Nanoscale Processes on Insulating Surfaces

by Gnecco, Enrico; Szymonski, Marek

• ISBN13: 9789812837622
• ISBN10: 9812837620
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-11-01
• Publisher: World Scientific Pub Co Inc

Summary

Ionic crystals are among the simplest structures in nature. They can be easily cleaved in air and in vacuum, and the resulting surfaces are atomically flat on areas hundreds of nanometers wide. With the development of scanning probe microscopy, these surfaces have become an ideal "playground" to investigate several phenomena occurring on the nanometer scale. This book focuses on the fundamental studies of atomically resolved imaging, nanopatterning, metal deposition, molecular self-assembling and nanotribological processes occurring on ionic crystal surfaces. Here, a significant variety of structures are created by nanolithography, annealing and irradiation by electrons, ions or photons, and are used to confine metal particles and organic molecules or to improve our basic understanding of friction and wear on the atomic scale. Metal oxides with wide band gap are also discussed. Altogether, the results obtained so far will have an undoubted impact on the future development of nanoelectronics and nanomechanics.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. vii
Crystal Structures of Insulating Surfaces	p. 1
Halide Surfaces	p. 1
Alkali halide surfaces	p. 1
Alkaline earth halide surfaces	p. 2
Oxide Surfaces	p. 2
True insulating oxide surfaces	p. 3
Mixed conducting oxide surfaces	p. 4
Preparation Techniques of Insulating Surfaces	p. 9
Ultra High Vacuum	p. 9
Preparation of Bulk Insulating Surfaces	p. 10
Halide surfaces	p. 10
Oxide surfaces	p. 11
Nanostructuring of insulating surfaces	p. 12
Deposition of Insulating Films, Metals and Organic Molecules	p. 13
Thin insulating films	p. 14
Metal adsorbates on insulators	p. 14
Organic molecules on insulators	p. 15
Scanning Probe Microscopy in Ultra High Vacuum	p. 17
Atomic Force Microscopy	p. 17
Relevant forces in AFM	p. 19
Contact AFM	p. 21
Non-contact AFM	p. 21
Kelvin probe force microscopy	p. 24
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy	p. 24
Scanning tunneling microscopy	p. 24
Scanning tunneling spectroscopy	p. 26
Atomistic Modeling of SPM	p. 26
Scanning Probe Microscopy on Bulk Insulating Surfaces	p. 29
Halide Surfaces	p. 29
Alkali halide surfaces	p. 29
Alkaline earth halide surfaces	p. 32
Oxide Surfaces	p. 34
True insulating oxide surfaces	p. 34
Mixed conducting oxide surfaces	p. 37
Modeling AFM on Bulk Insulating Surfaces	p. 42
Halide surfaces	p. 42
Oxide surfaces	p. 44
Scanning Probe Microscopy on Thin Insulating Films	p. 47
Halide Films on Metals	p. 47
Carpet-like growth	p. 47
Restructuring and patterning of vicinal surfaces	p. 51
Fractal growth at low temperatures	p. 53
Halide Films on Semiconductors	p. 55
Heteroepitaxial Growth of Alkali Halide Films	p. 58
Oxide Films	p. 59
Modeling AFM on Thin Insulating Films	p. 63
Interaction of Ions, Electrons and Photons with Halide Surfaces	p. 65
Ion Bombardment of Alkali Halides	p. 65
Electron and Photon Stimulated Desorption	p. 68
Electron stimulated desorption	p. 69
Photon stimulated desorption	p. 70
Surface Patterning with Electrons and Photons	p. 77
Surface Topography Modification by Electronic Excitations	p. 77
Layer-by-layer desorption	p. 77
Coexcitation with visible light	p. 81
Nanoscale Pits on Alkali Halide Surfaces	p. 83
Diffusion equation for F-centers	p. 85
Surface Patterning with Ions	p. 89
Ripple Formation by Ion Bombardment	p. 89
Linear continuum theory for ripple formation	p. 91
Beyond the continuum theory	p. 93
A Case Study: Ion Beam Modifications of KBr Surfaces	p. 94
Metal Deposition on Insulating Surfaces	p. 101
Metals on Halide Surfaces	p. 101
Metals on plain halide surfaces	p. 102
Metals on nanopatterned halide surfaces	p. 105
Metals on Oxide Surfaces	p. 107
Metals on true insulating oxide surfaces	p. 107
Metals on mixed conducting oxide surfaces	p. 109
Metals on Thin Insulating Films	p. 110
Metals on halide films	p. 111
Metals on oxide films	p. 111
Modeling AFM on Metal Clusters on Insulators	p. 113
Organic Molecules on Insulating Surfaces	p. 115
Chemical Structures of Organic Molecules	p. 115
Fullerene molecules	p. 115
Porphyrin molecules	p. 116
Phthalocyanine molecules	p. 116
Perylene molecules	p. 116
Organic Molecules on Halide Surfaces	p. 117
Self-assembly of fullerene molecules	p. 117
Nanospale pits as molecular traps	p. 121
Molecular nanowires	p. 123
Organic Molecules on Oxide Surfaces	p. 125
Organic Molecules on Thin Insulating Films	p. 127
Organic molecules on halide films	p. 127
Organic molecules on oxide films	p. 128
Modeling AFM on Organic Molecules on Insulators	p. 129
Scanning Probe Spectroscopy on Insulating Surfaces	p. 131
Force Spectroscopy on Insulating Surfaces	p. 131
Alkali halide surfaces	p. 131
Alkaline earth halide surfaces	p. 135
Oxide surfaces	p. 137
Tunneling Spectroscopy on Thin Insulating Films	p. 137
Tunneling Spectroscopy on Metal Clusters	p. 138
Alkali halide films	p. 138
Oxide films	p. 139
Tunneling Spectroscopy on Organic Molecules	p. 139
Nanotribology on Insulating Surfaces	p. 141
Friction Mechanisms at the Atomic Scale	p. 142
The Tomlinson model	p. 142
Superlubricity	p. 143
Velocity dependence of atomic friction	p. 144
Friction on Halide Surfaces	p. 144
Friction on bulk halide surfaces	p. 144
Friction on halide films	p. 146
Nanowear Processes on Insulating Surfaces	p. 147
Abrasion wear on alkali halide surfaces	p. 147
Nanoindentation processes	p. 149
Modeling Nanotribology on Insulating Surfaces	p. 152
Nanomanipulation on Insulating Surfaces	p. 155
Nanomanipulation Experiments on Insulating Surfaces	p. 155
Manipulation on halide surfaces	p. 156
Manipulation on oxide surfaces	p. 158
Modeling Nanomanipulation on Insulating Surfaces	p. 159
AFM imaging of surface diffusion	p. 159
Nanomanipulation of adatoms and vacancies	p. 160
Bibliography	p. 163
Index	p. 183
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