Nerve and Muscle

by Richard D. Keynes , David J. Aidley , Christopher L.-H. Huang

• ISBN13: 9780521737425
• ISBN10: 0521737427
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-02-14
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

A compact and straightforward introduction to the physiology of nerve and muscle written with undergraduate students in mind.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. ix
Structural organization of the nervous system	p. 1
Nervous systems	p. 1
The anatomy of a neuron	p. 2
Non-myelinated nerve fibres	p. 2
Myelinated nerve fibres	p. 4
Resting and action potentials	p. 9
Electrophysiological recording methods	p. 9
Intracellular recording of the membrane potential	p. 11
Extracellular recording of the nervous impulse	p. 13
Excitation	p. 16
The ionic permeability of the nerve membrane	p. 21
Structure of the cell membrane	p. 21
Distribution of ions in nerve and muscle	p. 24
The genesis of the resting potential	p. 25
The Donnan equilibrium system in muscle	p. 27
The active transport of ions	p. 28
Membrane permeability changes during excitation	p. 34
The impedance change during the spike	p. 34
The sodium hypothesis	p. 34
Voltage-clamp experiments	p. 39
Patch-clamp studies	p. 47
Voltage-gated ion channels	p. 49
cDNA sequencing studies	p. 49
The primary structure of voltage-gated ion channels	p. 49
The sodium gating current	p. 53
The screw-helical mechanism of voltage-gating	p. 55
The ionic selectivity of voltage-gated channels	p. 59
Cable theory and saltatory conduction	p. 63
The spread of potential changes in a cable system	p. 63
Saltatory conduction in myelinated nerves	p. 65
Factors affecting conduction velocity	p. 70
Factors affecting the threshold for excitation	p. 71
After-potentials	p. 72
Neuromuscular transmission	p. 74
The neuromuscular junction	p. 74
Chemical transmission	p. 75
Post-synaptic responses	p. 76
Pre-synaptic events	p. 84
Synaptic transmission in the nervous system	p. 87
Synaptic excitation in motoneurons	p. 87
Inhibition in motoneurons	p. 90
Interaction of IPSPs with EPSPs	p. 91
Pre-synaptic inhibition	p. 92
Slow synaptic potentials	p. 92
G-protein-linked receptors	p. 94
Electrotonic synapses	p. 97
The mechanism of contraction in skeletal muscle	p. 99
Anatomy	p. 99
The structure of the myofibril	p. 100
The sliding-filament theory	p. 103
The molecular basis of contraction	p. 106
The activation of skeletal muscle	p. 112
Ion channels in the membrane of skeletal muscle	p. 112
Action potential generation in surface and tubular membranes of skeletal muscle	p. 113
Excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle	p. 115
Involvement of Ca2+ ions in excitation-contraction coupling	p. 116
Internal membrane systems	p. 118
Triggering molecules for the release of sarcoplasmic reticular calcium	p. 119
Tubular voltage detection mechanisms triggering excitation-contraction coupling	p. 121
Calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the ryanodine receptor	p. 124
Triggering of ryanodine receptor opening through configurational coupling to the dihydropyridine receptor	p. 125
Restoration of sarcoplasmic reticular calcium following repolarization	p. 126
Overview of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle	p. 128
Contractile function in skeletal muscle	p. 129
Isometric and isotonic contractions	p. 129
Isometric twitch and tetanus	p. 130
Isotonic contractions	p. 132
Energetics of contraction	p. 135
Work and power	p. 135
Heat production	p. 137
Efficiency	p. 137
The energy source	p. 138
Muscular fatigue	p. 140
Energy balances during muscular exercise	p. 141
Ionic and osmotic balances during muscular exercise	p. 142
The effects of training	p. 144
Cardiac muscle	p. 146
Structure and organization of cardiac cells	p. 146
The electrical initiation of the heartbeat	p. 146
The cardiac action potential	p. 148
Ionic currents in cardiac muscle	p. 149
The electrocardiogram	p. 152
Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling	p. 154
Nervous control of the heart	p. 157
Cardiac arrhythmogenesis	p. 158
Smooth muscle	p. 162
Structure	p. 162
Excitation	p. 163
Excitation-contraction coupling	p. 164
Contractile mechanism	p. 165
Mechanical properties	p. 167
Further reading	p. 169
References	p. 170
Index	p. 178
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