Natural Hazards : Earth's Processes as Hazards, Disasters, and Catastrophes

by Keller, Edward A.; Blodgett, Robert H.

ISBN13:

9780130309570

ISBN10:

0130309575

Format:

Paperback

Pub. Date:

1/1/2006

Publisher(s):

Benjamin Cummings

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Summary

Included free with every text, Hazard City provides meaningful, easy-to-assign, easy-to-grade, class-tested assignments. Based on the idealized town of Hazard City, the assignments put students in the role of a practicing geologist-gathering and analyzing real data, evaluating risk, making assessments and recommendations. The second edition of this widely-used CD contains a new module, Shoreline Property Assessment, and, in response to reviewer requests, there are now three sets of assessment questions for each activity. Book jacket.

Preface

xxiii

Introduction to Natural Hazards

(28)

Case History: Nevado del Ruiz: A Story of People, Land Use, and Volcanic Eruption

(3)

Why Studying Natural Hazards Is Important

(4)

Processes: Internal and External

(1)

Hazard, Disaster, or Catastrophe

(2)

Death and Damage Caused by Natural Hazards

(1)

Role of History in Understanding Hazards

(1)

Geologic Cycle

(6)

The Tectonic Cycle

(4)

The Rock Cycle

(1)

The Hydrologic Cycle

(1)

Biogeochemical Cycles

(1)

Fundamental Concepts for Understanding Natural Processes as Hazards

(11)

Concept 1: Hazards are predictable from scientific evaluation

(1)

Science and Natural Hazards

(1)

Hazards Are Natural Processes

(2)

Prediction and Warning

(1)

Concept 2: Risk assessment is an important component of our understanding of the effects of hazardous processes

(1)

Concept 3: Linkages exist between natural hazards and between hazards and the physical environment

(1)

Concept 4: Hazardous events that previously produced disasters are now producing catastrophes

(1)

Examples of Disasters in Densely Populated Areas

(1)

Human Population Growth

(1)

Magnitude and Frequency of Hazardous Events

(1)

Box 1.1 Case Study: Human Population through History

(1)

Box 1.2 Case Study: The Magnitude-Frequency Concept

(1)

Concept 5: Consequences of hazards can be minimized

(1)

Reactive Response: Impact of and Recovery from Disasters

(1)

Anticipatory Response: Avoiding and Adjusting to Hazards

(1)

Many Hazards Provide a Natural Service Function

(1)

Global Climate Change and Hazards

(3)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

(1)

Selected Web Resources

(1)

Earthquakes

(38)

Case History: Earthquakes of Early 2001---Lessons Learned

(3)

Introduction to Earthquakes

(3)

Earthquake Magnitude

(2)

Earthquake Intensity

(1)

Earthquake Processes

(6)

Process of Faulting

(2)

Fault Activity

(1)

Tectonic Creep

(3)

Seismic Waves

(1)

Earthquake Shaking

(6)

Distance to the Epicenter

(2)

Depth of Focus

(1)

Direction of the Epicenter

(1)

Local Geologic Conditions

(4)

The Earthquake Cycle

(1)

Geographic Regions at Risk from Earthquakes

(3)

Plate Boundary Earthquakes

(1)

Intraplate Earthquakes

(2)

Effects of Earthquakes and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards

(2)

Shaking and Ground Rupture

(1)

Liquefaction

(1)

Regional Changes in Land Elevation

(1)

Landslides

(1)

Fires

(1)

Disease

(1)

Natural Service Functions of Earthquakes

(1)

Groundwater and Energy Resources

(1)

Mineral Resources

(1)

Landform Development

(1)

Future Earthquake Hazard Reduction

(1)

Human Interaction with Earthquakes

(1)

Earthquakes Caused by Human Activity

(1)

Minimizing the Earthquake Hazard

(4)

The National Earthquake Hazard Reduction Program

(1)

Estimation of Seismic Risk

(1)

Short-Term Prediction

(1)

The Future of Earthquake Prediction

(1)

Earthquake Warning Systems

(1)

Box 2.1 Survivor Story: Earthquakes in Canada

(1)

Perception of and Adjustment to the Earthquake Hazard

(8)

Perception of the Earthquake Hazard

(1)

Community Adjustments to the Earthquake Hazard

(1)

Box 2.2 Professional Profile: Andrea Donnellan, Earthquake Forecaster

(1)

Personal Adjustments: Before, During, and After an Earthquake

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

(1)

Review Questions

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

(1)

Selected Web Resources

(1)

Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Earthquake Damage Assessment

(1)

Volcanoes

(34)

Case History: Mt. Unzen, 1991

(1)

Introduction to Volcanoes

(10)

Volcano Types

(3)

Volcanic Features

(2)

Volcano Origins

(2)

Geographic Regions at Risk for Volcanoes

(1)

Effects of Volcanoes

(11)

Lava Flows

(1)

Pyroclastic Activity

(1)

Poisonous Gases

(2)

Debris Flows, Mudflows, and Other Mass Movements

(1)

Box 3.1 Case Study: Volcanic Landslides and Tsunamis

(1)

Mount St. Helens 1980--2005: From Lateral Blasts to Lava Flows

(4)

Linkages between Volcanoes and Other Natural Hazards

(1)

Natural Service Functions of Volcanoes

(1)

Volcanic Soils

(1)

Geothermal Power

(1)

Recreation

(1)

Creation of New Land

(1)

Human Interaction with Volcanoes

(1)

Minimizing the Volcanic Hazard

(5)

Forecasting

(2)

Box 3.2 Professional Profile: Chris Eisinger, Studying Active Volcanoes

(2)

Box 3.3 Survivor Story: A Close Call with Mount St. Helens

(1)

Volcanic Alert or Warning

(1)

Perception of and Adjustment to the Volcanic Hazard

(5)

Perception of the Volcanic Hazard

(1)

Adjustments to Volcanic Hazards

(1)

Attempts to Control Lava Flows

(1)

Summary

(1)

Key Terms

100

(1)

Review Questions

100

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

100

(1)

Selected Web Resources

100

(1)

Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Volcanic Hazard Assessment

101

(1)

Flooding

102

(38)

Case History: Great Britain Floods of 2000

102

(2)

An Introduction to Rivers

104

(5)

Earth Material Transported by Rivers

104

(1)

River Velocity, Discharge, Erosion, and Sediment Deposition

104

(3)

Channel Patterns and Floodplain Formation

107

(2)

Flooding

109

(9)

Box 4.1 Case Study: Alluvial Fan Flooding on the Ventura River

110

(2)

Upstream and Downstream Floods

112

(2)

Box 4.2 Case Study: Magnitude and Frequency of Floods

114

(2)

Box 4.3 Survivor Story: Flash Flood

116

(2)

Geographic Regions at Risk for Flooding

118

(1)

Effects of Flooding and Linkages between Floods and Other Hazards

119

(1)

Natural Service Functions

120

(2)

Fertile Lands

120

(1)

Aquatic Ecosystems

120

(1)

Sediment Supply

120

(1)

Box 4.4 Case Study: The Grand Canyon Flood of 1996

121

(1)

Human Interaction with Flooding

122

(4)

Land Use Changes

122

(2)

Dam Construction

124

(1)

Urbanization and Flooding

124

(2)

Box 4.5 Case Study: Flash Floods in Eastern Ohio

126

(1)

Minimizing the Flood Hazard

126

(6)

The Structural Approach

126

(4)

Channel Restoration: Alternative to Channelization

130

(2)

Perception of and Adjustment to the Flood Hazard

132

(8)

Perception of the Flood Hazard

132

(1)

Adjustments to the Flood Hazard

132

(2)

Box 4.6 Professional Profile: Walter G. Green, III, Emergency Operations Director

134

(1)

Relocating People from Floodplains: Examples from North Carolina and North Dakota

135

(1)

Personal Adjustment: What to Do and What Not to Do

135

(2)

Summary

137

(1)

Key Terms

137

(1)

Review Questions

138

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

138

(1)

Selected Web Resources

138

(1)

Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Flood Insurance Rate Maps

139

(1)

Mass Wasting

140

(32)

Case History: Portuguese Bend, California

140

(3)

An Introduction to Landslides

143

(10)

Slope Processes

143

(2)

Types of Landslides

145

(1)

Forces on Slopes

146

(6)

Snow Avalanches

152

(1)

Geographic Regions at Risk from Landslides

153

(1)

Effects of Landslides and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards

153

(6)

Effects of Landslides

153

(1)

Box 5.1 Case Study: La Conchita: Southern California Landslide Disaster of 2005---Lessons Learned

154

(3)

Linkages between Landslides and Other Natural Hazards

157

(1)

Box 5.2 Survivor Story: Landslide

158

(1)

Natural Service Functions of Landslides

159

(1)

Human Interaction with Landslides

159

(3)

Timber Harvesting and Landslides

159

(1)

Urbanization and Landslides

159

(2)

Box 5.3 Professional Profile: Bob Rasely, Mass Wasting Specialist

161

(1)

Minimizing the Landslide Hazard

162

(5)

Identification of Potential Landslides

162

(1)

Prevention of Landslides

162

(4)

Landslide Warning Systems

166

(1)

Perception of and Adjustment to the Landslide Hazard

167

(5)

Perception of the Landslide Hazard

167

(1)

Adjustments to the Landslide Hazard

167

(1)

Personal Adjustments: What You Can Do to Minimize Your Landslide Hazard

167

(2)

Summary

169

(1)

Key Terms

169

(1)

Review Questions

169

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

170

(1)

Selected Web Resources

170

(1)

Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Landslide Hazard Assessment

171

(1)

Subsidence

172

(24)

Case History: Venice Is Sinking

172

(1)

Introduction to Subsidence

172

(9)

Karst

174

(2)

Thermokarst

176

(1)

Box 6.1 Survivor Story: Sinkholes

177

(1)

Sediment and Soil Compaction

178

(1)

Expansive Soils

179

(1)

Earthquakes

180

(1)

Deflation of Magma Chambers

181

(1)

Regions at Risk for Subsidence-Related Hazards

181

(1)

Effects of Subsidence

182

(3)

Sinkhole Collapse

182

(1)

Groundwater Conditions

182

(2)

Damage Caused by Melting Permafrost

184

(1)

Coastal Flooding and Loss of Wetlands

184

(1)

Damage Caused by Expansive Soils

184

(1)

Linkages between Subsidence and Other Natural Hazards

185

(1)

Natural Service Functions of Subsidence

185

(1)

Water Supply

185

(1)

Aesthetic and Scientific Resources

185

(1)

Unique Ecosystems

186

(1)

Human Interaction with Subsidence

186

(4)

Withdrawal of Fluids

186

(1)

Underground Mining

187

(1)

Melting Permafrost

188

(1)

Restricting Deltaic Sedimentation

189

(1)

Draining Organic Soils

189

(1)

Landscaping Expansive Soils

189

(1)

Box 6.2 Professional Profile: Helen Delano, Environmental Geologist

190

(1)

Minimizing the Subsidence Hazard

190

(2)

Perception of and Adjustment to the Subsidence Hazard

192

(4)

Perception of the Subsidence Hazard

192

(1)

Adjustment to the Subsidence Hazard

192

(1)

Summary

193

(1)

Key Terms

193

(1)

Review Questions

194

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

194

(1)

Selected Web Resources

194

(2)

Atmosphere and Severe Weather

196

(28)

Case History: Tri-State Tornado, March 18, 1925

196

(2)

Energy

198

(2)

Types of Energy

199

(1)

Heat Transfer

199

(1)

Earth's Energy Balance

200

(2)

Electromagnetic Energy

200

(1)

Radiation, Absorption, and Temperature

201

(1)

The Atmosphere

202

(1)

Composition of the Atmosphere

202

(1)

Structure of the Atmosphere

202

(1)

Weather Processes

203

(4)

Atmospheric Pressure

203

(2)

Unstable Air

205

(1)

Coriolis Effect

205

(1)

Fronts

205

(2)

Hazardous Weather

207

(12)

Thunderstorms

207

(3)

Box 7.1 Case Study: Lightning

210

(1)

Tornadoes

210

(2)

Box 7.2 Survivor Story: Struck by Lightning

212

(4)

Blizzards and Ice Storms

216

(1)

Drought

217

(1)

Dust and Sand Storms

217

(1)

Heat Waves

218

(1)

Human Interaction with Weather

219

(1)

Natural Service Functions of Severe Weather

219

(1)

Box 7.3 Professional Profile: Tornadoes

220

(1)

Minimizing Severe Weather Hazards

220

(4)

Forecasting and Prediction of Weather Hazards

220

(1)

Adjustment to the Severe Weather Hazard

221

(1)

Summary

222

(1)

Key Terms

222

(1)

Review Questions

222

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

223

(1)

Selected Web Resources

223

(1)

Coastal Hazards

224

(42)

Case History: Hurricane Ivan

224

(2)

Introduction to Coastal Processes

226

(6)

Waves

226

(2)

Box 8.1 Case Study: Rogue Waves

228

(1)

Beach Form and Processes

229

(3)

Tropical Cyclones

232

(3)

Tsunamis

235

(5)

Box 8.2 Case Study: Indonesian Tsunami of 2004

236

(4)

Box 8.3 Survivor Story: Tsunami in the Lowest Country on Earth

240

(1)

Geographic Regions at Risk for Coastal Hazards

240

(3)

Effects of Coastal Processes

243

(4)

Rip Currents

243

(1)

Coastal Erosion

244

(2)

Hurricanes

246

(1)

Tsunamis

246

(1)

Linkages between Coastal Processes and Other Natural Hazards

247

(1)

Natural Service Functions of Coastal Processes

248

(1)

Human Interaction with Coastal Processes

249

(3)

The Atlantic Coast

249

(2)

The Gulf Coast

251

(1)

The Great Lakes

251

(1)

Canadian Seacoasts

252

(1)

Minimizing the Effects of Coastal Hazards

252

(7)

Coastal Erosion

252

(2)

Hurricanes

254

(3)

Box 8.4 Professional Profile: The Hurricane Hunters

257

(1)

Tsunamis

258

(1)

Perception of and Adjustment to Coastal Hazards

259

(7)

Perception of Coastal Hazards

259

(1)

Box 8.5 Case Study: E-Lines and E-Zones

260

(1)

Adjustment to Coastal Erosion

260

(1)

Adjustment to Hurricanes

261

(1)

Adjustments to Tsunamis

262

(1)

Summary

263

(1)

Key Terms

263

(1)

Review Questions

263

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

264

(1)

Selected Web Resources

264

(1)

Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Shoreline Property Assessment

265

(1)

Climate and Climate Change

266

(26)

Case History: California Threatened by Climate Change

266

(2)

Climate and Weather

268

(1)

Climate Zones

268

(1)

The Koeppen System and Natural Processes

269

(1)

The Atmosphere

269

(3)

Atmospheric Composition

269

(1)

Permanent Gases

269

(1)

Variable Gases

270

(2)

Structure of the Atmosphere

272

(1)

Atmospheric Circulation

272

(1)

Climate Change

272

(8)

Glaciations

272

(1)

The Greenhouse Effect

273

(2)

Global Temperature Change

275

(3)

Why Does Climate Change?

278

(2)

Hazards Associated with Climate Change

280

(4)

Climate Patterns

280

(1)

Sea Level Rise

280

(1)

Changes in the Biosphere

281

(1)

Desertification and Drought

281

(1)

Box 9.1 Case Study: El Nino

282

(2)

Box 9.2 Professional Profile: Moving the Cape Hatteras Lighthouse

284

(1)

Wildfires

284

(1)

Minimizing the Effects of Global Warming

284

(8)

Box 9.3 Survivor Story: Residents of the Maldive Islands

286

(1)

International Agreements

287

(1)

Manipulation of Carbon Dioxide ``Sinks''

288

(1)

Fossil Fuels and the Future Threat of Global Warming

288

(1)

Summary

289

(1)

Key Terms

289

(1)

Review Questions

289

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

290

(1)

Selected Web Resources

290

(1)

Hazard City: Assignments in Applied Geology---Snowpack Monitoring

291

(1)

Wildfires

292

(22)

Case History: Wildfires in 2002---Colorado and Arizona

292

(2)

Introduction to Wildfire

294

(1)

Wildfire as a Process

294

(6)

Box 10.1 Case Study: Indonesian Fires of 1997--1998

295

(2)

Fire Environment

297

(3)

Effects of Wildfires and Linkages with Other Natural Hazards

300

(6)

Effects on the Geologic Environment

300

(1)

Effects on the Atmospheric Environment

301

(1)

Linkages with Climate Change

301

(1)

Box 10.2 Case Study: Wildfire in Southern California

302

(3)

Box 10.3 Professional Profile: Wildfires

305

(1)

Effects on the Biological Environment

306

(1)

Natural Service Functions of Wildfires

306

(1)

Benefits to Soil

306

(1)

Benefits to Plants and Animals

306

(1)

Yellowstone Fires of 1988

307

(1)

Minimizing the Wildfire Hazard

307

(1)

Fire Management

307

(1)

Perception of and Adjustment to the Wildfire Hazard

308

(6)

Perception of the Wildfire Hazard

308

(1)

Adjustments to the Wildfire Hazard

309

(1)

Personal Adjustment to the Fire Hazard

310

(1)

Box 10.4 Survivor Story: The Cedar Fire

311

(1)

Summary

312

(1)

Key Terms

312

(1)

Review Questions

312

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

312

(1)

Selected Web Resources

313

(1)

Impacts and Extinctions

314

(25)

Case History: The Tunguska Event

314

(2)

Earth's Place in Space

316

(3)

Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Comets

318

(1)

Aerial Bursts and Impacts

319

(7)

Impact Craters

320

(1)

Box 11.1 Survivor Story: Meterorites in Chicagoland

321

(4)

Box 11.2 Case Study: Uniformitarianism, Gradualism, and Catastrophe

325

(1)

Mass Extinctions

326

(5)

Late Cretaceous: K-T Boundary Mass Extinction

327

(4)

Minimizing the Impact Hazard

331

(8)

Risk Related to Impacts

331

(1)

Box 11.3 Case Study: Near Earth Objects

332

(1)

Minimizing the Impact Hazard

332

(2)

Box 11.4 Professional Profile: Michael J. S. Shelton, Astronomer

334

(2)

Summary

336

(1)

Key Terms

336

(1)

Review Questions

336

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

336

(1)

Selected Web Resources

337

(2)

Appendix A Minerals

339

(8)

Appendix B Rocks

347

(2)

Appendix C Maps and Related Topics

349

(8)

Appendix D How Geologists Determine Geologic Time

357

(4)

Glossary

361

(12)

References

373

(10)

Index

383

Natural Hazards : Earth's Processes as Hazards, Disasters, and Catastrophes

9780130309570

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