Modern Radio Production Product, Programming, Performance

by Hausman, Carl; Benoit, Philip; Messere, Frank; O’Donnell, Lewis B.

• ISBN13: 9780495050315
• ISBN10: 0495050318
• Edition: 7th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2006-08-03
• Publisher: Thomson-Wadsworth

Summary

Preface. Foreword. Part One: THE TOOLS. 1. Production in Modern Radio. 2. The Console. 3. CD Players, Recordable CDs and Turntables. 4. Recording and Playback Devices. 5. Microphones and Sound. Part Two: THE TECHNIQUES. 6. Electronic and Physical Editing. 7. Recorded Program Production. 8. Live, On-Air Production. 9. More About the Computer in Radio Production. Part Three: THE APPLICATIONS. 10. Achieving an Effect. 11. Drama and Dramatic Elements in Radio Production. 12. Commercial Production. 13. Radio Production for News and Public Affairs. 14. Remote and Sports Production. 15. Advanced Radio Production. 16. Production, Programming, and the Modern Format. Appendix A: Another Time: A Play by Richard Wilson. Appendix B: A Capsule History of Radio: Past Meets Future for the Modern.

Table of Contents

Preface	xix
Foreword	xxii
PART ONE THE TOOLS	1	(125)
Production in Modern Radio	1	(19)
Radio Retro: Radio Captures Listeners---and Imaginations	2	(2)
Sound of the Station	4	(1)
Formats	4	(1)
Reaching a Specific Audience	4	(1)
How Target Audiences Affect Format	5	(1)
How Formats Are Constructed	6	(1)
Networks	7	(1)
Other Programming Developments in Radio	7	(1)
Satellite Radio Comes of Age	8	(2)
Tuning into Technology: Web Radio	10	(2)
Noncommercial Radio	12	(1)
Economics of Radio	12	(2)
The Role of the Producer in Modern Radio	14	(2)
Summary	16	(1)
You're On! The Role of the Announcer in Modern Radio	17	(3)
The Console	20	(28)
Function of the Console	20	(1)
Amplification	21	(1)
Routing	21	(1)
Mixing	21	(1)
Understanding Console Function: Some Hypothetical Examples	21	(11)
Hypothetical Console A	22	(3)
Hypothetical Console B	25	(3)
Hypothetical Console C	28	(4)
Radio Retro: Potting Down on the Old Pot	32	(1)
Hypothetical Console D	32	(1)
Summary of the Hypothetical Consoles	33	(1)
Understanding Console Functions: Actual Consoles	33	(4)
Analog Consoles	34	(2)
Digital Consoles	36	(1)
Operation of the Console	37	(6)
Mix-Minus	37	(1)
The Virtual Console	38	(2)
Submixing	40	(1)
Patching	41	(2)
A Final Look at Two Broadcast Consoles	43	(1)
Summary	43	(5)
Applications	45	(1)
Exercises	46	(2)
CD Players, Recordable CDs, and Turntables	48	(16)
Compact Discs	49	(3)
Recordable CDs	52	(3)
Audio CDs, WAV Files, and MP3s	53	(2)
CD Players	55	(2)
Super Audio CDs and Audio DVDs: The Wave of the Future?	56	(1)
Structure of the Turntable	57	(2)
Parts of the Turntable	57	(1)
The Drive Mechanism	57	(1)
The Tonearm	57	(2)
Radio Retro: Turntables	59	(2)
The Disc	61	(1)
Summary	62	(2)
Applications	62	(1)
Exercises	63	(1)
Recording and Playback Devices	64	(30)
Sampling	65	(3)
Magnetic Tape	68	(8)
Digital Audiotape	69	(2)
Workings of the Digital Tape Machine	71	(1)
R-DAT Tape Heads and Controls	71	(2)
Tape Machine Controls and Indicators	73	(2)
Cueing a Tape	75	(1)
DAT Playback	75	(1)
Disk Drive Recording	76	(2)
Digital Audio Workstations	77	(1)
Enter MiniDiscs	78	(2)
The Digital Cart Machine	80	(1)
Analog Tape Machines	80	(3)
The Heads	82	(1)
Tuning into Technology: Digital Sound and Audio Compression	83	(4)
The Tape Transport Mechanism	84	(2)
Tape Machine Controls and Indicators	86	(1)
Cueing a Tape	87	(1)
Heads and Tracks	87	(1)
How Tracks Work	88	(1)
Cassette Machines	88	(1)
Cartridge Machines	89	(2)
Bulk Eraser	91	(1)
Summary	91	(3)
Applications	93	(1)
Exercises	93	(1)
Microphones and Sound	94	(32)
The Basics of Sound	94	(6)
The Elements of Sound	95	(3)
The Nature of Sound: Frequency	98	(1)
The Nature of Sound: Amplitude	98	(2)
Tuning into Technology: The Shape of Sound	100	(3)
Other Characteristics of Sound	102	(1)
Summary of the Basics of Sound	103	(1)
The Microphone: How it Works	103	(3)
Electronics of the Microphone	103	(1)
Pickup (Polar) Patterns of the Microphone	104	(2)
Radio Retro: The King of Microphones	106	(7)
Frequency Response of Microphones	108	(5)
Review of Microphone Workings	113	(1)
Physical Types of Microphones	113	(3)
Hand Held	113	(1)
Studio, Mounted	114	(1)
Headset	114	(1)
Lavalier	114	(1)
Shotgun	114	(2)
Review of the Physical Types	116	(1)
Microphone Selection and Use	116	(6)
Selection by Mic Type	116	(1)
Selection by Pickup Pattern	117	(1)
Selection by Element	117	(1)
Selection by Frequency Response	117	(1)
Selection by Personality	118	(1)
Adding Up Selection Factors	119	(1)
Notes on Microphone Use	119	(3)
Summary	122	(3)
Applications	123	(1)
Exercises	123	(2)
You're On! Microphone Technique for Announcers	125	(1)
PART TWO THE TECHNIQUES	126	(84)
Electronic Editing	126	(18)
The Basics of Editing Audio	127	(8)
Looking at the Waveform	128	(1)
Splicing and Editing a Sound File	128	(2)
Marking the Edit Points	130	(1)
Nondestructive Editing	131	(4)
Copying, Pasting, and Looping	135	(2)
Editing with a MiniDisc	137	(3)
Dubbing	140	(1)
Advantages of Dubbing	141	(1)
Review of Dubbing	141	(1)
Summary	141	(3)
Applications	141	(1)
Exercises	142	(2)
Recorded Program Production	144	(22)
Recorded versus Live, On-Air Production	144	(1)
Complexity	144	(1)
Scheduled Airtime	145	(1)
Convenience	145	(1)
Layout of a Production Studio	145	(3)
Equipment in the Production Studio	146	(2)
Sound Treatment in the Production Studio	148	(1)
Working in a Production Studio	148	(2)
Radio Retro: The Development of Audio Tape, or How to Spend More Time on the Golf Course	150	(1)
Music	151	(4)
Sources of Music	151	(1)
Choosing Music for Production Work	152	(1)
Styles of Music	153	(2)
Recorded Voice	155	(6)
Miking Multiple Speakers	156	(3)
Communicating with Speakers	159	(2)
Sound Effects	161	(1)
Combining Elements in Production	161	(1)
Industry Update: The Ultimate Radio Recording Studio	162	(1)
Summary	163	(3)
Applications	164	(1)
Exercises	164	(2)
Live, On-Air Production	166	(20)
Typical Airshift	167	(3)
Duties of the On-Air Producer	167	(3)
Typical Schedule	170	(1)
Sound of the Station	170	(3)
Pace	170	(2)
Content	172	(1)
Announcing Style	172	(1)
Radio Retro: Hello Everybody in Radioland, This is Your Announcer Speaking	173	(1)
Blending the Sound Sources	174	(1)
Suggestions for Live, On-Air Production	174	(1)
Console Operation	174	(1)
Establishing a Routine	174	(1)
Industry Update: What to Do . . . But More Importantly, What Not To	175	(3)
Planning in Advance	176	(1)
Being Aware of False Endings	176	(1)
Listening to the Air Monitor	177	(1)
Clearing Equipment	177	(1)
Planning for the Worst	177	(1)
Working with Satellite Services	178	(3)
The Satellite Feed	178	(1)
Programming from Satellite	179	(1)
How to Use Service Material	179	(2)
Summary	181	(1)
You're On! Ad-libbing	182	(4)
Applications	184	(1)
Exercises	185	(1)
More About the Computer in Radio Production	186	(24)
Computer Basics	186	(2)
Computer-Generated Effects	188	(2)
Computer-Assisted Editing	190	(1)
Industry Update: SmartSound and GarageBand	191	(7)
Computers in Automation and Satellite Services	198	(2)
Radio Retro: Early Automation---Radio in a Can	200	(5)
Computers in the Programming Function	205	(1)
Digital Audio Broadcasting	206	(1)
Summary	207	(3)
Applications	208	(1)
Exercises	208	(2)
PART THREE THE APPLICATIONS	210	(167)
Achieving an Effect	210	(18)
What Is an Effect?	210	(1)
Kinds of Effects	211	(1)
How Production Elements Support a Theme	211	(2)
Creating Excitement	212	(1)
Creating Immediate Identification	212	(1)
Evoking an Emotion	213	(1)
Summary of Effects	213	(1)
How a Producer Uses Production Elements	213	(6)
Music	214	(1)
Sound Effects	215	(1)
Coloration of Sound	216	(1)
Timing and Pace	217	(1)
Voice Quality	218	(1)
Industry Update: Achieving an Effect and the Bottom Line: Production Promotion	219	(3)
The Sound of Words	221	(1)
Copywriting	221	(1)
Using Elements of Sound to Achieve an Effect	222	(1)
Recording a Voice	222	(3)
Recording Music	222	(3)
Summary	225	(3)
Applications	225	(1)
Exercises	226	(2)
Drama and Dramatic Elements in Radio Production	228	(11)
The Structure of Drama	228	(2)
Action	229	(1)
Dialogue	229	(1)
Plot	229	(1)
Beginning, Middle, and End	229	(1)
Conflict	229	(1)
Suspense	229	(1)
Exposition	230	(1)
Dramatic Elements in Commercial Production	230	(2)
Capturing Attention	230	(1)
Compressing Time	231	(1)
Dramatic Elements in News Production	232	(1)
Technical Considerations of Radio Drama	232	(4)
Giving the Illusion of Place	233	(1)
Giving the Illusion of Movement	234	(1)
Making the Background a Fabric of Believability	234	(1)
Mic Techniques to Achieve Illusions of Place and Movement	234	(1)
Sound Design	235	(1)
Summary	236	(3)
Applications	237	(1)
Exercise	238	(1)
Commercial Production	239	(23)
What Makes a Commercial Effective?	240	(1)
Elements of Effective Radio Advertising	241	(4)
A Shoe Store Advertisement	242	(1)
A Car Dealership Advertisement	242	(2)
A Humorous Pizza Commercial	244	(1)
Practical Approaches to Radio Commercials	245	(3)
Radio Retro: You Can't Sell That on the Air	248	(4)
Execution of Radio Commercials	249	(3)
Industry Update: Technology Makes Big-Time Sound Available to Small Production Agencies	252	(1)
Suggestions for Producing Effective Commercials	253	(1)
Know Your Audience	254	(2)
Avoid Gimmicks	254	(1)
Summarize the Thrust	254	(1)
Don't Blast the Listener	254	(1)
Read the Spot to the Client, or Better Yet, Play a Good Demo	254	(1)
Don't Force Humor	255	(1)
Achieve High Technical Quality	255	(1)
Don't Overuse a Particular Piece of Music	255	(1)
Keep the Message Simple	255	(1)
Avoid These Five Common Mistakes in Commercials	256	(1)
Production Applications in Station Promotion	256	(2)
Summary	258	(2)
Applications	258	(1)
Exercises	259	(1)
You're On! How Announcers Can Read to Time	260	(2)
News Production	262	(46)
News Gathering	263	(1)
News Writing	264	(1)
News Assembly	265	(1)
Choosing Stories and Story Order	265	(1)
Choosing Sound Elements	265	(1)
A Quick Primer on Radio News Writing	266	(15)
Script Convensions for Radio	267	(1)
Paper and Print	267	(2)
The Header	269	(1)
The Story	270	(1)
Tape Cues	270	(2)
Story Tags	272	(2)
Lead-in to Voice Reports	274	(2)
Punctuation	276	(2)
Words	278	(1)
Jargon and Technical Words	278	(1)
Active versus Passive	278	(1)
``Says'' and the Use of Present Tense	279	(1)
Numbers and Abbreviations	280	(1)
Numbers	280	(1)
Symbols and Abbreviations	280	(1)
Names	281	(1)
News Reading and Reporting	281	(1)
News and Public-Affairs Programming	282	(1)
Newscasts	282	(6)
Exclusively Local News	283	(1)
Local News with Wire Copy	283	(4)
News with Wire Copy and Network Audio	287	(1)
Talk Shows	288	(1)
Special Events	288	(1)
Production Techniques for News and Public Affairs	289	(5)
Interviewing	289	(1)
Story and Actuality Editing	290	(1)
Using Sound Sources in Radio News Production	290	(1)
Using the Telephone to Maximum Benefit	290	(1)
Using Modern News-Gathering Technology	291	(1)
Making the Newscast a Cohesive, Unified Whole	292	(2)
Summary	294	(1)
Applications	294	(1)
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance	295	(13)
Exercises	307	(1)
Remote and Sports Production	308	(19)
Remote Radio Equipment	309	(3)
Telephone Lines	309	(2)
Other Equipment for a Remote	311	(1)
Tuning Into Technology: Getting the Signal from Here to There	312	(5)
Planning the Remote	317	(2)
Signing Contracts	318	(1)
Preparing the Site	318	(1)
Preparing the Equipment	318	(1)
Preparing a Communication System	319	(1)
The Sports Remote	319	(3)
Baseball	320	(1)
Hockey	321	(1)
Football	321	(1)
Basketball	321	(1)
Radio Retro: Calling the Game You Don't Really See	322	(2)
Field Sports	323	(1)
A Final Note	324	(1)
Summary	324	(3)
Applications	325	(1)
Exercises	325	(2)
Advanced Radio Production	327	(24)
Multichannel Recording	327	(7)
Input Modules	330	(2)
Output Buses	332	(1)
Monitor Controls	332	(1)
A Further Note about Multichannel Consoles	332	(1)
Role of Multichannel Recording	333	(1)
Stereo	334	(1)
Radio Retro: The Birth of Multitrack Recording	335	(1)
Recording Music	336	(4)
Total-Sound Recording Microphone Techniques	336	(1)
Isolated-Component Recording	337	(3)
Electronic Equipment and Its Use in Radio Production	340	(8)
Equipment	340	(5)
Techniques	345	(3)
Summary	348	(3)
Applications	350	(1)
Exercises	350	(1)
Production, Programming, and the Modern Format	351	(26)
The Audience and the Format	352	(6)
The Audience	352	(1)
Methods of Measuring Audience	353	(3)
Calculating How Efficiently a Station Reaches Its Audience	356	(1)
Paying for Efficiency	356	(2)
The Specifics of the Radio Format	358	(1)
Defining Current Formats	358	(1)
Radio Retro: Where Did Formats Come From?	359	(5)
The Major Formats	360	(3)
Filling the Niche: Today's Trends	363	(1)
On-Air and Off-Air Production in the Modern Format	364	(6)
Production and Tune-out	364	(2)
Production for Adult Contemporary	366	(1)
Production for Album-Oriented Rock	367	(1)
Production for Country	367	(1)
Production for News/Talk	368	(1)
Production for Top 40/CHR	369	(1)
Production for Urban/Churban/Rhythmic Top 40	370	(1)
Putting the Format On Air	370	(2)
The Format and Sound Hour	371	(1)
Constructing the Playlist	371	(1)
Tuning into Technology: New Music and College Radio	372	(3)
Conclusion	375	(1)
Summary	375	(2)
Exercises	376	(1)
APPENDIXES	377	(25)
Another Time: A Play by Richard Wilson	377	(9)
A Capsule History of Radio: Past Meets Future for the Modern Producer and Programmer	386	(14)
The Beginnings of the Magic Medium	386	(1)
Radio Finds a Voice	387	(1)
Radio After World War I	388	(1)
Radio Carries a Tune	389	(1)
Radio After KDKA: The Coming Chaos	390	(1)
AT&T Develops Toll Broadcasting	391	(1)
Exit AT&T	392	(1)
Development of the Networks	392	(1)
NBC and CBS	393	(1)
New Competitors Set Their Sights on NBC	393	(1)
Paley Takes Over CBS	394	(1)
Advertising Comes of Age	394	(1)
Sidebar: David Sarnoff and William S. Paley	395	(1)
The Golden Age and Mass Entertainment	396	(1)
Radio Comes of Age	397	(2)
Television Lowers the Boom	399	(1)
Rock Saves Radio	400	(1)
Radio Tunes into Its Audience	401	(1)
Glossary	402	(12)
Suggested Readings	414	(4)
Web Links	418	(4)
Index	422