New Understanding Chemistry for Advanced Level Third Edition

by Lister, Ted; Renshaw, Janet

• ISBN13: 9780748739585
• ISBN10: 0748739580
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2014-11-01
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

Fully accessible text that is comprehensive, without excessive detail which can cause confusion. Revised Foundation section providing excellent support from GCSE; in particular from Double Award Science. Divisions into manageable sections with summaries of information to help organise study and revision. Frequent hints, questions and up-to-date examination questions providing invaluable support and facilitating study at home. High quality photographs and comprehensive illustrations with 3D chemical structures; linked to an interactive CD-ROM.

Table of Contents

Acknowledgements	vi
Preface	vii
PART A: FOUNDATIONS
Introduction	1	(1)
Atomic structure and bonding	2	(8)
Inside the atom	2	(2)
Bonding	4	(6)
The Periodic Table	10	(6)
The arrangement of the Periodic Table	10	(1)
Using the Periodic Table	11	(3)
Trends across a period	14	(1)
Predicting formulae of simple ionic compounds	15	(1)
Moles	16	(4)
Counting atoms	16	(1)
Relative atomic mass, Ar	16	(1)
Relative molecular mass, Mr	16	(1)
The mole	17	(2)
Moles and formulae	19	(1)
Equations	20	(6)
Chemical change	20	(1)
Word equations	20	(1)
Symbol equations	20	(2)
Using the balanced symbol equation	22	(2)
Equations using ions	24	(2)
Physics and mathematics background	26	(9)
Ideas from mathematics and physics	26	(1)
Waves	26	(2)
Electricity	28	(1)
Force, pressure and momentum	29	(1)
Mathematics	30	(5)
PART B: FUNDAMENTALS
Atomic and nuclear structure	35	(21)
Introduction	36	(1)
Subatomic particles	36	(5)
The arrangement of electrons in atoms	41	(7)
Nuclides and isotopes	48	(1)
The mass spectrometer	49	(2)
The 12C scale of atomic masses	51	(1)
Summary	52	(1)
Practice questions	53	(1)
Examination questions	54	(2)
Energetics	56	(23)
Introduction	57	(1)
What is energy?	57	(3)
Measurement of enthalpy changes: calorimetry	60	(5)
Hess's law	65	(5)
Bond enthalpies	70	(3)
Why do chemical reactions take place?	73	(2)
Summary	75	(2)
Practice questions	77	(1)
Examination questions	78	(1)
Bonding and structure	79	(29)
Introduction	80	(1)
Bonding	80	(18)
Structure	98	(6)
Summary	104	(2)
Practice questions	106	(1)
Examination questions	107	(1)
Intermolecular forces: liquids and solutions	108	(16)
Introduction	109	(1)
Intermolecular forces	109	(8)
Mixtures and solutions	117	(4)
Summary	121	(1)
Practice questions	121	(1)
Examination questions	122	(2)
Equilibrium	124	(14)
Introduction	125	(1)
The characteristics of equilibrium	125	(1)
Chemical equilibrium	126	(5)
The effect of changing conditions on equilibria	131	(2)
Measurement of equilibrium constant Kc	133	(1)
Industrial applications	134	(1)
Summary	135	(1)
Practice questions	136	(1)
Examination questions	137	(1)
Acids and bases	138	(10)
Introduction	139	(1)
The reactions of acids	139	(1)
Theories of acidity	139	(2)
Measurement of acidity	141	(5)
Summary	146	(1)
Practice questions	146	(1)
Examination questions	147	(1)
Redox reactions	148	(10)
Introduction	149	(1)
Oxidation and reduction	149	(1)
Oxidation numbers	150	(2)
Uses of oxidation numbers	152	(4)
Summary	156	(1)
Practice questions	156	(1)
Examination questions	157	(1)
Kinetics	158	(17)
Introduction	159	(1)
Factors which affect the rate of chemical reactions	159	(1)
Measuring reaction rates	160	(1)
Experimental methods for measuring reaction rates	161	(2)
The rate expression	163	(2)
Theories of reaction rates	165	(2)
Catalysts	167	(5)
Summary	172	(1)
Practice questions	173	(1)
Examination questions	174	(1)
Periodicity	175	(15)
Introduction	176	(1)
The structure of the Periodic Table	176	(2)
Periodicity of physical properties	178	(5)
Periodicity of chemical properties	183	(4)
Summary	187	(1)
Practice questions	188	(1)
Examination questions	188	(2)
The s-block elements	190	(15)
Introduction	191	(1)
Physical properties of the elements	191	(3)
Chemical reactions of the elements	194	(1)
Compounds of the s-block elements	195	(6)
Summary	201	(2)
Practice questions	203	(1)
Examination questions	203	(2)
The Group VII elements: the halogens	205	(12)
Introduction	206	(1)
The elements	206	(1)
Fluorine and its compounds	207	(1)
The other halogens (chlorine, bromine and iodine)	208	(2)
Compounds of chlorine, bromine and iodine	210	(3)
Economic importance of Group VII	213	(1)
Summary	214	(1)
Practice questions	215	(1)
Examination questions	215	(2)
Fundamentals of organic chemistry	217	(30)
Introduction	218	(1)
Reasons for the variety of carbon chemistry	218	(2)
Bonding in carbon compounds	220	(2)
Formulae of carbon compounds	222	(3)
Naming organic compounds	225	(6)
Families of organic compounds	231	(1)
Isomers	232	(3)
The physical properties of organic compounds	235	(2)
The reactivity of organic compounds	237	(6)
Equations in organic chemistry	243	(1)
Summary	243	(2)
Practice questions	245	(1)
Examination questions	246	(1)
Alkanes	247	(13)
Introduction	248	(1)
Formulae, naming and structure	248	(2)
Isomerism	250	(1)
Physical properties	251	(1)
Reactions of alkanes	251	(3)
Sources of alkanes	254	(1)
Economic importance of alkanes	255	(2)
Summary	257	(1)
Practice questions	258	(1)
Examination questions	258	(2)
Alkenes	260	(18)
Introduction	261	(1)
Formulae, naming and structure of alkenes	261	(2)
Physical properties of alkenes	263	(1)
Reactivity of alkenes	263	(1)
Reactions of alkenes	263	(7)
Preparation of alkenes	270	(2)
Economic importance of alkenes	272	(2)
Summary	274	(2)
Practice questions	276	(1)
Examination questions	276	(2)
Haloalkanes	278	(17)
Introduction	279	(1)
Formulae, naming and structure	279	(2)
Physical properties of haloalkanes	281	(1)
Reactivity of haloalkanes	281	(1)
Reactions of haloalkanes	282	(6)
Preparation of haloalkanes	288	(1)
Haloalkanes	289	(1)
Economic importance of haloalkanes	289	(2)
Summary	291	(2)
Practice questions	293	(1)
Examination questions	294	(1)
Alcohols	295	(24)
Introduction	296	(1)
Formulae, naming and structure	296	(3)
Physical properties	299	(1)
Reactivity of alcohols	299	(1)
Reactions of alcohols	300	(9)
Preparation of alcohols	309	(1)
Chemistry of economic importance of alcohols	310	(5)
Summary	315	(2)
Practice questions	317	(1)
Examination questions	318	(1)
PART C: FURTHER CHEMISTRY
Further equilibrium	319	(19)
Introduction	320	(1)
Phase equilibria	320	(7)
Gaseous equilibria	327	(4)
The effect of changing conditions on gas-phase equilibria	331	(3)
Measuring Kp	334	(1)
Summary	335	(1)
Practice questions	336	(1)
Examination questions	337	(1)
More on acids and bases	338	(15)
Introduction	339	(1)
The dissociation of weak acids and bases	339	(2)
pH changes during acid--base titrations	341	(9)
Summary	350	(1)
Practice questions	351	(1)
Examination questions	351	(2)
Further redox: electrochemical cells	353	(16)
Introduction	354	(1)
Electrochemical cells	354	(8)
Predicting whether a redox reaction could take place (the feasibility of the reaction)	362	(4)
Summary	366	(1)
Practice questions	367	(1)
Examination questions	368	(1)
Further kinetics	369	(13)
Introduction	370	(1)
Determination of the order of a reaction from experimental data	370	(5)
Reaction mechanisms	375	(3)
Summary	378	(2)
Practice questions	380	(1)
Examination questions	381	(1)
Gases	382	(11)
Introduction	383	(1)
The gas laws	383	(3)
Measurement of relative molecular mass	386	(1)
Dalton's law of partial pressures	387	(1)
Kinetic theory	387	(2)
Real gases: deviations from the ideal gas equation	389	(1)
Summary	390	(1)
Practice questions	391	(1)
Examination questions	391	(2)
Thermodynamics: enthalpy, entropy and free energy	393	(15)
Introduction	394	(1)
Entropy	394	(5)
Free energy change, ΔG	399	(3)
Reaction feasibility and temperature	402	(3)
Summary	405	(1)
Practice questions	406	(1)
Examination questions	407	(1)
Structure determination	408	(21)
Introduction	409	(1)
Structure determination of solids with giant structures	409	(4)
Structure determination of molecular substances	413	(12)
Summary	425	(1)
Practice questions	426	(2)
Examination questions	428	(1)
The p-block elements	429	(35)
Introduction	430	(1)
Group IV	431	(12)
Group V	443	(12)
Group VI	455	(7)
Examination questions on s- and p-block elements in general	462	(2)
The d-block elements	464	(32)
Introduction	465	(1)
Similarities between the d-block elements	465	(2)
Physical properties of d-block elements	467	(1)
Chemical properties of d-block elements	467	(14)
Examples of the chemistry of some d-block elements	481	(8)
Economic importance of the d-block elements	489	(4)
Summary	493	(1)
Practice questions	494	(1)
Examination questions	494	(2)
Arenes	496	(34)
Introduction	497	(1)
Bonding and structure of benzene	497	(5)
Naming aromatic compounds	502	(1)
Physical properties of arenes	503	(1)
Reactivity of arenes	504	(1)
Reactions of arenes	504	(7)
Chemical evidence for the bonding and structure of benzene	511	(1)
Reactions of side chains	512	(2)
Preparation of arenes	514	(1)
Economic importance of arenes	514	(1)
Haloarenes	514	(3)
Phenols	517	(7)
Summary	524	(4)
Practice questions	528	(1)
Examination questions	528	(2)
Carbonyl compounds	530	(23)
Introduction	531	(1)
Formulae, naming and structure	531	(2)
Physical properties of carbonyl compounds	533	(1)
The reactivity of carbonyl compounds	534	(1)
Reactions of carbonyl compounds	534	(6)
Preparation of carbonyl compounds	540	(1)
Carbohydrates	540	(5)
Economic importance of carbonyl compounds	545	(3)
Summary	548	(3)
Practice questions	551	(1)
Examination questions	551	(2)
Carboxylic acids and their derivatives	553	(21)
Introduction	554	(1)
Formulae, naming and structure	555	(3)
Physical properties of carboxylic acids	558	(1)
Reactivity of carboxylic acids	558	(2)
Reactions of carboxylic acids	560	(2)
Preparation of carboxylic acids	562	(1)
Acid derivatives	563	(6)
Economic importance of carboxylic acids and their derivatives	569	(1)
Summary	570	(2)
Practice questions	572	(1)
Examination questions	573	(1)
Organic nitrogen compounds	574	(25)
Introduction	576	(1)
Amines	576	(15)
Nitriles	591	(2)
Summary	593	(4)
Practice questions	597	(1)
Examination questions	597	(2)
Polymers	599	(20)
Introduction	600	(1)
Proteins	600	(8)
Synthetic polymers	608	(7)
Summary	615	(1)
Practice questions	616	(1)
Examination questions	617	(2)
Synthetic routes	619	(11)
Introduction	620	(1)
Basic ideas	620	(1)
Methods of preparation of functional groups	621	(1)
Reagents used in organic chemistry	621	(3)
Examples of reaction schemes	624	(4)
Practice questions	628	(1)
Examination questions	628	(2)
Identifying organic compounds	630	(22)
Introduction	631	(1)
Finding the structure of an unknown compound	631	(9)
Infra-red spectroscopy in organic chemistry	640	(5)
Mass spectrometry in organic chemistry	645	(2)
NMR in organic chemistry	647	(1)
Summary	648	(1)
Practice questions	649	(1)
Examination questions	650	(2)
Answers	652	(12)
Further questions	664	(6)
Index	670	(10)
Periodic Table	680