Morocco Since 1830 : A History

by Pennell, C. R.

• ISBN13: 9780814766774
• ISBN10: 0814766773
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-03-01
• Publisher: New York University Press

Summary

The first general history in English of Morocco in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Morocco since 1830: A History explores the profound changes that have affected social relations in Morocco over the last 150 years, especially those between the sexes, and between linguistic identities and cultures.Although the country has returned to roughly its pre-colonial boundaries, Morocco still suffers from the effects of colonization by France and Spain. Its current king, like the sultans of the nineteenth century, claims legitimacy through his leadership of the Islamic community, but there is a long tradition of dissent based on Islamic ideals. Morocco's history is also marked by the enduring presence of a large Jewish community.This comprehensive portrait examines the tactics used by Moroccan rulers to cope with European penetration in the nineteenth century and colonialism in the twentieth, and, since the 1950s, to retain control of the independent state. As Pennell points out, however, the ruling dynasty is not sufficiently representative of modern Morocco, nor are political events the only influence on change. Most Moroccans are still poor, and their lives are shaped by their economic circumstances. The influence of harvests, access to land and water, and external trade have always determined the fate of the majority.

Author Biography

C. R. Pennell is al-Tajir Lecturer in Middle Eastern History at the University of Melbourne

Table of Contents

Preface and Acknowledgements	xv
Glossary	xxiv
Abbreviations	xxxiii
Transcription of Arabic	xxxiii
1830	1	(39)
The face of Morocco	3	(4)
Tribes	7	(2)
Politics and religion	9	(3)
The Sultan	12	(2)
Jihad and the right to rule	14	(2)
The `ulama	16	(2)
The Makhzan	18	(3)
The army	21	(1)
Finances	22	(1)
Trade and commerce	23	(1)
Commerce and the British	24	(2)
Rebellion	26	(2)
Bilad al-siba and bilad al-makhzan	28	(1)
Coercion and co-option	29	(1)
The towns	30	(2)
The slaves	32	(2)
The Jews	34	(3)
Morocco as mosaic	37	(3)
Defeat	40	(28)
The European challenge	40	(1)
The Algerian challenge	41	(2)
The Makhzan's commerce	43	(2)
Local commerce	45	(1)
Military weakness	46	(1)
Revolts	47	(1)
Defeat in Algeria	48	(1)
The call for reform	49	(2)
Military reform	51	(1)
The modernisers	52	(1)
Disorder	53	(2)
British and French rivalry	55	(3)
Opening Moroccan markets	58	(2)
The rise of John Drummond-Hay	60	(2)
The physical environment	62	(1)
Moroccan views of Europe	63	(1)
War with Spain	64	(2)
The moral of defeat	66	(2)
Reform	68	(43)
The inheritance of the Spanish war	68	(2)
The aims of European diplomacy	70	(2)
Military reform	72	(3)
Economic reform	75	(1)
Technological innovation	76	(2)
Administration	78	(1)
Currency reform	79	(1)
Proteges	80	(3)
Jews	83	(2)
The Madrid conference	85	(2)
The Morocco question	87	(1)
Trade, protection, diplomacy and self-promotion	88	(3)
The rich and powerful	91	(3)
Rebels against the Sultan	94	(2)
Siba	96	(2)
The rise of the big qaids	98	(2)
Disorder and resistance	100	(3)
The Mahalla	103	(2)
Trade, treason and faith	105	(3)
The end of the old order	108	(1)
The failure of reforms?	109	(2)
Collapse	111	(43)
Ba Ahmad's Morocco	111	(1)
The new Makhzan	111	(1)
Rebellion and repression	112	(2)
The big qaids	114	(1)
Economic problems	115	(2)
European diplomacy	117	(4)
Abdelaziz's Morocco	121	(1)
The new regime	121	(1)
Abdelaziz's reforms	122	(2)
Morocco and the European Entente	124	(1)
A generalised siba	125	(1)
The big qaids	126	(1)
The revolt of Abu Himara	127	(2)
The rise of the French	129	(1)
Resistance to French influence	130	(2)
The conference at Algeciras	132	(1)
The consequences of Algeciras	133	(1)
The origins of revolution	134	(2)
The revolution of Moulay Abdelhafid	136	(2)
Abdelhafid's Morocco	136	(2)
The bay'a compromised	138	(3)
Salafiyya	141	(2)
Constitutional nationalism	143	(2)
The Spanish and French advance in the east	145	(1)
The economic crisis	146	(1)
The French take-over	147	(2)
The revolt in the north and the French occupation of Fez	149	(1)
The de-internationalisation of the Morocco question	150	(1)
The imposition of the French Protectorate	151	(1)
The haemorrhaging Makhzan	152	(2)
Conquest	154	(57)
The Fez mutiny	155	(1)
Lyautey in Morocco	156	(1)
The abdication of Moulay Abdelhafid	157	(1)
El Hiba	157	(1)
The theory of Protectorate	158	(2)
Government in the French Protectorate	160	(3)
The big qaids	163	(1)
The origin of the Berber policy	164	(2)
The Spanish Protectorate	166	(1)
The international zone in Tangier	167	(1)
The beginnings of conquest	168	(1)
The Spanish zone	169	(2)
Land as a commodity	171	(1)
New cities	172	(1)
The legal facade	172	(3)
The First World War	174	(1)
The big qaids	175	(1)
Social policy of the French Protectorate	176	(2)
The wartime economy	178	(2)
The Spanish zone	180	(2)
Morocco After the First World War	182	(1)
Restructuring the administration	182	(1)
The end of the big qaids and the rise of Si Thami El Glaoui	183	(2)
Reform under colonialism	185	(1)
The Free School movement	186	(1)
`Useful' and `Necessary' Morocco	186	(1)
The boundaries of Morocco	187	(1)
The Rif War	188	(1)
The attack on El Raisuni	188	(4)
The expectations of the Rifis and their leader	192	(3)
The international zone reborn	195	(2)
Divided economies	197	(1)
Taxation and land sales	198	(2)
The development of capitalist agriculture	200	(1)
Employment	201	(2)
The Jews and Zionism	203	(2)
The bases of nationalism	205	(2)
The Protectorate in question	207	(2)
A society of dualities	209	(2)
Nationalism	211	(43)
The final stages of conquest	216	(2)
The roots of future problems	218	(1)
The economic crisis	219	(5)
How the colons coped	224	(3)
Protest and nationalism	227	(5)
The Plan de Reformes	232	(1)
Politics in the Spanish zone	233	(3)
Sport and popular culture	236	(3)
The limits of economic growth	239	(2)
The strikes of 1936	241	(1)
General Nogues as Resident-General	242	(1)
Trade unions for the French	242	(2)
Economic reform	244	(1)
Nogues and the nationalists	245	(1)
The policies of the Hizb al-Watani	246	(1)
Campaigns and suppression	247	(1)
The Spanish Civil War and the Spanish zone	247	(3)
Privileged or underprivileged Jews?	250	(4)
Wars	254	(43)
The Second World War in Morocco	254	(2)
The war in the Spanish Zone	256	(3)
The third player: the United States	259	(2)
The Jews during the Second World War	261	(1)
The meeting at Casablanca	262	(2)
The Istiqlal manifesto	264	(1)
Morocco under the Free French	265	(3)
Morocco after the Second World War	268	(1)
The liberal experiment	268	(3)
The Spanish zone	271	(1)
The visit to Tangier, 1947	272	(1)
The Indian summer of settler colonialism	272	(2)
The broad nationalist coalition	274	(2)
The foreign policy of the nationalists	276	(1)
Morocco and Israel	277	(1)
The campaign against Sidi Mohammed	278	(1)
Guillaume as Resident-general	279	(1)
The protectorate's coup d'etat	280	(3)
The ben Arafa interlude	283	(2)
The nationalists in the Spanish zone	285	(1)
War in the French zone	285	(3)
Aix-les-Bains	288	(1)
The Liberation Army	289	(1)
The return of the King	290	(2)
Independence from Spain	292	(2)
Independence undefined	294	(3)
Independence	297	(20)
The role of the King	299	(1)
The levers of coercive power	299	(4)
The entrenchment of Istiqlal	303	(1)
Rural rebellions	304	(1)
The economics of independence	305	(2)
Istiqlal undermined	307	(2)
Morocco's Place in the World	309	(1)
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict and the Moroccan Jews	309	(2)
The war in Algeria	311	(1)
The Cold War	312	(1)
The triumph of the palace	313	(4)
Kingship	317	(39)
King Hassan's government	319	(1)
The politics of elites	319	(2)
The regime and its enemies	321	(1)
The first constitution	321	(3)
The economic crisis	324	(3)
The crisis in the rural world	327	(2)
The crisis in the cities	329	(1)
The second constitution	330	(1)
The Skhirat coup	331	(1)
The second coup	332	(1)
Morocco's expanding limits	333	(1)
The Spanish Sahara	334	(3)
The road to the International Court	337	(2)
The Green March	339	(1)
The New Morocco	340	(1)
The Saharan war	340	(2)
The diplomacy of the new Morocco	342	(2)
The Moroccan Jews	344	(1)
The economics of the new nationalism	345	(2)
A political opening in the new Morocco?	347	(1)
A New Society Beyond the State?	348	(1)
Women	348	(3)
An informal society with informal politics	351	(1)
The Islamists	352	(2)
The rebellion in Casablanca	354	(1)
The need for a new consensus	355	(1)
Adjustments	356	(36)
The economic crisis	356	(5)
Alienation from the political process	361	(1)
The Islamic movement	362	(2)
Women and power	364	(1)
Human rights	365	(1)
Arab allies and the Saharan war	366	(2)
The alliance with the West and with Israel	368	(2)
The Gulf War	370	(2)
Rebuilding	372	(1)
Liberalising the economy	373	(1)
Transition	374	(6)
The Return of the Travellers?	380	(1)
The shape of the land	380	(2)
A mosaic of cultural choices	382	(2)
Public mass culture	384	(2)
The mass culture of sport	386	(1)
A society with women	387	(1)
From Sultan to King	388	(4)
Appendix Sultans and Kings of Morocco; French Residents-General; High Commissioners of the Spanish Protectorate	392	(2)
Bibliography	394	(19)
Index	413