Meteorology Today (with CengageNOW Printed Access Card)

by Ahrens, C. Donald

• ISBN13: 9780495011620
• ISBN10: 0495011622
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-02-16
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

METEOROLOGY TODAY has for many years been one of the most widely used and authoritative texts for the introductory meteorology course. This eighth edition sees improvements in flexibility for instructors and strengthened learning solutions for students. Author C. Donald Ahrens has been widely praised for his ability to explain relatively complicated ideas so that even under-prepared students can understand them. The text's clear and inviting narrative is supplemented by numerous pedagogical features that help augment students' understanding. Introductory stories found at the beginning of each chapter draw students naturally into the discussion. In-chapter reviews help students master concepts while they study, and four types of end-of-chapter exercises provide opportunities for everything from further review to in-class discussion questions. In addition to these in-text learning aids, the eighth edition sees a complete integration with MeteorologyNow?, the first assessment-driven and student-centered online learning solution created specifically for this course. MeteorologyNow? uses a series of chapter-specific diagnostic tests to build a personalized learning plan for each student, allowing students to focus their study time on specific areas of weaknesses. Each personalized learning plan directs students to specific chapter sections and concept-driven multimedia tutorials designed to augment their understanding. The new edition is available in its original nineteen chapter "classic" version, or as a "core" version, which features only the most popular sixteen chapters. The "core" version sacrifices none of the detail that the course needs, but eliminates chapters that may not be directly covered in class. Looking for more flexibility? With the Thomson TextChoice custom solution program, instructors can select and reorganize chapters to perfectly match their syllabus, thereby creating the ideal text solution for the course.

Table of Contents

The Earth and Its Atmosphere	1	(25)
Overview of the Earth's Atmosphere	2	(6)
Composition of the Atmosphere	2	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: A Breath of Fresh Air	4	(4)
The Early Atmosphere	8	(1)
Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere	8	(8)
A Brief Look at Air Pressure and Air Density	8	(2)
Layers of the Atmosphere	10	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: The Atmospheres of Other Planets	12	(2)
Focus on an Observation: The Radiosonde	14	(1)
The Ionosphere	15	(1)
Weather and Climate	16	(8)
Meteorology---A Brief History	17	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: What is a Meteorologist?	18	(1)
A Satellite's View of the Weather	18	(1)
Storms of All Sizes	18	(1)
A Look at a Weather Map	19	(1)
Weather and Climate in Our Lives	20	(4)
Summary	24	(1)
Key Terms	24	(1)
Questions for Review	24	(1)
Questions for Thought	25	(1)
Problems and Exercises	25	(1)
Questions for Exploration	25	(1)
Energy: Warming the Earth and the Atmosphere	26	(28)
Energy, Temperature, and Heat	28	(4)
Temperature Scales	29	(1)
Specific Heat	29	(1)
Latent Heat---The Hidden Warmth	30	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: The Fate of a Sunbeam	32	(1)
Heat Transfer in the Atmosphere	32	(3)
Conduction	33	(1)
Convection	33	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Rising Air Cools and Sinking Air Warms	34	(1)
Radiation	35	(3)
Radiation and Temperature	36	(1)
Radiation of the Sun and Earth	36	(2)
Focus on an Environmental Issue: Wave Energy, Sun Burning, and UV Rays	38	(1)
Balancing Act---Absorption, Emission, and Equilibrium	38	(5)
Selective Absorbers and the Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect	40	(1)
Enhancement of the Greenhouse Effect	41	(2)
Warming the Air from Below	43	(1)
Incoming Solar Energy	43	(8)
Scattered and Reflected Light	43	(2)
The Earth's Annual Energy Balance	45	(1)
Focus on an Observation: Blue Skies, Red Suns, and White Clouds	46	(2)
Solar Particles and the Aurora	48	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Characteristics of the Sun	48	(3)
Summary	51	(1)
Key Terms	51	(1)
Questions for Review	51	(1)
Questions for Thought	52	(1)
Problems and Exercises	52	(1)
Questions for Exploration	52	(2)
Seasonal and Daily Temperatures	54	(30)
Why the Earth Has Seasons	56	(6)
Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere	57	(3)
Seasons in the Southern Hemisphere	60	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Is December 21 Really the First Day of Winter?	62	(1)
Local Seasonal Variations	62	(1)
Daily Temperature Variations	63	(8)
Daytime Warming	63	(1)
Focus on an Environmental Issue: Solar Heating and the Noonday Sun	64	(1)
Nighttime Cooling	65	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Record High Temperatures	66	(1)
Radiation Inversions	67	(1)
Protecting Crops from the Cold	68	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Record Low Temperatures	69	(2)
The Controls of Temperature	71	(1)
Air Temperature Data	72	(5)
Daily, Monthly, and Yearly Temperatures	72	(2)
The Use of Temperature Data	74	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: When It Comes to Temperature, What's Normal?	75	(2)
Air Temperature and Human Comfort	77	(1)
Measuring Air Temperature	78	(4)
Focus on an Observation: A Thousand Degrees and Freezing to Death	79	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Thermometers Should Be Read in the Shade	81	(1)
Summary	82	(1)
Key Terms	82	(1)
Questions for Review	82	(1)
Questions for Thought	83	(1)
Problems and Exercises	83	(1)
Questions for Exploration	83	(1)
Atmospheric Moisture	84	(22)
Water in the Atmosphere	86	(3)
The Many Phases of Water	86	(2)
Circulation of Water in the Atmosphere	88	(1)
Absolute Humidity	89	(1)
Specific Humidity and Mixing Ratio	89	(1)
Vapor Pressure	90	(1)
Relative Humidity	91	(11)
Focus on a Special Topic: Vapor Pressure and Boiling---The Higher You Go, the Longer Cooking Takes	92	(1)
Relative Humidity and Dew Point	93	(3)
Comparing Humidities	96	(1)
Relative Humidity in the Home	96	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Computing Relative Humidity and Dew Point	98	(1)
Relative Humidity and Human Discomfort	99	(1)
Measuring Humidity	99	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Is Humid Air ``Heavier'' Than Dry Air?	101	(1)
Summary	102	(1)
Key Terms	103	(1)
Questions for Review	103	(1)
Questions for Thought	103	(1)
Problems and Exercises	104	(1)
Questions for Exploration	105	(1)
Condensation: Dew, Fog, and Clouds	106	(32)
The Formation of Dew and Frost	108	(1)
Condensation Nuclei	109	(1)
Haze	109	(1)
Fog	110	(6)
Radiation Fog	111	(1)
Advection Fog	112	(1)
Upslope Fog	112	(1)
Evaporation (Mixing) Fog	113	(1)
Focus on an Observation: Why Are Headlands Usually Foggier Than Beaches?	114	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Fog That Forms by Mixing	115	(1)
Foggy Weather	116	(1)
Clouds	117	(18)
Classification of Clouds	117	(1)
Focus on an Environmental Issue: Fog Dispersal	118	(1)
Cloud Identification	119	(1)
High Clouds	119	(1)
Middle Clouds	120	(2)
Low Clouds	122	(1)
Clouds with Vertical Development	123	(3)
Some Unusual Clouds	126	(2)
Cloud Observations	128	(1)
Determining Sky Conditions	128	(2)
Satellite Observations	130	(1)
Focus on an Observation: Measuring Cloud Ceilings	131	(3)
Focus on a Special Topic: Satellites Do More Than Observe Clouds	134	(1)
Summary	135	(1)
Key Terms	135	(1)
Questions for Review	136	(1)
Questions for Thought	136	(1)
Problems and Exercises	137	(1)
Questions for Exploration	137	(1)
Stability and Cloud Development	138	(24)
Atmospheric Stability	140	(1)
Determining Stability	141	(8)
Stable Air	141	(1)
A Stable Atmosphere	142	(2)
An Unstable Atmosphere	144	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Subsidence Inversions Put A Lid on It	144	(1)
Causes of Instability	145	(4)
Cloud Development	149	(10)
Convection and Clouds	149	(3)
Topography and Clouds	152	(1)
Focus on an Observation: Determining Convective Cloud Bases	153	(3)
Focus on an Advanced Topic: Adiabatic Charts	156	(1)
Changing Cloud Forms	156	(3)
Summary	159	(1)
Key Terms	159	(1)
Questions for Review	160	(1)
Questions for Thought	160	(1)
Problems and Exercises	160	(1)
Questions for Exploration	161	(1)
Precipitation	162	(28)
Precipitation Processes	164	(10)
How Do Cloud Droplets Grow Larger?	164	(2)
Collision and Coalescence Process	166	(1)
Ice-Crystal Process	167	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: The Freezing of Tiny Cloud Droplets	169	(2)
Cloud Seeding and Precipitation	171	(1)
Focus on an Environmental Issue: Does Cloud Seeding Enhance Precipitation?	172	(1)
Precipitation in Clouds	172	(2)
Precipitation Types	174	(10)
Rain	174	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Are Raindrops Tear-Shaped?	175	(1)
Snow	175	(1)
Snowflakes and Snowfall	175	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Snowing When the Air Temperature is Well above Freezing	177	(1)
A Blanket of Snow	178	(1)
Sleet and Freezing Rain	178	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Sounds and Snowfalls	179	(1)
Snow Grains and Snow Pellets	180	(1)
Focus on an Observation: Aircraft Icing	181	(1)
Hail	182	(2)
Measuring Precipitation	184	(3)
Instruments	184	(2)
Doppler Radar and Precipitation	186	(1)
Summary	187	(1)
Key Terms	188	(1)
Questions for Review	188	(1)
Questions for Thought	188	(1)
Problems and Exercises	189	(1)
Questions for Exploration	189	(1)
Air Pressure and Winds	190	(30)
Atmospheric Pressure	192	(6)
Focus on a Special Topic: The Atmosphere Obeys the Gas Law	194	(1)
Pressure Measurements	194	(2)
Pressure Readings	196	(2)
Surface and Upper-Level Charts	198	(4)
Focus on an Observation: Flying on a Constant Pressure Surface---High to Low, Look Out Below	201	(1)
Newton's Laws of Motion	202	(1)
Forces That Influence the Winds	203	(12)
Pressure Gradient Force	203	(1)
Coriolis Force	204	(2)
Straight-Line Flow Aloft---Geostrophic Winds	206	(2)
Focus on an Advanced Topic: A Mathematical Look at the Geostrophic Wind	208	(1)
Curved Winds Around Lows and Highs Aloft---Gradient Winds	208	(1)
Focus on an Observation: Estimating Wind Direction and Pressure Patterns Aloft by Watching Clouds	209	(1)
Winds on Upper-Level Charts	210	(2)
Focus on an Observation: Winds Aloft in the Southern Hemisphere	212	(1)
Surface Winds	213	(2)
Winds and Vertical Air Motions	215	(1)
Focus on an Advanced Topic: The Hydrostatic Equation	215	(1)
Summary	216	(1)
Key Terms	216	(1)
Questions for Review	216	(1)
Questions for Thought	217	(1)
Problems and Exercises	218	(1)
Questions for Exploration	219	(1)
Wind: Small-Scale and Local Systems	220	(34)
Small-Scale Winds Interacting with the Environment	222	(8)
Scales of Motion	222	(1)
Friction and Turbulence in the Boundary Layer	223	(2)
Eddies---Big and Small	225	(1)
The Force of the Wind	226	(1)
Microscale Winds Blowing over the Earth's Surface	226	(1)
Focus on an Observation: Eddies and ``Air Pockets''	227	(3)
Determining Wind Direction and Speed	230	(6)
Focus on a Special Topic: Pedaling into the Wind	231	(1)
The Influence of Prevailing Winds	231	(2)
Wind Instruments	233	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Wind Power	235	(1)
Local Wind Systems	236	(15)
Thermal Circulations	236	(1)
Sea and Land Breezes	236	(3)
Local Winds and Water	239	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Florida's Fires and the Sea Breeze	240	(1)
Seasonally Changing Winds---The Monsoon	240	(2)
Mountain and Valley Breezes	242	(2)
Katabatic Winds	244	(1)
Chinook (Foehn) Winds	244	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Snow Eaters and Rapid Temperature Changes	245	(1)
Santa Ana Winds	245	(2)
Desert Winds	247	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Dust Storms on Mars	249	(1)
Other Local Winds of Interest	249	(2)
Summary	251	(1)
Key Terms	251	(1)
Questions for Review	251	(1)
Questions for Thought	252	(1)
Problems and Exercises	253	(1)
Questions for Exploration	253	(1)
Wind: Global Systems	254	(30)
General Circulation of the Atmosphere	256	(15)
Single-Cell Model	256	(1)
Three-Cell Model	257	(1)
Average Surface Winds and Pressure: The Real World	258	(1)
Focus on an Observation: Observing Global Winds from Space	259	(2)
The General Circulation and Precipitation Patterns	261	(1)
Average Wind Flow and Pressure Patterns Aloft	262	(1)
Jet Streams	263	(3)
Focus on an Observation: The ``Dishpan'' Experiment	266	(1)
The Formation of the Polar Front Jet and the Subtropical Jet	267	(1)
Other Jet Streams	268	(2)
Focus on an Advanced Topic: Momentum---A Case of Give and Take	270	(1)
Atmosphere-Ocean Interactions	271	(10)
Global Wind Patterns and Surface Ocean Currents	271	(1)
Upwelling	272	(2)
El Nino and the Southern Oscillation	274	(4)
Pacific Decadal Oscillation	278	(1)
North Atlantic Oscillation	279	(1)
Arctic Oscillation	280	(1)
Summary	281	(1)
Key Terms	281	(1)
Questions for Review	282	(1)
Questions for Thought	282	(1)
Problems and Exercises	282	(1)
Questions for Exploration	283	(1)
Air Masses and Fronts	284	(24)
Air Masses	286	(10)
Source Regions	286	(1)
Classification	286	(1)
Air Masses of North America	287	(1)
cP (Continental Polar) and cA (Continental Arctic) Air Masses	287	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Lake-Effect (Enhanced) Snows	289	(2)
mP (Maritime Polar) Air Masses	291	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: The Return of the Siberian Express	292	(1)
mT (Maritime Tropical) Air Masses	293	(2)
cT (Continental Tropical) Air Masses	295	(1)
Fronts	296	(10)
Stationary Fronts	296	(1)
Cold Fronts	296	(4)
Warm Fronts	300	(2)
Occluded Fronts	302	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Drylines	303	(2)
Upper-Air Fronts	305	(1)
Summary	306	(1)
Key Terms	306	(1)
Questions for Review	306	(1)
Questions for Thought	307	(1)
Problems and Exercises	307	(1)
Questions for Exploration	307	(1)
Middle-Latitude Cyclones	308	(26)
Polar Front Theory	310	(3)
Where do Mid-Latitude Cyclones Tend to Form?	313	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Northeasters	314	(1)
Vertical Structure of Deep Dynamic Lows	315	(1)
Upper-Level Waves and Mid-Latitude Cyclones	316	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: A Closer Look at Convergence and Divergence	317	(1)
The Necessary Ingredients for a Developing Mid-Latitude Cyclone	318	(8)
Upper-Air Support	319	(1)
The Role of the Jet Stream	320	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Jet Streaks and Storms	321	(1)
Conveyor Belt Model of Mid-Latitude Cyclones	322	(1)
A Developing Mid-Latitude Cyclone---The March Storm of 1993	323	(3)
Vorticity, Divergence, and Developing Mid-Latitude Cyclones	326	(5)
Earth Vorticity, Relative Vorticity, and Absolute Vorticity	327	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Vorticity and Longwaves	328	(1)
Putting It All Together---A Monstrous Snowstorm	329	(2)
Polar Lows	331	(1)
Summary	332	(1)
Key Terms	332	(1)
Questions for Review	332	(1)
Questions for Thought	333	(1)
Problems and Exercises	333	(1)
Questions for Exploration	333	(1)
Weather Forecasting	334	(32)
Acquisition of Weather Information	336	(2)
Focus on a Special Topic: Watches, Warnings, and Advisories	337	(1)
Weather Forecasting Methods	338	(11)
The Computer and Weather Forecasting: Numerical Weather Prediction	338	(1)
Forecasting Tools	338	(4)
Why Forecasts Go Awry and Steps to Improve Them	342	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: The Thickness Chart---A Forecasting Tool	343	(2)
Other Forecasting Methods	345	(2)
Types of Forecasts	347	(1)
Accuracy and Skill in Forecasting	348	(1)
Predicting the Weather from Local Signs	349	(1)
Weather Forecasting Using Surface Charts	350	(7)
Focus on an Observation: Forecasting Temperature Advection by Watching the Clouds	351	(1)
Determining the Movement of Weather Systems	352	(1)
A Forecast for Six Cities	353	(1)
Weather Forecast for Augusta, Georgia	353	(1)
Rain or Snow for Washington, D.C.?	354	(1)
Big Snowstorm for Chicago	355	(1)
Mixed Bag of Weather for Memphis	356	(1)
Cold Wave for Dallas	356	(1)
Clear but Cold for Denver	356	(1)
A Meteorologist Makes a Prediction	357	(5)
Help from the 500-mb Chart	357	(1)
The Computer Provides Assistance	358	(2)
A Valid Forecast	360	(1)
Assistance from the Satellite	361	(1)
A Day of Rain and Wind	361	(1)
Summary	362	(1)
Key Terms	363	(1)
Questions for Review	363	(1)
Questions for Thought	363	(1)
Problems and Exercises	364	(1)
Questions for Exploration	365	(1)
Thunderstorms and Tornadoes	366	(38)
Thunderstorms	368	(21)
Ordinary Cell Thunderstorms	368	(3)
Severe Thunderstorms and the Supercell	371	(2)
Squall Lines and Mesoscale Convective Complexes	373	(2)
Dryline Thunderstorms	375	(1)
Gust Fronts, Microbursts, and Derechoes	376	(3)
Floods and Flash Floods	379	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: The Terrifying Flash Flood in the Big Thompson Canyon	380	(1)
Distribution of Thunderstorms	381	(2)
Lightning and Thunder	383	(1)
Focus on an Observation: Elves in the Atmosphere	384	(1)
Electrification of Clouds	384	(1)
The Lightning Stroke	385	(2)
Lightning Detection and Suppression	387	(2)
Focus on an Observation: Don't Sit Under the Apple Tree	389	(1)
Tornadoes	389	(5)
Tornado Life Cycle	390	(1)
Tornado Outbreaks	390	(1)
Tornado Occurrence	390	(2)
Tornado Winds	392	(1)
Seeking Shelter	392	(1)
The Fujita Scale	393	(1)
Tornadic Thunderstorms	394	(5)
Supercell Tornadoes	394	(4)
Nonsupercell Tornadoes	398	(1)
Severe Weather and Doppler Radar	399	(1)
Waterspouts	400	(1)
Summary	401	(1)
Key Terms	402	(1)
Questions for Review	402	(1)
Questions for Thought	402	(1)
Problems and Exercises	403	(1)
Questions for Exploration	403	(1)
Hurricanes	404	(26)
Tropical Weather	406	(1)
Anatomy of a Hurricane	406	(4)
Hurricane Formation and Dissipation	410	(16)
Hurricane Stages of Development	412	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: How Do Hurricanes Compare with Middle-Latitude Storms?	413	(1)
Hurricane Movement	413	(2)
Eastern Pacific Hurricanes	415	(1)
North Atlantic Hurricanes	415	(1)
Destruction and Warning	416	(3)
Focus on a Special Topic: A Tropical Storm Named Allison	419	(1)
Devastating Hurricanes	420	(5)
Modifying Hurricanes	425	(1)
Naming Hurricanes	426	(1)
Summary	427	(1)
Key Terms	427	(1)
Questions for Review	427	(1)
Questions for Thought	428	(1)
Problems and Exercises	428	(1)
Questions for Exploration	428	(2)
Climate Change	430	(28)
The Earth's Changing Climate	432	(6)
Determining Past Climates	432	(3)
Climate Through the Ages	435	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: The Ocean Conveyor Belt and Climate Change	436	(1)
Climate During the Past 1000 Years	437	(1)
Temperature Trend during the Past 100-Plus Years	437	(1)
Possible Causes of Climatic Change	438	(9)
Climate Change and Feedback Mechanisms	439	(1)
Climate Change, Plate Tectonics, and Mountain Building	439	(2)
Climate Change and Variations in the Earth's Orbit	441	(2)
Climate Change and Atmospheric Particles	443	(1)
Aerosols in the Troposphere	443	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: Nuclear Winter---Climate Change Induced by Nuclear War	444	(1)
Volcanic Eruptions and Aerosols in the Stratosphere	444	(2)
Climate Change and Variations in Solar Output	446	(1)
Global Warming	447	(9)
Focus on a Special Topic: Climate Models	448	(1)
The Recent Warming	448	(1)
Radiative Forcing Agents	448	(1)
Climate Models and Recent Temperature Trends	449	(1)
Focus on an Advanced Topic: Radiative Forcing---The Ins and Outs	450	(1)
Future Warming---Projections, Questions, and Uncertainties	451	(1)
Questions and Uncertainties About Greenhouse Gases	451	(1)
Clouds Get in the Way	452	(1)
Possible Consequences of Global Warming	452	(2)
In Perspective	454	(1)
Focus on a Special Topic: The Sahel---An Example of Climatic Variability and Human Existence	455	(1)
Summary	456	(1)
Key Terms	456	(1)
Questions for Review	456	(1)
Questions for Thought	457	(1)
Problems and Exercises	457	(1)
Questions for Exploration	457	(1)
Global Climate	458	(30)
A World with Many Climates	460	(4)
Global Temperatures	460	(1)
Global Precipitation	461	(3)
Focus on a Special Topic: Precipitation Extremes	464	(1)
Climatic Classification	464	(2)
The Ancient Greeks	464	(1)
The Koppen System	465	(1)
Thornthwaite's System	466	(1)
The Global Pattern of Climate	466	(19)
Tropical Moist Climates (Group A)	466	(6)
Dry Climates (Group B)	472	(2)
Moist Subtropical Mid-Latitude Climates (Group C)	474	(2)
Focus on an Observation: A Desert with Clouds and Drizzle	476	(3)
Moist Continental Climates (Group D)	479	(3)
Polar Climates (Group E)	482	(1)
Highland Climates (Group H)	483	(2)
Summary	485	(1)
Key Terms	485	(1)
Questions for Review	485	(1)
Questions for Thought	486	(1)
Problems and Exercises	486	(1)
Questions for Exploration	486	(2)
Air Pollution	488	(28)
A Brief History of Air Pollution	490	(1)
Types and Sources of Air Pollutants	491	(12)
Principal Air Pollutants	492	(3)
Ozone in the Troposphere	495	(1)
Ozone in the Stratosphere	496	(1)
Stratospheric Ozone: Production-Destruction	497	(1)
Stratospheric Ozone---Upsetting the Balance	498	(1)
Air Pollution: Trends and Patterns	499	(1)
Focus on an Environmental: Issue The Ozone Hole	500	(3)
Factors that Affect Air Pollution	503	(6)
The Role of the Wind	503	(1)
The Role of Stability and Inversions	503	(1)
Focus on an Environmental Issue: Indoor Air Pollution	504	(2)
Focus on Special Topic: Smokestack Plumes	506	(2)
The Role of Topography	508	(1)
Severe Air Pollution Potential	508	(1)
Air Pollution and the Urban Environment	509	(2)
Focus on an Observation: Five Days in Donora---An Air Pollution Episode	510	(1)
Acid Deposition	511	(2)
Summary	513	(1)
Key Terms	514	(1)
Questions for Review	514	(1)
Questions for Thought	515	(1)
Problems and Exercises	515	(1)
Questions for Exploration	515	(1)
Light, Color, and Atmospheric Optics	516
White and Colors	518	(1)
White Clouds and Scattered Light	518	(1)
Blue Skies and Hazy Days	519	(2)
Red Suns and Blue Moons	521	(2)
Twinkling, Twilight, and the Green Flash	523	(2)
The Mirage: Seeing Is Not Believing	525	(2)
Focus on an Observation: The Fata Morgana	527	(1)
Halos, Sundogs, and Sun Pillars	527	(3)
Rainbows	530	(3)
Focus on an Observation: Can It Be a Rainbow If It Is Not Raining?	533	(1)
Coronas, Glories, and Heiligenschein	533	(2)
Summary	535	(1)
Key Terms	536	(1)
Questions for Review	536	(1)
Questions for Thought	536	(1)
Problems and Exercises	537	(1)
Questions for Exploration	537
Appendix A Units, Conversions, Abbreviations, and Equations	1	(4)
Appendix B Weather Symbols and the Station Model	5	(2)
Appendix C Beaufort Wind Scale (Over Land)	7	(1)
Appendix D Humidity and Dew-Point Tables	8	(4)
Appendix E Instant Weather Forecast Chart	12	(1)
Appendix F Changing GMT and UTC to Local Time	13	(1)
Appendix G Global Average Annual Precipitation	14	(2)
Appendix H Standard Atmosphere	16	(1)
Appendix I Hurricane Tracking Chart	17	(1)
Appendix J Adiabatic Chart	18
Glossary	1	(1)
Additional Reading Material	1	(1)
Index	1