Neuroscience for the Study of Communicative Disorders

by Bhatnagar, Subhash C.; Andy, Orlando J.

• ISBN13: 9780683007404
• ISBN10: 0683007408
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1995-01-01
• Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Summary

"Neuroscience for the Study of Communicative Disorders, Third Edition remains an ideal resource that teaches neuroscience fundamentals without encyclopedic details of anatomy and physiology. This text takes a step-by-step, simplified approach, and contains relevant information in its application of neuroscience for students and practitioners in speech-language-pathology and audiology."--BOOK JACKET.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. vii
Preface to the Second Edition	p. viii
Preface to the First Edition	p. ix
Acknowledgments	p. xi
Scope, Principles, and Elements of Neuroscience	p. 1
Relationship Between Neuroscience and Speech-Language-Hearing Pathology	p. 1
Domain of Neuroscience	p. 1
Domain of Speech-Language-Hearing Pathology	p. 2
Need for Training in Neuroscience	p. 2
Nature of Training in Neuroscience	p. 2
Benefits of Training in Neuroscience	p. 2
Scope of Neuroscience	p. 3
Neurology	p. 3
Neurosurgery	p. 4
Neuroanatomy	p. 4
Neuroradiology	p. 4
Neuroembryology	p. 4
Neurophysiology	p. 4
Neuropathology	p. 5
Principles Governing Functional Organization of the Human Brain	p. 5
Interconnectivity in the Brain	p. 5
Centrality of the Central Nervous System	p. 5
Hierarchy of Neuraxial Organization	p. 5
Laterality of Brain Organization	p. 5
Bilateral Anatomical Symmetry	p. 5
Unilateral Functional Differences	p. 6
Contralateral Sensorimotor Control	p. 6
Structural and Functional Specialization	p. 6
Topographical Organization in Cortical Pathways	p. 6
Plasticity in the Brain	p. 7
Nonmythical Brain	p. 7
Orientation to Basic Terminology	p. 7
Directional Brain Orientation	p. 7
Planes of Brain Section	p. 7
Terms Relating to Movement	p. 8
Terms Relating to Muscles	p. 9
Additional Terms	p. 9
Gross Structures of the Central Nervous System	p. 11
Functional Classification of Nervous System	p. 12
Cellular Organization (Cytoarchitecture) and Brodmann Areas	p. 13
Techniques for Solving Problems When Learning Neuroscience	p. 14
Simplification of Technical Terminology	p. 14
Visual Approach to Neuroscience	p. 15
Functional Context for Learning Neuroanatomy	p. 16
Deductive Reasoning and Problem Solving	p. 16
Rules for Lesion Localization	p. 16
Summary	p. 17
Technical Terms	p. 18
Review Questions	p. 18
Gross Anatomy of the Central Nervous System	p. 21
Structures of Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems	p. 21
Primary Divisions of the Brain	p. 23
Gross Structures of the Brain	p. 23
Telencephalon	p. 23
Cerebral Hemispheres	p. 23
Cortical Surfaces	p. 24
Additional Structures	p. 35
Limbic Lobe	p. 38
Basal Ganglia	p. 38
Diencephalon	p. 42
Thalamus	p. 42
Hypothalamus	p. 42
Brainstem	p. 42
Midbrain	p. 44
Pons	p. 45
Medulla Oblongata	p. 47
Cerebellum	p. 47
Cerebellar Peduncles	p. 48
Input to Cerebellum	p. 48
Output From Cerebellum	p. 48
Spinal Cord	p. 48
Ventricles	p. 55
Lateral Ventricles	p. 56
Third Ventricle	p. 56
Fourth Ventricle	p. 58
Medullary Centers in the Brain	p. 58
Projection Fibers	p. 58
Association Fibers	p. 59
Commissural Fibers	p. 61
Meninges of the Brain	p. 62
Dura Mater	p. 62
Falx Cerebri	p. 64
Tentorium Cerebelli	p. 64
Falx Cerebelli	p. 64
Arachnoid Membrane	p. 64
Pia Mater	p. 64
Meninges of the Spinal Cord	p. 67
Spinal Dura Mater	p. 67
Spinal Arachnoid Membrane	p. 67
Spinal Pia Mater	p. 68
Cranial Nerves	p. 68
Nomenclature	p. 68
Functions	p. 68
Autonomic Nervous System	p. 71
Lesion Localization	p. 71
Cortical Lesion	p. 71
Presenting Symptoms	p. 71
Rationale	p. 72
Subcortical Lesion	p. 72
Presenting Symptoms	p. 72
Rationale	p. 72
Clinical Considerations	p. 73
Summary	p. 73
Technical Terms	p. 73
Review Questions	p. 74
Internal Anatomy of the Central Nervous System	p. 76
Anatomical Orientation Landmarks	p. 76
Shapes of Corticospinal Fibers	p. 76
Shape of Ventricular Cavity	p. 78
Spinal Cord in Cross-Sections	p. 78
Sacral Section	p. 78
Lumbar Section	p. 79
Thoracic Section	p. 79
Cervical Section	p. 79
Brainstem in Transverse Sections	p. 81
Medulla Oblongata	p. 81
Caudal Medulla	p. 82
Lower (Caudal) Third of Medulla	p. 83
Middle Third of Medulla	p. 84
Rostral Third of Medulla	p. 86
Pons	p. 87
Lower Pons	p. 87
Middle Pons	p. 87
Pontomidbrain Junction	p. 89
Midbrain	p. 91
Caudal Midbrain	p. 91
Rostral Midbrain	p. 91
High Rostral Midbrain	p. 93
Midbrain-Diencephalon Junction	p. 94
Forebrain in Coronal Sections	p. 96
Coronal Section Through Posterior Thalamus	p. 98
Coronal Section Through Midthalamus	p. 98
Coronal Section Through Anterior Thalamus	p. 101
Coronal Section Through Anterior Commissure	p. 101
Coronal Section Through Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule and Caudate Head	p. 101
Coronal Section Through Anterior Horn	p. 106
Forebrain in Horizontal Sections	p. 106
Summary	p. 109
Technical Terms	p. 109
Review Questions	p. 109
Embryological Development of the Central Nervous System	p. 111
Human Chromosomes, Genes, and Cell Division	p. 111
Early Human Development	p. 112
Gametogenesis	p. 112
Fertilization and First Week of Development	p. 114
Second Week of Development	p. 114
Third Week of Development	p. 116
Development of the Central Nervous System	p. 116
Neural Plate, Neural Tube, and Neural Crest	p. 116
Brain	p. 116
Prosencephalon, or Forebrain	p. 119
Mesencephalon, or Midbrain	p. 120
Rhombencephalon, or Hindbrain	p. 120
Spinal Cord	p. 120
Clinical Considerations	p. 120
Abnormal Development of the Central Nervous System	p. 120
Anencephaly	p. 121
Cranium Bifidum	p. 122
Spina Bifida	p. 122
Hydrocephalus	p. 122
Microcephaly	p. 122
Peripheral Nervous System	p. 122
Normal Development	p. 122
Abnormal Development	p. 123
Summary	p. 123
Technical Terms	p. 123
Review Questions	p. 123
Nerve Cells	p. 125
Neuron	p. 125
Nerve Cell Structure	p. 125
Cell Body	p. 125
Dendritic and Axonal Processes	p. 126
Myelin Sheath	p. 127
Synapse	p. 127
Nerve Cell Types	p. 127
Neuronal Circuits	p. 128
Neuroglial Cells	p. 128
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems	p. 130
Nerve Impulse	p. 130
Nerve Excitability	p. 131
Impulse Conduction	p. 132
Neuronal Responses to Brain Injuries	p. 132
Axonal Reaction	p. 133
Wallerian Degeneration	p. 134
Neuroglial Responses	p. 134
Axonal Regeneration in Peripheral Nervous System	p. 135
Axonal Regeneration in Central Nervous System	p. 135
Neurotransmitters	p. 135
Acetylcholine	p. 135
Monoamines	p. 137
Dopamine	p. 137
Norepinephrine	p. 137
Serotonin	p. 138
[gamma]-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)	p. 138
Peptides	p. 138
Drug Treatment Principles	p. 138
Clinical Considerations	p. 138
Multiple Sclerosis	p. 138
Myasthenia Gravis	p. 139
Summary	p. 140
Technical Terms	p. 140
Review Questions	p. 141
Diencephalon: Thalamus and Associated Structures	p. 142
Gross Anatomy of Diencephalon	p. 142
Thalamus	p. 142
Thalamic Structure	p. 143
Projections and Functions of Thalamic Nuclei	p. 145
Anterior Nucleus	p. 145
Medial Nuclear Complex	p. 146
Lateral Nuclear Complex	p. 147
Ventral Nuclear Complex	p. 148
Additional Nuclei in the Thalamus	p. 149
Reticular Nucleus	p. 149
Intralaminar Nuclei	p. 149
Functional Classification of Thalamic Nuclei	p. 149
Specific Thalamic Nuclei	p. 149
Nonspecific Thalamic Nuclei	p. 150
Epithalamus	p. 150
Subthalamus	p. 150
Hypothalamus	p. 150
Cognitive Functions of Thalamus	p. 150
Thalamic Syndrome	p. 151
Summary	p. 151
Technical Terms	p. 151
Review Questions	p. 152
Somatosensory System	p. 153
Somatosensation	p. 153
Types of Sensation	p. 153
Specialized Receptors	p. 154
Encapsulated Endings	p. 154
Free Nerve Endings	p. 155
Expanded Tip Endings	p. 155
Three-Neuron Organization of Somatosensory System	p. 155
Innervation Pattern	p. 155
Anatomical Division of Somatosensory System	p. 156
Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal System	p. 156
Receptors	p. 157
Neural Pathways	p. 157
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	p. 159
Anterolateral System	p. 160
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract	p. 160
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract	p. 163
Trigeminal Nerve	p. 165
Three-Neuron Organization of Trigeminal System	p. 165
Fine Discriminative Touch From Face	p. 165
Receptors	p. 165
Neural Pathway	p. 165
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	p. 167
Pain and Temperature From Face	p. 167
Receptors	p. 167
Neural Pathway	p. 167
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	p. 167
Diffuse Touch From Face	p. 168
Receptors	p. 168
Neural Pathway	p. 168
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	p. 168
Unconscious Proprioception	p. 168
Innervation Pattern	p. 168
Receptors	p. 168
Neural Pathways	p. 168
Clinical Considerations and Assessment	p. 170
Lesion Localization	p. 170
Spinal Central Gray Lesion	p. 170
Presenting Symptoms	p. 170
Rationale	p. 170
Summary	p. 171
Technical Terms	p. 171
Review Questions	p. 171
Visual System	p. 173
Eyeball	p. 173
Anatomy of the Eyeball	p. 173
Anatomy of Retina	p. 176
Distribution of Photosensors	p. 177
Functions of Photosensors	p. 178
Photochemistry of Retina	p. 178
Spectral Sensitivity	p. 179
Color Vision	p. 179
Dark Adaptation	p. 180
Optical Mechanism	p. 180
Refraction	p. 180
Lens Types	p. 180
Optics of the Eye	p. 181
Retinal Image Formation	p. 182
Lens Shape	p. 182
Pupillary Aperture	p. 182
Convergence	p. 182
Central Visual Pathways	p. 182
Retinal Representation of Visual Fields	p. 182
Retinal Representation to Optic Chiasm	p. 184
Retinal Representation to Lateral Geniculate Body	p. 184
Retinal Representation to Visual Cortex	p. 184
Visual Cortex	p. 185
Visual Reflexes	p. 185
Pupillary Light Reflex	p. 185
Accommodation Reflex	p. 185
Clinical Information	p. 188
Errors of Refraction	p. 188
Hypermetropia	p. 188
Myopia	p. 188
Astigmatism	p. 189
Disorders of Color Vision	p. 189
Visual Acuity Assessment	p. 190
Visual Field Defects	p. 190
Monocular Blindness	p. 190
Bitemporal, or Heteronymous Hemianopsia	p. 190
Nasal Hemianopsia	p. 191
Homonymous Hemianopsia	p. 191
Homonymous Left Superior Quadrantanopsia	p. 191
Homonymous Left Inferior Quadrantanopsia	p. 192
Other Common Disorders of the Visual Mechanism	p. 192
Presbyopia	p. 192
Cataract	p. 192
Glaucoma	p. 192
Inflammatory Infections	p. 192
Retinitis Pigmentosa	p. 192
Lesion Localization	p. 192
Visual Pathway Lesion	p. 192
Presenting Symptoms	p. 192
Rationale	p. 192
Presenting Symptoms (B)	p. 192
Rationale	p. 192
Presenting Symptoms (C)	p. 192
Rationale	p. 192
Presenting Symptoms (D)	p. 193
Rationale	p. 193
Summary	p. 193
Technical Terms	p. 193
Review Questions	p. 193
Auditory System	p. 195
Sound, Properties, and Measurements	p. 195
Anatomy and Physiology	p. 197
External Ear	p. 197
Middle Ear	p. 197
Transmission of Sound Pressure Variations	p. 197
Pressure Equalization	p. 198
Reflexive Control of Ossicle Movement	p. 198
Inner Ear	p. 198
Cochlear Structure	p. 198
Cochlear Function	p. 199
Electrical Transduction	p. 200
Retrocochlear Auditory Mechanism	p. 200
Central Auditory Pathways	p. 200
Cochlear Nucleus	p. 201
Cochlear Projections	p. 202
Superior Olivary Nucleus	p. 202
Lateral Lemniscus	p. 202
Inferior Colliculus	p. 202
Medial Geniculate Body	p. 203
Primary and Auditory Association Cortex	p. 203
Auditory Reflexes	p. 205
Distinctive Properties of Auditory System	p. 205
Bilateral Auditory Representation	p. 205
Sound Source Localization	p. 205
Tonotopic Representation	p. 205
Descending Auditory Projections	p. 205
Clinical Information	p. 205
Hearing Impairments	p. 205
Conductive Hearing Loss	p. 206
Sensorineural Hearing Loss	p. 206
Mixed Hearing Loss	p. 206
Effects of Cortical Lesion	p. 206
Evaluation of Hearing Disorders	p. 206
Tuning Fork	p. 207
Rinne Test	p. 207
Weber Test	p. 207
Tympanometry	p. 207
Pure Tone Audiometry	p. 207
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potentials	p. 208
Summary	p. 208
Technical Terms	p. 209
Review Questions	p. 209
Vestibular System	p. 210
Anatomy of Vestibular System	p. 210
Semicircular Ducts and Vestibular Sacs	p. 210
Vestibular Nerve and Nuclei	p. 211
Primary Vestibular Projections	p. 211
Projections to Cerebellum	p. 213
Projections to Medial Longitudinal Fasciculus	p. 213
Projections to Spinal Cord	p. 214
Additional Vestibular Projections	p. 214
Physiology of Equilibrium	p. 214
Dynamic Equilibrium	p. 215
Sensation of Rotation	p. 215
Stage 1	p. 215
Stage 2	p. 215
Stage 3	p. 215
Static Equilibrium	p. 215
Nystagmus	p. 216
Induced Vestibular Eye Movements, or Nystagmus	p. 216
Clinical Information	p. 217
Disturbances of Vestibular System	p. 217
Motion Sickness	p. 217
Vertigo	p. 217
Labyrinth Dysfunction	p. 217
Clinical Diagnostic Tests	p. 217
Acceleration-Rotation Chair	p. 217
Caloric Stimulation	p. 217
Summary	p. 218
Technical Terms	p. 218
Review Questions	p. 218
Motor System 1: Spinal Cord	p. 219
Spinal Preparation	p. 219
Innervation Pattern	p. 220
Gross Anatomy of Spinal Cord	p. 220
Internal Anatomy	p. 220
Segmental Organization	p. 223
Motor Unit	p. 223
Tracts of Spinal Cord	p. 223
Descending Tracts	p. 224
Corticospinal Tracts	p. 224
Extrapyramidal Tracts	p. 225
Autonomic Pathways	p. 226
Ascending Tracts	p. 226
Fasciculus Gracilis	p. 226
Fasciculus Cuneatus	p. 226
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract	p. 226
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract	p. 226
Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract	p. 226
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract	p. 226
Cuneocerebellar Tract	p. 226
Motor Nuclei of Spinal Cord	p. 226
[alpha]-Motor Neurons	p. 227
[gamma]-Motor Neurons	p. 227
Interneurons	p. 227
Motor Functions of Spinal Cord	p. 227
Muscle Spindles and Their Role in Motor Activity	p. 228
Muscle Spindles	p. 228
Dynamic Responses	p. 230
Static Responses	p. 230
Golgi Tendon Organs	p. 230
Movement Initiation	p. 230
Spinal Reflexes	p. 230
Stretch, or Myotatic, Reflex	p. 230
Withdrawal, or Flexor, Reflex	p. 232
Crossed, or Intrasegmental, Extensor Reflex	p. 232
Neurotransmitters	p. 233
Clinical Considerations	p. 234
Lower Motor Neuron Syndrome	p. 234
Common Spinal Syndromes	p. 235
Complete Spinal Transection	p. 235
Brown-Sequard's Syndrome: Spinal Hemisection	p. 236
Syringomyelia	p. 237
Subacute Combined Degeneration	p. 238
Lesion Localization	p. 239
Complete Spinal Cord Lesion	p. 239
Presenting Symptoms	p. 239
Rationale	p. 239
Spinal Hemisection: Brown-Sequard's Syndrome	p. 239
Presenting Symptoms	p. 239
Rationale	p. 239
Peripheral or Central Lesion	p. 239
Presenting Symptoms	p. 239
Rationale	p. 239
Summary	p. 240
Technical Terms	p. 240
Review Questions	p. 240
Motor System 2: Cerebellum	p. 241
Innervation Pattern	p. 242
Cerebellar Anatomy	p. 242
Transverse and Longitudinal Cerebellar Regions	p. 242
Cerebellar Connections	p. 243
Afferent Pathways	p. 245
Efferent Pathways	p. 246
Cerebellar Cortex	p. 248
Structure	p. 248
Neuronal Circuitry of a Cerebellar Functional Unit	p. 248
Clinical Considerations	p. 249
Signs of Cerebellar Dysfunction	p. 249
Ataxia	p. 249
Dysdiadochokinesia	p. 249
Dysarthria	p. 249
Dysmetria	p. 249
Intention Tremor	p. 250
Hypotonia	p. 250
Rebounding	p. 250
Disequilibrium	p. 250
Common Cerebellar Pathologies	p. 250
Cerebrovascular Accident	p. 250
Toxicity	p. 250
Progressive Cerebellar Degeneration	p. 250
Summary	p. 251
Technical Terms	p. 251
Review Questions	p. 251
Motor System 3: Brainstem and Basal Ganglia	p. 252
Brainstem Motor Mechanism	p. 252
Brainstem Anatomy	p. 252
Reticular Motor Functions	p. 254
Muscle Tone Regulation	p. 254
Reciprocal Excitation and Inhibition	p. 255
Summary of Brainstem Reticular Motor Mechanism	p. 255
Basal Ganglia	p. 255
Innervation Pattern	p. 255
Anatomy	p. 255
Basal Ganglia Circuitry	p. 256
Physiology of Basal Ganglia Circuitry	p. 257
Anatomy of Basal Ganglia Circuitry	p. 258
Striatum	p. 258
Globus Pallidus	p. 259
Subthalamus	p. 259
Substantia Nigra	p. 260
Basal Ganglia Neurotransmitters	p. 260
Clinical Consideration of Basal Ganglia	p. 261
Athetosis	p. 261
Ballism	p. 261
Chorea	p. 261
Tremors	p. 261
Associated Movement Disorders	p. 262
Basal Ganglia Diseases	p. 262
Parkinson's Disease	p. 262
Huntington's Chorea	p. 262
Wilson's Disease: Hepatolenticular Degeneration	p. 263
Basal Ganglia and Psychiatric Disorders	p. 263
Summary of Basal Ganglia	p. 263
Summary	p. 264
Technical Terms	p. 264
Review Questions	p. 264
Motor System 4: Motor Cortex	p. 265
Anatomy of Motor Cortex	p. 265
Innervation Pattern	p. 267
Descending Pathways	p. 267
Corticospinal Tract	p. 268
Corticobulbar Tract	p. 269
Clinical Considerations	p. 269
Spastic Hemiplegia	p. 269
Pseudobulbar Palsy	p. 269
Alternating Hemiplegia	p. 270
Upper Motor Neuron Syndrome	p. 271
Lesion Localization	p. 272
Upper or Lower Motor Neuron Lesion	p. 272
Presenting Symptoms	p. 272
Rationale	p. 272
Brainstem Lesion	p. 272
Presenting Symptoms	p. 272
Rationale	p. 272
Summary	p. 273
Technical Terms	p. 273
Review Questions	p. 273
Cranial Nerves	p. 275
Functional Classification of Cranial Nerves	p. 276
Efferent	p. 276
Afferent	p. 277
Branchial Origin of Speech-Related Muscles	p. 277
Cranial Nerves and the Autonomic Nervous System	p. 279
Cranial Nerve Nuclei	p. 280
Midbrain	p. 280
Pons	p. 280
Medulla	p. 281
Pathways	p. 282
Motor, or Efferent, Pathways	p. 282
Sensory, or Afferent, Pathways	p. 283
Pattern of Innervation	p. 283
Cranial Nerves and Their Sensorimotor Functions	p. 284
Olfactory Nerve	p. 284
Special Visceral Afferent	p. 284
Clinical Information	p. 285
Optic Nerve	p. 285
Special Somatic Afferent	p. 286
Clinical Information	p. 287
Oculomotor Nerve	p. 287
General Somatic Efferent	p. 287
General Visceral Efferent	p. 287
Clinical Information	p. 289
Trochlear Nerve	p. 289
General Somatic Efferent	p. 289
Clinical Information	p. 289
Abducens Nerve	p. 290
General Somatic Efferent	p. 290
Clinical Information	p. 290
Trigeminal Nerve	p. 291
General Somatic Afferent	p. 291
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	p. 293
Clinical Information	p. 293
Facial Nerve	p. 295
General Visceral Efferent	p. 296
Special Visceral Afferent	p. 296
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	p. 296
Clinical Information	p. 296
Vestibuloacoustic Nerve	p. 300
Special Somatic Afferent	p. 300
Clinical Information	p. 300
Glossopharyngeal Nerve	p. 300
General Visceral Afferent	p. 301
General Visceral Efferent	p. 301
Special Visceral Afferent	p. 302
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	p. 302
Clinical Information	p. 302
Vagus Nerve	p. 303
General Visceral Afferent	p. 303
General Visceral Efferent	p. 303
Special Visceral Afferent	p. 303
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	p. 303
Clinical Information	p. 304
Spinal Accessory Nerve	p. 306
Branchial Efferent, or Special Visceral Efferent	p. 306
Clinical Information	p. 307
Hypoglossal Nerve	p. 307
General Somatic Efferent	p. 307
Clinical Information	p. 308
Function-Based Cranial Nerve Combinations	p. 309
Motor Control of Eye Muscles	p. 309
Sensory Nerve Supply to Tongue	p. 310
Motor Nerve Supply to Soft Palate and Pharynx	p. 310
Sensory Innervation of Soft Palate and Pharynx	p. 311
Upper and Lower Motor Neuron Syndromes	p. 311
Summary	p. 314
Technical Terms	p. 314
Review Questions	p. 314
Autonomic Nervous System, Limbic System, Hypothalamus, and Reticular Formation	p. 316
Autonomic Nervous System	p. 316
Anatomical Organization	p. 317
Visceral Efferent System	p. 317
Sympathetic System	p. 317
Parasympathetic System	p. 318
Visceral Afferent System	p. 318
Neurotransmitters	p. 319
Central Autonomic Pathways	p. 320
Clinical Information	p. 320
Summary of Autonomic Nervous System	p. 320
Limbic System	p. 321
Anatomical Structures	p. 322
Amygdala	p. 323
Hippocampus	p. 324
Cingulate Gyrus	p. 324
Septum	p. 324
Clinical Information	p. 324
Summary of Limbic System	p. 324
Hypothalamus	p. 324
Anatomical Structures	p. 324
Afferents	p. 325
Efferents	p. 325
Hypothalamic Functions	p. 326
Autonomic Innervation	p. 326
Body Temperature Regulation	p. 326
Water Intake Regulation	p. 327
Feeding	p. 327
Punishment	p. 327
Hypothalamic Regulation of Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)	p. 327
Neurotransmitters and Behaviors	p. 328
Clinical Information	p. 329
Summary of Hypothalamus	p. 329
Reticular Formation	p. 329
Anatomical Structures	p. 329
Afferents	p. 330
Efferents	p. 330
Functional Considerations	p. 330
Regulation of Cortical Arousal	p. 330
Regulation of Sensory Functions	p. 330
Integrated Motor Functions	p. 331
Cardiovascular Activity	p. 331
Respiration	p. 331
Swallowing	p. 333
Vomiting	p. 333
Coughing	p. 333
Autonomic Functions	p. 333
Biological Rhythms	p. 333
Self-Awareness	p. 333
Head and Eye Movements	p. 333
Reticular Neurotransmitters	p. 334
Clinical Information	p. 334
Summary of Reticular Formation	p. 334
Summary	p. 335
Technical Terms	p. 336
Review Questions	p. 336
Vascular System	p. 337
Vascular Network	p. 337
Cerebrovascular Supply	p. 338
Carotid System	p. 338
Vertebral Basilar System	p. 339
Circle of Willis	p. 340
Cortical Arteries	p. 340
Central Arteries	p. 342
Blood Supply to Spinal Cord	p. 344
Collateral Circulation	p. 345
Vascular Pathology	p. 345
Occlusive Vascular Pathology	p. 345
Hemorrhage	p. 346
Arteriovenous Malformations	p. 347
Selective Vulnerability to Anoxia	p. 348
Risk Factors	p. 348
Venous Sinus System	p. 348
Dural Sinuses	p. 348
Cerebral Veins	p. 349
Veins of the Spinal Cord	p. 349
Regulation of Cerebral Blood Flow	p. 349
Treatment of Vascular Diseases	p. 351
Blood-Brain Barrier	p. 351
Lesion Localization	p. 352
Vascular System Disorder	p. 352
Presenting Symptoms	p. 352
Rationale	p. 352
Presenting Symptoms (B)	p. 352
Rationale	p. 352
Presenting Symptoms (C)	p. 352
Rationale	p. 352
Summary	p. 353
Technical Terms	p. 353
Review Questions	p. 353
Cerebrospinal Fluid	p. 354
Choroid Plexus	p. 354
Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation	p. 354
Absorption of the Cerebrospinal Fluid	p. 355
Clinical Considerations	p. 355
Circulatory Disorders	p. 355
Treatment	p. 357
Diagnostic Significance of Cerebrospinal Fluid	p. 357
Summary	p. 357
Technical Terms	p. 358
Review Questions	p. 358
Cerebral Cortex: Higher Mental Functions	p. 359
Methods of Study	p. 359
Functional Localization in the Brain	p. 359
Frontal Lobe	p. 360
Parietal Lobe	p. 360
Temporal Lobe	p. 361
Occipital Lobe	p. 361
Disorders of Cortical Functions	p. 361
Cerebral Dominance and Functional Specialization	p. 361
Speech and Language Disorders	p. 362
Motor Speech Disorders	p. 362
Apraxia of Speech	p. 362
Aphasia	p. 362
Alexias: Neurology of Reading	p. 365
Agraphia: Neurology of Writing	p. 366
Apraxias: Neurology of Learned Movement	p. 366
Agnosias: Neurology of Recognition	p. 367
Dementias: Neurology of Cognition	p. 368
Traumatic Brain Injury	p. 370
Summary	p. 370
Technical Terms	p. 370
Review Questions	p. 370
Diagnostic Techniques and Neurological Concepts	p. 371
Brain Imaging	p. 371
Cerebral Angiography	p. 372
Computed Tomography	p. 373
Magnetic Resonance Imaging	p. 375
Regional Cerebral Blood Flow	p. 376
Positron Emission Tomography	p. 376
Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography	p. 377
Sodium Amytal Infusion for Assessing Cerebral Dominance	p. 380
Electroencephalography	p. 380
Electromyography	p. 381
Evoked Potentials	p. 382
Visual Evoked Potential	p. 382
Somatosensory Evoked Potential	p. 382
Auditory Evoked Potential	p. 383
Dichotic Listening	p. 383
Lumbar Puncture	p. 383
Neurosurgical Procedures	p. 385
Craniotomy, or Cortical Mapping	p. 385
Stereotactic Surgery, or Subcortical Mapping	p. 386
Cordotomy	p. 387
Internal Carotid-External Carotid Anastomosis	p. 387
Carotid Endarterectomy	p. 387
Aneurysm Clipping	p. 387
Genetic Inheritance	p. 387
Dominant Inheritance	p. 388
Recessive Inheritance	p. 388
X-Linked Inheritance	p. 389
Specific Neurological Disorders	p. 389
Seizures and Epilepsy	p. 389
Partial/Focal, or Simple, Epilepsy	p. 390
Partial Complex, or Psychomotor, Seizures	p. 391
Petit Mal, or Absence, Seizures	p. 391
Grand Mal, or Tonic-Clonic, Seizures	p. 391
Antiepileptic Drugs	p. 391
Sleep and Altered Consciousness	p. 391
Toxic Encephalopathies	p. 393
Myopathies	p. 393
Peripheral Neuropathies	p. 393
Neoplastic Growth	p. 394
Cerebral Infections	p. 394
Summary	p. 394
Technical Terms	p. 394
Review Questions	p. 394
Appendices	p. 396
Glossary	p. 406
References	p. 421
Figure and Table Credits	p. 423
Index	p. 427
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