Modern Radio Production Production, Programming, and Performance (with InfoTrac)

by Hausman, Carl; Benoit, Philip; Messere, Frank; O’Donnell, Lewis B.

• ISBN13: 9780534563967
• ISBN10: 0534563961
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-07-17
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

Preface. Foreword. Part One: THE TOOLS. 1. Production in Modern Radio. 2. The Console. 3. CD Players, Recordable CDs and Turntables. 4. Recording and Playback Devices. 5. Microphones and Sound. Part Two: THE TECHNIQUES. 6. Electronic and Physical Editing. 7. Recorded Program Production. 8. Live, On-Air Production. 9. More About the Computer in Radio Production. Part Three: THE APPLICATIONS. 10. Achieving an Effect. 11. Drama and Dramatic Elements in Radio Production. 12. Commercial Production. 13. Radio Production for News and Public Affairs. 14. Remote and Sports Production. 15. Advanced Radio Production. 16. Production, Programming, and the Modern Format. Appendix A: Another Time: A Play by Richard Wilson. Appendix B: A Capsule History of Radio: Past Meets Future for the Modern.

Table of Contents

Preface	xviii
Foreword	xxi
Part One The Tools	1	(126)
Production in Modern Radio	2	(20)
Sound of the Station	4	(1)
Formats	4	(3)
Reaching a Specific Audience	5	(1)
How Target Audiences Affect Format	5	(1)
How Formats Are Constructed	6	(1)
Networks	7	(1)
Other Programming Developments in Radio	8	(1)
Noncommercial Radio	8	(3)
Tuning into Technology: Web Radio	9	(2)
Economics of Noncommercial Radio	11	(4)
Industry Update: Satellite Radio Goes Coast-to-Coast	13	(2)
The Role of the Producer in Modern Radio	15	(3)
Summary	18	(4)
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance: The Role of the Announcer in Modern Radio	19	(3)
The Console	22	(29)
Function of the Console	22	(1)
Amplification	23	(1)
Routing	23	(1)
Mixing	23	(1)
Understanding Console Function: Some Hypothetical Examples	23	(13)
Hypothetical Console A	24	(3)
Hypothetical Console B	27	(3)
Industry Update: Simplify, Simplify	30	(2)
Hypothetical Console C	32	(3)
Hypothetical Console D	35	(1)
Summary of the Hypothetical Consoles	36	(1)
Understanding Console Function: Actual Consoles	36	(4)
Operation of the Console	40	(5)
The Virtual Console	40	(2)
Submixing	42	(1)
Patching	43	(2)
A Final Look at Two Broadcast Consoles	45	(1)
Summary	45	(6)
Applications	47	(1)
Exercises	48	(1)
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance	49	(2)
CD Players, Recordable CDs and Turntables	51	(17)
Compact Discs	52	(4)
Tuning into Technology: How a CD Stores Binary Information	54	(2)
Recordable CDs	56	(3)
Audio CDs and MP3s	58	(1)
Structure of a Turntable	59	(2)
Parts of the Turntable	59	(1)
The Drive Mechanism	59	(1)
The Tonearm	59	(2)
The Disc	61	(5)
Handling and Cueing a Disc	61	(5)
Review of Turntable Operation	66	(1)
Summary	66	(2)
Applications	66	(1)
Exercises	67	(1)
Recording and Playback Devices	68	(29)
Sampling	69	(2)
Magnetic Tape	71	(9)
Digital Audiotape	73	(1)
Workings of the Digital Tape Machine	74	(2)
R-DAT Heads and Controls	76	(1)
Tape Machine Controls and Indicators	77	(2)
Cueing a Tape	79	(1)
DAT Playback	79	(1)
Disk Drive Recording	80	(2)
Digital Audio Workstations	82	(1)
Enter Minidiscs	82	(2)
The Digital Cart Machine	84	(2)
Tuning into Technology: Digital Sound and Audio Compression	85	(1)
Analog Tape Machines	86	(5)
The Heads	87	(1)
The Tape Transport Mechanism	88	(1)
Tape Machine Controls and Indicators	89	(1)
Cueing a Tape	90	(1)
Heads and Tracks	91	(1)
How Tracks Work	91	(1)
Cassette Machines	91	(2)
Cartridge Machines	93	(2)
Bulk Eraser	94	(1)
Summary	95	(2)
Applications	96	(1)
Exercises	96	(1)
Microphones and Sound	97	(30)
The Basics of Sound	97	(8)
The Elements of Sound	98	(3)
The Nature of Sound: Frequency	101	(1)
The Nature of Sound: Amplitude	101	(1)
Other Characteristics of Sound	102	(1)
Tuning into Technology: The Shape of Sound	103	(2)
Summary of the Basics of Sound	105	(1)
The Microphone: How It Works	105	(9)
Electronics of the Microphone	105	(2)
Pickup (Polar) Patterns of the Microphone	107	(4)
Frequency Response of Microphones	111	(2)
Review of Microphone Workings	113	(1)
Physical Types of Microphones	114	(2)
Hand-Held	114	(1)
Studio, Mounted	114	(1)
Headset	114	(1)
Lavalier	114	(1)
Shotgun	114	(2)
Review of the Physical Types	116	(1)
Microphone Selection and Use	116	(6)
Selection by Mic Type	117	(1)
Selection by Pickup Pattern	117	(1)
Selection by Element	117	(1)
Selection by Frequency Response	117	(2)
Selection by Personality	119	(1)
Adding Up Selection Factors	119	(1)
Notes on Microphone Use	119	(3)
Summary	122	(5)
Applications	123	(1)
Exercises	123	(1)
You're On: Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance: Microphone Techniques for Announcers	124	(3)
Part Two The Techniques	127	(82)
Electronic Editing
The Basics of Splicing and Dubbing	129	(6)
Looking at the Waveform	129	(1)
Splicing and Editing a Sound File	130	(1)
Marking the Edit Points	131	(3)
Nondestructive Editing	134	(1)
Copying, Pasting and Looping	135	(1)
Editing with a Minidisc	136	(6)
Tuning into Technology: The Electronic Edit	137	(5)
Dubbing	142	(1)
Advantages of Dubbing	143	(1)
Review of Dubbing	143	(1)
Summary	143	(3)
Applications	144	(1)
Exercises	145	(1)
Recorded Program Production	146	(19)
Recorded versus Live, On-Air Production	146	(1)
Complexity	146	(1)
Scheduled Airtime	147	(1)
Convenience	147	(1)
Layout of a Production Studio	147	(3)
Equipment in the Production Studio	149	(1)
Sound Treatment in the Production Studio	149	(1)
Working in a Production Studio	150	(1)
Music	151	(3)
Sources of Music	151	(1)
Choosing Music for Production Work	152	(1)
Styles of Music	153	(1)
Recorded Voice	154	(6)
Miking Multiple Speakers	155	(3)
Communicating with Speakers	158	(2)
Sound Effects	160	(1)
Combining Elements in Production	160	(3)
Industry Update: The Ultimate Recording Studio	161	(2)
Summary	163	(2)
Applications	163	(1)
Exercises	164	(1)
Live, On-Air Production	165	(21)
Typical Airshift	165	(3)
Duties of the On-Air Producer	166	(2)
Typical Schedule	168	(1)
Sound of the Station	168	(5)
Pace	170	(1)
Content	170	(1)
Announcing Style	171	(1)
Blending the Sound Sources	171	(1)
Industry Update: What to Do . . . and What Not To	172	(1)
Suggestions for Live, On-Air Production	173	(5)
Console Operation	173	(1)
Establishing a Routine	174	(1)
Planning in Advance	174	(1)
Being Aware of False Endings	174	(1)
Recueing Carts	175	(1)
Listening to the Air Monitor	175	(1)
Clearing Equipment	175	(1)
Planning for the Worst	175	(1)
Tuning into Technology: Automated Software Programs	176	(2)
Working with Satellite Services	178	(3)
The Satellite Feed	179	(1)
Programming from Satellite	179	(1)
How to Use Service Material	180	(1)
Summary	181	(5)
Applications	181	(1)
Exercises	182	(1)
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance: Ad-Libbing	183	(3)
More About the Computer in Radio Production	186	(23)
Computer Basics	186	(2)
Computer-Generated Effects	188	(3)
Computer-Assisted Editing	191	(8)
Industry Update: SmartSound	192	(7)
Computers in Automation	199	(5)
Computers in the Programming Function	204	(1)
Digital Audio Broadcasting	205	(1)
Summary	206	(3)
Applications	207	(1)
Exercises	207	(2)
Part Three The Applications	209	(192)
Achieving an Effect	210	(17)
What Is an Effect?	210	(1)
Kinds of Effects	211	(1)
How Production Elements Support a Theme	211	(2)
Creating Excitement	212	(1)
Creating Immediate Identification	212	(1)
Evoking an Emotion	213	(1)
Summary of Effects	213	(1)
How a Producer Uses Production Elements	213	(9)
Music	213	(2)
Sound Effects	215	(1)
Coloration of Sound	216	(1)
Timing and Pace	217	(1)
Voice Quality	218	(1)
Sound of Words	218	(1)
Industry Update: Achieving an Effect and the Bottom Line: Production Promotion	219	(2)
Copywriting	221	(1)
Using Elements of Sound to Achieve an Effect	222	(2)
Putting Voice on Tape	222	(1)
Recording Music on Tape	223	(1)
Summary	224	(3)
Applications	225	(1)
Exercises	226	(1)
Drama and Dramatic Elements in Radio Production	227	(10)
The Structure of Drama	227	(2)
Action	228	(1)
Dialogue	228	(1)
Plot	228	(1)
Beginning, Middle, and End	228	(1)
Conflict	228	(1)
Suspense	228	(1)
Exposition	229	(1)
Role of Dramatic Elements in Commercial Production	229	(2)
Capturing Attention	229	(2)
Compressing Time	231	(1)
Role of Dramatic Elements in News Production	231	(1)
Technical Considerations of Radio Drama	232	(2)
Giving the Illusion of Place	233	(1)
Giving the Illusion of Movement	233	(1)
Making the Background a Fabric of Believability	233	(1)
Mic Techniques to Achieve Illusions of Place and Movement	234	(1)
Sound Design	234	(1)
Summary	234	(3)
Applications	235	(1)
Exercise	235	(2)
Commercial Production	237	(20)
What Makes a Commercial Effective?	238	(1)
Elements of Effective Radio Advertising	239	(1)
A Shoe Store Advertisement	240	(1)
A Car Dealership Advertisement	240	(1)
Practical Approaches to Radio Commercials	240	(8)
Advertising Appeals	241	(3)
Execution of Radio Commercials	244	(3)
Industry Update: The Home Studio: Technology Makes Big-Time Sound Available to Small Production Agencies	247	(1)
Suggestions for Producing Effective Commercials	248	(3)
Know Your Audience	248	(1)
Avoid Gimmicks	249	(1)
Summarize the Thrust	249	(1)
Don't Blast the Listener	249	(1)
Read the Spot to the Client	249	(1)
Don't Force Humor	250	(1)
Achieve High Technical Quality	250	(1)
Don't Overuse a Particular Piece of Music	250	(1)
Keep the Message Simple	250	(1)
Avoid the ``Big Five''	250	(1)
Production Applications in Station Promotion	251	(2)
Summary	253	(4)
Applications	253	(1)
Exercises	254	(1)
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance	255	(2)
Radio Production for News and Public Affairs	257	(50)
News Gathering	258	(1)
News Writing	259	(1)
News Assembly	260	(18)
Choosing Stories and Story Order	260	(1)
Choosing Sound Elements	260	(1)
Industry Update: A Quick Primer on Radio Newswriting	261	(17)
News Reading and Reporting	278	(1)
News and Public-Affairs Programming	279	(1)
Newscasts	279	(7)
Exclusively Local News	281	(1)
Local News with Wire Copy	281	(4)
News with Wire Copy and Network Audio	285	(1)
Talk Shows	286	(1)
Special Events	287	(1)
Production Techniques for News and Public Affairs	287	(6)
Interviewing	287	(1)
Story and Actuality Editing	288	(1)
Using Sound Sources in Radio News Production	289	(1)
Using the Telephone to Maximum Benefit	289	(2)
Using Modern News-Gathering Technology	291	(1)
Making the Newscast a Cohesive, Unified Whole	292	(1)
Summary	293	(14)
You're On! Techniques for Effective On-Air Performance	294	(11)
Applications	305	(1)
Exercises	305	(2)
Remote and Sports Production	307	(16)
Remote Radio Equipment	308	(6)
Telephone Lines	308	(2)
Tuning into Technology: Getting the Signal from There to Here	310	(2)
Other Equipment	312	(2)
Planning the Remote	314	(3)
Preparing the Site	315	(1)
Preparing the Equipment	316	(1)
Preparing a Communication System	316	(1)
The Sports Remote	317	(3)
Baseball	318	(1)
Hockey	318	(1)
Football	318	(1)
Basketball	319	(1)
Field Sports	319	(1)
Boxing	319	(1)
A Final Note	320	(1)
Summary	320	(3)
Applications	321	(1)
Exercises	321	(2)
Advanced Radio Production	323	(20)
Multichannel Recording	323	(8)
Input Modules	326	(2)
Output Buses	328	(1)
Monitor Controls	328	(1)
Further Note About Multichannel Consoles	329	(1)
Role of Multitrack Recording	329	(1)
Industry Update: A Simple Multichannel Console	329	(2)
Stereo	331	(1)
Recording Music	331	(4)
Total-Sound Recording Microphone Techniques	332	(2)
Isolated-Component Recording	334	(1)
Electronic Equipment and Its Use in Radio Production	335	(6)
Equipment	336	(3)
Techniques	339	(2)
Summary	341	(2)
Applications	341	(1)
Exercises	342	(1)
Production, Programming, and the Modern Format	343	(58)
The Audience and the Format	343	(7)
The Audience	344	(1)
Methods of Measuring Audience	345	(3)
Calculating How Efficiently a Station Reaches Its Audience	348	(1)
Paying for Efficiency	348	(2)
The Specifics of the Radio Format	350	(4)
Defining Current Formats	350	(4)
Filling the Niche: Today's Trends	354	(1)
On-Air and Off-Air Production in the Modern Format	354	(10)
Production and Tune-Out	354	(1)
Industry Update: Format Trends and What the Producer Needs to Know About Them	355	(4)
Production for Adult Contemporary	359	(1)
Production for Album-Oriented Rock	360	(1)
Production for Country	360	(1)
Production for Easy Listening	361	(1)
Production for News/Talk	361	(1)
Production for Top 40/CHR	362	(1)
Production for Urban/Churban/Rhythmic Top 40	363	(1)
Putting the Format on Air	364	(1)
The Format and Sound Hour	364	(1)
Constructing the Playlist	365	(1)
Conclusion	365	(1)
Summary	365	(6)
You're On! Rotating New Music	366	(3)
Exercises	369	(2)
Appendixes
A Another Time: A Play	371	(10)
Richard Wilson
B A Capsule History of Radio: Past Meets Future for the Modern Producer and Programmer	381	(20)
The Beginnings of the Magic Medium	381	(1)
Radio Finds a Voice	382	(1)
Radio After World War I	383	(2)
Radio Carries a Tune	385	(1)
Radio After KDKA: The Coming Chaos	386	(1)
AT&T Develops Toll Broadcasting	387	(1)
Exit AT&T	388	(1)
Development of the Networks	388	(1)
NBC and CBS	389	(1)
New Competitors Set Their Sights on NBC	389	(1)
Paley Takes Over CBS	390	(1)
Advertising Comes of Age	390	(1)
The Golden Age and Mass Entertainment	391	(1)
Sidebar: David Sarnoff and William S. Paley	392	(3)
Radio Comes of Age	395	(3)
Television Lowers the Boom	398	(1)
Rock Saves Radio	399	(1)
Radio Tunes into Its Audience	400	(1)
Glossary	401	(12)
Suggested Readings	413	(4)
Web Links	417	(3)
Credits	420	(1)
Index	421