New History of Social Welfare, A

by Day, Phyllis J.

• ISBN13: 9780205437030
• ISBN10: 0205437036
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

This revision traces the conceptual evolution of social welfare and presents a sweeping view of the history of social welfare programs from prehistory to the present. The author takes a feminist perspective and integrates coverage of women's and minority issues into the development of our present social welfare system. Particular attention is paid to the issues of poverty and social and economic justice. Book jacket.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xv
Values in Social Welfare	p. 1
Values in Social Welfare	p. 3
What are Values?	p. 4
Foundations of Charity and Control	p. 4
American Social Values	p. 5
Judaeo-Christian Charity Values	p. 6
Democratic Egaliarianism and Individualism	p. 6
The Protestant Work Ethic and Capitalism	p. 7
Social Darwinism	p. 8
The New Puritanism	p. 9
Patriarchy	p. 10
White Privilege	p. 11
Marriage and the Nuclear Family	p. 12
The "American Ideal": "Looksism" and "Otherism"	p. 13
Issues of Discrimination	p. 14
Classism and Poverty	p. 14
Institutional Discrimination	p. 18
Conclusion: Values and Power	p. 25
Study Questions	p. 25
Notes	p. 26
The Institution of Social Welfare: An Overview	p. 29
The Meaning of Social Institution	p. 29
The Economy	p. 30
The Polity	p. 32
The Family	p. 32
Religion	p. 33
Social Welfare	p. 33
Perspectives on Social Welfare	p. 35
The Residual Perspective	p. 36
The Institutional Perspective	p. 37
Newer Perspectives in Social Welfare	p. 39
The Scope of Social Welfare	p. 43
Life Necessity Services: Overview	p. 44
Educational, Recreational, or Rehabilitative Services: Overview	p. 46
Protective or Custodial Services: Overview	p. 48
Personal Social Services: Overview	p. 48
The Profession of Social Work	p. 49
The Emergence of the Profession	p. 51
Conclusion: Social Work and Social Control	p. 54
Study Questions	p. 55
Notes	p. 56
The Beginnings of Social Welfare: Political Economy and Early Societies	p. 59
Prehistory and Social Welfare to 6000 B.C.E.	p. 59
The Beginnings of History: 6000-1200 B.C.E.	p. 62
Africa: Birthplace of Humankind	p. 63
Mesopotamia in the Bronze Age: to 1200 B.C.E.	p. 64
Invasion, Conquest, and Patriarchal Religion	p. 65
The Israelite Influence	p. 66
Moving into the Iron Age: 1200-400 B.C.E.	p. 69
Early Judaic Social Welfare	p. 69
The Dynasties of China	p. 71
India and the Caste System	p. 72
Greece, Christianity, and the Roman Empire	p. 73
Greece and the City-States	p. 73
Early Roman Society and the Beginning of Christianity	p. 76
Jesus and the New Religion	p. 79
State and Church in Rome	p. 81
Conclusion: Beginnings of Charity and Control	p. 82
Study Questions	p. 84
Notes	p. 85
Feudalism and the Welfare State	p. 88
The Dark and Middle Ages	p. 89
The Feudal Society	p. 93
The Scientific Revolution	p. 94
The Church and Social Welfare	p. 96
Forms of Private Welfare	p. 98
The Dissolution of Feudalism	p. 99
The Black Death and the Witchcraze	p. 100
Poverty Becomes a Crime	p. 102
The Statute of Laborers	p. 102
The Commercial Revolution	p. 104
The Protestant Reformation: New Meanings for Work and Welfare	p. 105
Lutheranism, Calvinism, and the Work Ethic	p. 105
Women Under Protestantism	p. 107
Social Welfare and Work Morality	p. 107
Social Welfare in England: The Tudor Period	p. 109
The Elizabethan Poor Laws of 1601	p. 110
Almshouse for the Impotent Poor	p. 112
Dependent Children	p. 112
Sturdy Beggars: The Able-Bodied Poor	p. 113
Prisons	p. 113
Overview of Social Welfare in England	p. 114
The Industrial Revolution and the Emergence of Capitalism	p. 115
The Emergence of Capitalism	p. 115
The Industrial Revolution and the New Poor Law	p. 117
Conclusion: Reifying the Values of the Past	p. 120
Study Questions	p. 120
Notes	p. 121
Social Welfare Moves to the Americas	p. 125
The Indigenous Peoples of America	p. 128
The European Invasion of North America	p. 130
The French in the New World	p. 133
The Spanish in the New World	p. 133
The Dutch in North America	p. 136
The English in New England	p. 137
Work in North America	p. 138
The Practice of Indenture	p. 138
Women in the Colonies	p. 140
Social Welfare in the Colonies	p. 144
Early American Poor Laws	p. 144
Private Philanthropy	p. 148
Slavery in the Americas	p. 149
The Golden Triangle and the Triangular Trade	p. 151
Toward the Revolution	p. 153
Women in the Revolution	p. 154
The New Nation and Its Constitution	p. 155
Conclusion: Revolution to Status Quo	p. 157
Study Questions	p. 157
Notes	p. 158
America to the Civil War	p. 163
The First Civil Rights Movement	p. 164
Immigration and Migration	p. 165
Employment and Unionization	p. 167
Private Philanthropy	p. 169
Religious Answers to Poverty	p. 169
Social Reform Ideals	p. 170
The Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor	p. 172
Special-Interest Charities	p. 173
Government Responses	p. 173
Outdoor Relief	p. 177
Social Treatment in the 1800s	p. 177
Medical Care and General Hospitals	p. 177
Mental Hospitals and Psychiatry	p. 179
Education	p. 181
Care of Blind, Deaf, and Developmentally Disabled People	p. 182
Social Control	p. 183
Juvenile Justice Systems	p. 183
Adult Criminals and Penitentiaries	p. 184
Nonwhite Minorities: Expendable Commodities in the New Nation	p. 185
Native Americans: A Case of Genocide	p. 186
Chinese in America	p. 188
The Contributions of People of African Descent	p. 189
Hispanic Americans	p. 195
The Women's Movement in the 1800s	p. 196
Conclusion: Working Toward Freedom	p. 199
Study Questions	p. 199
Notes	p. 201
The American Welfare State Begins	p. 205
The Civil War: A New Nation Emerges	p. 207
Charity in the Civil War	p. 209
After the Civil War	p. 210
The Freedmen's Bureau	p. 210
Services for Veterans	p. 211
Postwar Political Economy	p. 211
Labor and Unionization	p. 212
Population, Immigration, and the People	p. 214
White Immigration, African American Migration	p. 214
Asian Immigrants	p. 215
Native Americans After the War	p. 216
Emancipation and the Plight of the Freedmen	p. 218
"True Womanhood"	p. 221
Emerging Philosophies and Social Welfare	p. 225
Social Darwinism and the Charity Organization Society	p. 225
Private Interest Agencies	p. 228
Populism and the Settlement House Movement	p. 229
Child-Saving	p. 232
Public Welfare Efforts	p. 234
Professionalization of Social Work	p. 237
Conclusion: Moving Toward Reform	p. 239
Study Questions	p. 240
Notes	p. 241
The Progressive Era, War, and Recovery	p. 245
The Progressive Era	p. 246
Population Movements and Immigration	p. 250
Immigration Acts	p. 250
Oppression of African Americans and Native Americans	p. 252
African American Leaders	p. 253
Native Americans	p. 256
Labor and the Unions	p. 256
Women and Unions	p. 257
Social Welfare in the Progressive Era	p. 259
Reforms for Children	p. 261
Medical and Psychiatric Social Work	p. 265
Veterans' Welfare	p. 267
Aid to Blind People and Aid to People with Disabilities	p. 268
Old Age Assistance	p. 268
Unemployment Insurance and Workers' Compensation	p. 269
Juvenile and Criminal Justice	p. 270
Women's Movements and Peace Protests	p. 271
Suffrage	p. 271
Women and Health	p. 272
Abortion and Contraception	p. 275
The Professionalization of Social Work	p. 276
Conclusion: New Freedoms and Old Constraints	p. 277
Study Questions	p. 278
Notes	p. 280
The Great Depression and Social Security for Americans	p. 283
The Great Depression	p. 285
Social Revolt and Temporary Relief	p. 287
Roosevelt's Emergency Measures	p. 288
Eleanor Roosevelt and Women in the New Deal	p. 292
Social Insurance in the United States	p. 293
Programs of Social Insurance Based on the Social Security Acts	p. 296
Old Age and Survivors Insurance (OASI)	p. 296
Unemployment Compensation: Title III	p. 297
Workers' Compensation: State Social Insurance	p. 298
Public Assistance Programs of the Social Security Acts	p. 299
Old Age Assistance (OAA)	p. 300
Aid to the Blind (AB) and Aid to the Disabled (AD)	p. 300
Aid to Dependent Children (ADC)	p. 300
Maternal and Child Welfare Act: Title V	p. 302
The Professionalization of Social Work	p. 302
World War II	p. 304
Internment of Japanese Americans	p. 305
The War Years	p. 306
The War and People of Minorities	p. 308
Social Welfare Services: The War and After	p. 310
Women After the War	p. 312
The Resurgence of Social Work	p. 313
Reorganizing Federal Social Welfare Efforts	p. 316
The American Dream	p. 316
Conclusion: Moving Toward the Future	p. 316
Study Questions	p. 317
Notes	p. 319
Civil and Welfare Rights in the New Reform Era	p. 322
The State of the Nation Under Eisenhower	p. 324
Social Programs in the 1950s	p. 326
Social Insurance	p. 326
Public Assistance	p. 326
Civil Rights Before Kennedy	p. 329
African Americans	p. 330
Native Americans	p. 332
Hispanic Americans	p. 332
Chinese Americans	p. 334
Civil Rights in the Kennedy-Johnson Years	p. 335
Johnson and the Great Society	p. 336
The Civil Rights Act and Continued Protest	p. 336
The Voting Rights Act and New Legal Rights	p. 342
Social Programs in the Kennedy-Johnson Years	p. 343
Kennedy's Social Security Amendments	p. 343
The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964	p. 345
Programs Amended Under Johnson	p. 347
Other Kennedy-Johnson Social Programs	p. 350
Welfare, Civil Rights, and the Social Work Profession	p. 352
Conclusion: Looking Back on the 1960s	p. 354
Study Questions	p. 355
Notes	p. 357
The Return to the Past	p. 360
A Retreat from the Welfare State	p. 361
Social Programs in the 1970s	p. 363
Social Insurance	p. 364
Public Assistance Programs	p. 366
Other Social Welfare Programs	p. 370
Food Stamps	p. 370
Comprehensive Education and Training Act (CETA)	p. 370
Education and Youth Programs	p. 371
Housing	p. 372
Juvenile Protection and Adult Corrections	p. 372
Civil Rights in the 1970s	p. 373
Native Americans	p. 374
Japanese Americans	p. 377
Other Asian Americans	p. 377
Mexican Americans	p. 378
Puerto Ricans and Cubans	p. 379
African Americans	p. 380
Women	p. 381
Gay Liberation	p. 383
Conclusion: Tightening the Reins	p. 385
Study Questions	p. 385
Notes	p. 386
The Reactionary Vision	p. 390
Biting the Conservative Bullet	p. 391
Reaganomics: The Conservative Political Economy	p. 392
The New Federalism	p. 394
Privatization	p. 395
New Federalism: Returning Programs to States	p. 395
Pruning the Programs	p. 398
Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance	p. 398
Unemployment Insurance and the New Poor	p. 400
Public Assistance Programs	p. 401
The Family Support Act (FSA) of 1988	p. 403
Basic Needs Programs	p. 405
Reaganomics and Nutrition	p. 405
Reaganomics and Health Care	p. 406
Housing in the 1980s	p. 409
Education and Training	p. 410
Civil Rights Under Reagan and Bush	p. 411
The Costs of Social Welfare	p. 415
Estimating Poverty	p. 415
How Much Did Welfare Cost in the Reagan Era?	p. 418
The International Element	p. 417
Conclusion: Past Ideology in a Postindustrial World	p. 418
Study Questions	p. 419
Notes	p. 420
The Decline of Social Responsibility	p. 424
Clinton and the Republican Congress	p. 425
Welfare as We Knew It	p. 426
The "Contract with America"	p. 426
Restructuring Public Assistance: Losing the Safety Net	p. 427
The Structure of TANF	p. 428
The Place of Values in TANF	p. 432
Did TANF Work?	p. 436
Other Safety Net Programs	p. 438
Supplementary Security Income (SSI)	p. 439
Earned Income Tax Credits (EITCs) and Child and Dependent Care Credits (CDCCs)	p. 440
Social Insurance	p. 441
Nutrition Programs: Food Stamps, WIC, and Child Nutrition	p. 443
Housing and Homelessness	p. 444
Health Care in America	p. 445
Health Insurance	p. 445
Medicare	p. 447
Medicaid	p. 448
Social Issues	p. 449
Empowerment Enterprise Zones	p. 449
Crime Control	p. 450
Education	p. 451
Employment and Jobs	p. 452
Affirmative Action and Civil Rights	p. 453
Private Charity	p. 455
Welfare for the Wealthy and Corporate Welfare	p. 456
Capital Assets and Tax Cuts	p. 456
Corporate Welfare	p. 457
Globalization, the International Economy, and American Social Welfare	p. 461
Conclusion	p. 464
Study Questions	p. 465
Notes	p. 467
The Synergistic Cycle	p. 475
Values and Dependency	p. 475
The Synergistic Cycles of History	p. 477
The "Why" of Values Analysis	p. 478
Conclusion: Futureword	p. 479
Study Questions	p. 480
Notes	p. 480
Bibliography	p. 481
Index	p. 494
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