools and aerospace industries as well as senior level students in metallurgical and mechanical materials engineering. The book will especially benefit metallurgists unacquainted with ball milling fabrication.

Author Biography

Dr. M. Sherif El-Eskandarany is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Engineering at Al Azhar University of Cairo, Egypt. He is the leading authority on mechanical alloying, and is the author of more than 70 research papers published in American, Japanese, and British Journals

Table of Contents

Introduction	1	(21)
Background	1	(1)
History of Story of Mechanical Alloying	2	(3)
Milling	5	(11)
Factors Affecting the Mechanical Alloying	6	(1)
Types of Mills	7	(7)
Effect of Ball-to-Powder Weight Ratio	14	(2)
Effect of Milling Atmosphere	16	(1)
Mechanism of Mechanical Alloying	16	(3)
Ball-Powder-Ball Collision	16	(3)
Necessity of Mechanical Alloying	19	(3)
References	19	(3)
Fabrication of ODS Alloys	22	(12)
Introduction and Background	22	(2)
Applications and Examples	24	(10)
ODS Ni-Base Superalloys and Fe-Base High-Temperature Alloys	24	(1)
INCONEL MA 754	25	(1)
INCONEL MA 6000	25	(2)
INCOLOY MA 956	27	(6)
References	33	(1)
Fabrication of Nanophase Materials	34	(11)
Introduction	34	(1)
Influence of Nanocrystallinity on Mechanical Properties: Strengthening by Grain Size Reduction	35	(1)
Formation of Nanocrystalline Materials by Ball Milling Technique	36	(5)
Mechanism(s)	37	(1)
Selected Examples	38	(3)
Consolidation of the Nanocrystalline Milled Powders	41	(4)
References	43	(2)
Fabrication of Nanocomposite Materials	45	(17)
Introduction and Background	45	(2)
Fabrication of SiCp/Al Composites by Mechanical Solid State Mixing	47	(1)
Properties of Mechanically Solid-State Fabricated SiCp/Al Composites	48	(10)
X-Ray Analysis	48	(1)
Morphology and Metallography	49	(3)
TEM Observations	52	(1)
Consolidation	53	(3)
Properties	56	(2)
Mechanism of Fabrication	58	(4)
Formation of Agglomerates Coarse Composite SiCp/Al Powder Particles	58	(1)
Disintegration of the Agglomerates Composite SiCp/Al Powder Particles	59	(1)
Formation of Nanocomposite SiCp/Al Powder Particles	59	(1)
Consolidation of Nanocomposite SiCp/Al Powder Particles	59	(1)
References	60	(2)
Mechanically Induced Solid State Carbonization	62	(32)
Introduction	62	(2)
Difficulties of Preparations	64	(1)
Fabrication of Nanocrystalline TiC by Mechanical Alloying Method	65	(3)
Properties of Mechanically Solid-State Reacted TiC Powders	68	(18)
Structural Changes with the Milling Time	68	(8)
Morphology	76	(2)
Consolidation	78	(5)
Mechanism of Fabrication	83	(3)
Other Carbides Produced by Mechanical Alloying	86	(8)
Fabrication of 7beta;-SiC Powders	86	(2)
Fabrication of Nanocrystalline WC Powders	88	(1)
Fabrication of Nanocrystalline ZrC Powders	89	(4)
References	93	(1)
Mechanically Induced Gas-Solid Reaction	94	(24)
Introduction	95	(1)
Fabrication of Nanocrystalline TiN by Reactive Ball Milling	95	(1)
Properties of Reacted Ball Milled TiN Powders	96	(12)
Structural Changes with the Milling Time	96	(2)
Morphology	98	(10)
Mechanism of Fabrication	108	(1)
RBM Technique for Preparing TiN Powders	108	(1)
Other Nitrides Produced by RBM	109	(4)
Fabrication of Nanocrystalline Solid Solution NiTiH by Reactive Ball Milling	113	(5)
References	117	(1)
Mechanically Induced Solid-State Reduction	118	(24)
Introduction	119	(1)
Reduction of Cu2O With Ti by Room Temperature Rod Milling	119	(1)
Properties of Rod Milled Powders	120	(6)
Structural Changes with the Milling Time	120	(5)
Metallography	125	(1)
DTA Measurements	126	(1)
Mechanism of MSSR	126	(3)
Fabrication of Nanocrystalline WC and Nanocomposite WC-MgO Refactory Materials by MSSR Method	129	(13)
Properties of Ball-Milled Powders	131	(1)
Structural Changes with the Milling Time	131	(5)
Temperature Change with the Milling Time	136	(3)
Hardness, Toughness, and Elastic Moduli of Consolidated WC and WC/MgO	139	(2)
References	141	(1)
Mechanically Induced Solid-State Amorphization	142	(90)
Introduction	143	(1)
Fabrication of Amorphous Alloys by Mechanical Alloying Process	144	(2)
Crystal-to-Glass Transition	146	(4)
The Metastable Phase Diagram	149	(1)
Mechanism of Amorphization by Mechanical Alloying Process	150	(25)
Structural Changes with the Milling Time	152	(1)
X-Ray Analysis	152	(2)
TEM Observations	154	(3)
Morphology and Metallography Changes with the Milling Time	157	(4)
Thermal Stability	161	(1)
Amorphization Process	161	(8)
Crystallization Process	169	(3)
Mechanism	172	(3)
The Glass-Forming Range	175	(8)
Amorphization Via Mechanical Alloying When ΔHfor = Zero; Mechanical Solid-State Amorphization of Fe50 W50 Binary System	183	(9)
Structural Changes with the Milling Time	183	(3)
Magnetic Studies	186	(1)
Thermal Stability	187	(3)
Mechanism	190	(1)
The Stage of Composite FeW Powder Particles Formation	190	(1)
The Stage of Formation of FeW Solid Solution	191	(1)
The Stage of Amorphous FeW Formation	191	(1)
Special Systems and Applications	192	(6)
Amorphous Austenitic Stainless Steel	192	(2)
Fabrication Amorphous Fe52 Nb48 Special Steel	194	(2)
Fe-Zr-B System	196	(2)
Difference Between Mechanical Alloying and Mechanical Disordering in the Amorphization Reaction of Al50 Ta50 in a Rod Mill	198	(11)
Background	198	(1)
Procedure	199	(1)
Structural Changes with Milling Time	199	(3)
Morphological Changes with Milling Time	202	(3)
Thermal Stability	205	(3)
Mechanism of Formation of Amorphous A50 Ta50 via MD Method	208	(1)
Mechanically-Induced Cyclic Crystalline-Amorphous Transformations During Mechanical Alloying	209	(23)
Co-Ti Binary System	209	(1)
Structural Changes with the Milling Time	210	(6)
Thermal Stability	216	(1)
Al-Zr Binary System	217	(1)
Structural Changes with the Milling Time	218	(3)
Thermal Stability	221	(2)
Mechanism of Amorphous-Crystalline-Amorphous Cyclic Phase Transformations During Ball Milling	223	(2)
References	225	(7)
Index	232