Mechanical Behavior of Materials : Engineering Methods for Deformation, Fracture, and Fatigue

by Dowling, Norman E.

• ISBN13: 9780131863125
• ISBN10: 0131863126
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2007-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This respected handbook introduces the entire spectrum of mechanical behavior of materials, emphasizing practical engineering methods for testing structural materials to obtain their properties, and predicting their strength and life when used for machines, vehicles, and structures.Features expanded discussions ofsafety factors, stress and strain, bending and torsion tests, unknown fiber fraction, 3-D stresses, and modified-Mohr and Coulomb-Mohr criteria. Also addresses maximum shear and octahedral shear criteria, load factor design, fatigue limits, notch sensitivity,R-ratio effects, mean stress relaxation, cyclic bending, mean stresses, and time-temperature parameters. Coverage of fracture mechanics allows readers to analyze the effect of cracks on strength and life without requiring advanced mathematics. Employs actual laboratory data in illustrations, examples, and problems, giving readers realistic impressions as to the actual values and behavior for the material involved.A useful reference for practicing engineers.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
Types of Material Failure	p. 2
Design and Materials Selection	p. 10
Technological Challenge	p. 16
Economic Importance of Fracture	p. 18
Summary	p. 19
References	p. 20
Problems and Questions	p. 20
Structure and Deformation in Materials	p. 23
Introduction	p. 23
Bonding in Solids	p. 25
Structure in Crystalline Materials	p. 29
Elastic Deformation and Theoretical Strength	p. 33
Inelastic Deformation	p. 38
Summary	p. 44
References	p. 45
Problems and Questions	p. 46
A Survey of Engineering Materials	p. 48
Introduction	p. 48
Alloying and Processing of Metals	p. 49
Irons and Steels	p. 55
Nonferrous Metals	p. 63
Polymers	p. 67
Ceramics and Glasses	p. 77
Composite Materials	p. 83
Materials Selection for Engineering Components	p. 88
Summary	p. 94
References	p. 96
Problems and Questions	p. 97
Mechanical Testing: Tension Test and Other Basic Tests	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
Introduction to Tension Test	p. 106
Engineering Stress-Strain Properties	p. 111
Trends in Tensile Behavior	p. 120
True Stress-Strain Interpretation of Tension Test	p. 126
Compression Test	p. 135
Hardness Tests	p. 140
Notch-Impact Tests	p. 147
Bending and Torsion Tests	p. 152
Summary	p. 158
References	p. 159
Problems and Questions	p. 160
Stress-Strain Relationships and Behavior	p. 171
Introduction	p. 171
Models for Deformation Behavior	p. 172
Elastic Deformation	p. 182
Anisotropic Materials	p. 195
Summary	p. 204
References	p. 206
Problems and Questions	p. 206
Review of Complex and Principal States of Stress and Strain	p. 214
Introduction	p. 214
Plane Stress	p. 215
Principal Stresses and the Maximum Shear Stress	p. 225
Three-Dimensional States of Stress	p. 233
Stresses on the Octahedral Planes	p. 240
Complex States of Strain	p. 242
Summary	p. 247
References	p. 249
Problems and Questions	p. 249
Yielding and Fracture under Combined Stresses	p. 254
Introduction	p. 254
General Form of Failure Criteria	p. 256
Maximum Normal Stress Fracture Criterion	p. 258
Maximum Shear Stress Yield Criterion	p. 261
Octahedral Shear Stress Yield Criterion	p. 267
Discussion of the Basic Failure Criteria	p. 274
Coulomb-Mohr Fracture Criterion	p. 280
Modified Mohr Fracture Criterion	p. 290
Additional Comments on Failure Criteria	p. 297
Summary	p. 300
References	p. 301
Problems and Questions	p. 302
Fracture of Cracked Members	p. 312
Introduction	p. 312
Preliminary Discussion	p. 315
Mathematical Concepts	p. 322
Application of K to Design and Analysis	p. 326
Additional Topics on Application of K	p. 337
Fracture Toughness Values and Trends	p. 349
Plastic Zone Size, and Plasticity Limitations on LEFM	p. 359
Discussion of Fracture Toughness Testing	p. 368
Extensions of Fracture Mechanics Beyond Linear Elasticity	p. 369
Summary	p. 376
References	p. 379
Problems and Questions	p. 380
Fatigue of Materials: Introduction and Stress-Based Approach	p. 391
Introduction	p. 391
Definitions and Concepts	p. 393
Sources of Cyclic Loading	p. 404
Fatigue Testing	p. 405
The Physical Nature of Fatigue Damage	p. 410
Trends in S-N Curves	p. 413
Mean Stresses	p. 426
Multiaxial Stresses	p. 438
Variable Amplitude Loading	p. 443
Summary	p. 453
References	p. 454
Problems and Questions	p. 456
Stress-Based Approach to Fatigue: Notched Members	p. 466
Introduction	p. 466
Notch Effects	p. 468
Notch Sensitivity and Empirical Estimates of k[subscript f]	p. 472
Estimating Long-Life Fatigue Strengths (Fatigue Limits)	p. 476
Notch Effects at Intermediate and Short Lives	p. 481
Combined Effects of Notches and Mean Stress	p. 484
Estimating S-N Curves	p. 494
Use of Component S-N Data	p. 502
Designing to Avoid Fatigue Failure	p. 510
Discussion	p. 516
Summary	p. 517
References	p. 519
Problems and Questions	p. 520
Fatigue Crack Growth	p. 535
Introduction	p. 535
Preliminary Discussion	p. 536
Fatigue Crack Growth Rate Testing	p. 544
Effects of R = S[subscript min]/S[subscript max] on Fatigue Crack Growth	p. 549
Trends in Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior	p. 559
Life Estimates for Constant Amplitude Loading	p. 565
Life Estimates for Variable Amplitude Loading	p. 576
Design Considerations	p. 582
Plasticity Aspects and Limitations of LEFM for Fatigue Crack Growth	p. 584
Environmental Crack Growth	p. 591
Summary	p. 596
References	p. 598
Problems and Questions	p. 599
Plastic Deformation Behavior and Models for Materials	p. 612
Introduction	p. 612
Stress-Strain Curves	p. 615
Three-Dimensional Stress-Strain Relationships	p. 623
Unloading and Cyclic Loading Behavior from Rheological Models	p. 631
Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior of Real Materials	p. 639
Summary	p. 652
References	p. 654
Problems and Questions	p. 655
Stress-Strain Analysis of Plastically Deforming Members	p. 664
Introduction	p. 664
Plasticity in Bending	p. 665
Residual Stresses and Strains for Bending	p. 674
Plasticity of Circular Shafts in Torsion	p. 678
Notched Members	p. 681
Cyclic Loading	p. 693
Summary	p. 704
References	p. 705
Problems and Questions	p. 706
Strain-Based Approach to Fatigue	p. 715
Introduction	p. 715
Strain Versus Life Curves	p. 718
Mean Stress Effects	p. 728
Multiaxial Stress Effects	p. 736
Life Estimates for Structural Components	p. 740
Discussion	p. 750
Summary	p. 758
References	p. 759
Problems and Questions	p. 760
Time-Dependent Behavior: Creep and Damping	p. 772
Introduction	p. 772
Creep Testing	p. 774
Physical Mechanisms of Creep	p. 779
Time-Temperature Parameters and Life Estimates	p. 790
Creep Failure under Varying Stress	p. 802
Stress-Strain-Time Relationships	p. 804
Creep Deformation under Varying Stress	p. 810
Creep under Multiaxial Stress	p. 817
Component Stress-Strain Analysis	p. 820
Energy Dissipation (Damping) in Materials	p. 825
Summary	p. 834
References	p. 836
Problems and Questions	p. 837
Review of Selected Topics from Mechanics of Materials	p. 849
Introduction	p. 849
Basic Formulas for Stresses and Deflections	p. 849
Properties of Areas	p. 851
Shears, Moments, and Deflections in Beams	p. 853
Stresses in Pressure Vessels, Tubes, and Discs	p. 853
Elastic Stress Concentration Factors for Notches	p. 858
Fully Plastic Yielding Loads	p. 859
References	p. 868
Statistical Variation in Materials Properties	p. 869
Introduction	p. 869
Mean and Standard Deviation	p. 869
Normal or Gaussian Distribution	p. 871
Typical Variation in Materials Properties	p. 874
One-Sided Tolerance Limits	p. 874
Discussion	p. 876
References	p. 877
Bibliography	p. 878
Index	p. 891
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