Nutrition Through The Life Cycle W/Infotrac

by Brown

• ISBN13: 9780534589868
• ISBN10: 0534589863
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-12-21
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Table of Contents

Preface
Nutrition Basics	1	(34)
Introduction	2	(1)
Principles of the Science of Nutrition	2	(27)
Essential and Nonessential Nutrients	3	(1)
Dietary Intake Standards	3	(1)
Carbohydrates	3	(2)
Protein	5	(1)
Fats	6	(2)
Vitamins	8	(3)
Other Substances in Food	11	(1)
Minerals	11	(8)
Water	19	(10)
Nutritional Assessment	29	(2)
Community-Level Assessment	29	(1)
Individual-Level Nutritional Assessment	30	(1)
Dietary Assessment	30	(1)
Anthropometric Assessment	30	(1)
Biochemical Assessment	31	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs	31	(1)
Nationwide Priorities for Improvements in Nutritional Health	31	(4)
Food Intake Recommendations	32	(3)
Preconception Nutrition	35	(18)
Introduction	36	(1)
Preconception Overview	36	(1)
2010 Nutrition Objectives for the Nation Related to the Preconceptional Period	36	(1)
Reproductive Physiology	37	(3)
Female Reproductive System	37	(3)
Male Reproductive System	40	(1)
Sources of Disruptions in Fertility	40	(1)
Nutrition-Related Disruptions in Fertility	41	(5)
Undernutrition and Fertility	41	(1)
Body Fat, Weight, and Fertility	42	(1)
Weight Loss and Fertility	42	(1)
Weight Loss in Males and Infertility	43	(1)
Exercise and Infertility	43	(1)
Diet and Fertility	43	(1)
Vegetarian Diets and Fertility	43	(1)
Carotenemia and Fertility	44	(1)
Caffeine and Fertility	44	(1)
Alcohol and Fertility	44	(1)
Other Factors Contributing to Infertility in Males	45	(1)
Nutrition and Contraceptives	46	(1)
Oral Contraceptives and Nutritional Status	46	(1)
Contraceptive Injections	47	(1)
Contraceptive Implants	47	(1)
Contraceptive Patches	47	(1)
Other Preconceptual Nutrition Concerns	47	(2)
Very Early Pregnancy Nutrition Exposures	47	(1)
Folate Status Prior to Conception and Neural Tube Defects	47	(1)
Recommended Dietary Intakes for Preconceptional Women	48	(1)
Herbal Remedies for Fertility-Related Problems	48	(1)
Model Preconceptional Nutrition Programs	49	(4)
Preconceptional Benefits of WIC	49	(1)
Decreasing Iron Deficiency in Preconceptional Women in Indonesia	49	(1)
Preconception Care	49	(4)
Preconception Nutrition Conditions and Interventions	53	(8)
Introduction	54	(1)
Premenstrual Syndrome	54	(1)
Caffeine Intake and PMS	54	(1)
Exercise and Stress Reduction	54	(1)
Magnesium, Calcium, and Vitamin B6 Supplements and PMS Symptoms	54	(1)
Obesity and Fertility	55	(1)
Central Body Fat and Fertility	55	(1)
Eating Disorders and Fertility	56	(1)
Interventions for Women with Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa	56	(1)
Diabetes Mellitus Prior to Pregnancy	56	(2)
What Is Insulin Resistance?	57	(1)
Management of Type 2 Diabetes	57	(1)
Reducing the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes	57	(1)
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome	58	(1)
Nutrition Interventions for Women with PCOS	58	(1)
Inborn Errors of Metabolism	58	(3)
PKU (Phenylketonuria)	58	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Women with PKU	58	(1)
Celiac Disease	59	(1)
Nutrition Management of Women with Celiac Disease	59	(2)
Nutrition During Pregnancy	61	(46)
Introduction	62	(1)
The Status of Pregnancy Outcomes	62	(4)
Infant Mortality	62	(4)
Health Objectives for the Year 2010	66	(1)
Physiology of Pregnancy	66	(7)
Maternal Physiology	67	(1)
Normal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy	67	(4)
Common Health Problems During Pregnancy	71	(1)
The Placenta	72	(1)
Embryonic and Fetal Growth and Development	73	(7)
Critical Periods of Growth and Development	74	(2)
Fetal Body Composition	76	(1)
Variation in Fetal Growth	76	(2)
Nutrition, Miscarriages, and Preterm Delivery	78	(1)
The Fetal Origins Hypothesis of Chronic Disease Risk	78	(1)
Other Inutero Exposures That May Be Related to Later Disease Risk	79	(1)
Limitations of the Fetal Origins Hypothesis	79	(1)
Pregnancy Weight Gain	80	(3)
Pregnancy Weight Gain Recommendations	80	(1)
Composition of Weight Gain in Pregnancy	81	(2)
Postpartum Weight Retention	83	(1)
Nutrition and the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy	83	(18)
Famine and Pregnancy Outcome	83	(1)
Contemporary Prenatal Nutrition Research Results	84	(1)
Energy Requirement in Pregnancy	84	(2)
Carbohydrate Intake during Pregnancy	86	(1)
Alcohol and Pregnancy Outcome	86	(1)
Protein Requirement	87	(1)
Vegetarian Diets in Pregnancy	88	(1)
Maternal Intake of Essential Fatty Acids and Pregnancy Outcome	89	(1)
The Need for Water during Pregnancy	89	(1)
Folate and Pregnancy Outcome	90	(1)
Folate and Congenital Abnormalities	90	(2)
Vitamin A and Pregnancy Outcome	92	(1)
Vitamin D Requirement	92	(1)
Calcium Requirements in Pregnancy	92	(1)
Iron Status and the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy	93	(2)
Zinc Requirement in Pregnancy	95	(1)
Iodine and Pregnancy Outcome	96	(1)
The Need for Sodium during Pregnancy	96	(1)
Caffeine Use in Pregnancy	96	(1)
Healthy Diets for Pregnancy	96	(1)
Effect of Taste and Smell Changes during Pregnancy on Dietary Intake	97	(1)
Pica	97	(1)
Assessment of Dietary Intake during Pregnancy	98	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation during Pregnancy	98	(1)
Herbal Remedies and Pregnancy	99	(1)
Exercise and Pregnancy Outcome	100	(1)
Food Safety Issues during Pregnancy	100	(1)
Model Nutrition Programs for Risk Reduction in Pregnancy	101	(6)
The Montreal Diet Dispensary	101	(1)
The WIC Program	101	(6)
Nutrition During Pregnancy Conditions and Interventions	107	(28)
Introduction	108	(1)
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy	108	(5)
Chronic Hypertension	108	(1)
Gestational Hypertension	109	(1)
Preeclampsia-Eclampsia	109	(3)
Preeclampsia Case Presentation	112	(1)
Nutritional Recommendations and Interventions for Preeclampsia	112	(1)
Diabetes in Pregnancy	113	(8)
Gestational Diabetes	114	(1)
Consequences of Poorly Controlled Gestational Diabetes	114	(1)
Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes	115	(1)
Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes	115	(1)
Treatment of Gestational Diabetes	116	(1)
Presentation of a Case Study	116	(2)
Exercise Benefits and Recommendations	118	(1)
Nutritional Management of Women with Gestational Diabetes	118	(2)
Consumption of Low-Glycemic-Index Foods	120	(1)
Postpartum Follow-up	121	(1)
Prevention of Gestational Diabetes during Pregnancy	121	(1)
Type I Diabetes during Pregnancy	121	(1)
Multifetal Pregnancies	121	(6)
Background Information about Multiple Fetuses	123	(1)
Risks Associated with Multifetal Pregnancy	124	(1)
Interventions and Services for Risk Reduction	124	(1)
Nutrition and the Outcome of Multifetal Pregnancy	125	(1)
Dietary Intake in Twin Pregnancy	126	(1)
Nutritional Recommendations for Women with Multifetal Pregnancy	126	(1)
Case Example	127	(1)
HIV/Aids During Pregnancy	127	(2)
Treatment of HIV/AIDS	127	(1)
Consequences of HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy	127	(1)
Nutritional Factors and HIV/AIDS During Pregnancy	128	(1)
Nutritional Management of Women with HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy	129	(1)
Eating Disorders In-Pregnancy	129	(1)
Consequences of Eating Disorders in Pregnancy	129	(1)
Treatment of Women with Eating Disorders during Pregnancy	130	(1)
Nutritional Interventions for Women with Eating Disorders	130	(1)
Nutrition and Adolescent Pregnancy	130	(1)
Dietary Recommendations for Pregnant Adolescents	131	(1)
Evidence-Based Practice	131	(4)
Nutrition During Lactation	135	(34)
Introduction	136	(1)
Benefits of Breastfeeding	136	(2)
Breastfeeding Benefits for Mothers	136	(1)
Breastfeeding Benefits for Infants	136	(2)
Breastfeeding Goals for the United States	138	(1)
Lactation Physiology	139	(3)
Mammary Gland Anatomy	139	(1)
Functional Unit of the Mammary Gland	139	(1)
Mammary Gland Development	139	(1)
Lactogenesis	140	(1)
Hormonal Control of Lactation	140	(1)
Secretion of Milk	141	(1)
The Letdown Reflex	142	(1)
Breast Milk Supply and Demand	142	(2)
Can Women Make Enough Milk?	142	(1)
Does the Size of the Breast Limit a Woman's Ability to Nurse Her Infant?	142	(1)
Is Feeding Frequency Related to the Amount of Milk a Woman Can Make?	143	(1)
Pumping or Expressing Milk	144	(1)
Human Milk Composition	144	(4)
Colostrum	144	(1)
Water	144	(1)
Energy	144	(1)
Lipids	145	(1)
Protein	145	(1)
Milk Carbohydrates	146	(1)
Fat-Soluble Vitamins	146	(1)
Water Soluble Vitamins	146	(1)
Minerals in Human Milk	147	(1)
Taste of Human Milk	147	(1)
The Breastfeeding Infant	148	(3)
Optimal Duration of Breastfeeding	148	(1)
Reflexes	148	(1)
Breastfeeding Positioning	148	(1)
Identifying Hunger and Satiety	148	(1)
Feeding Frequency	149	(1)
Identifying Breastfeeding Malnutrition	149	(1)
Infant Supplements	149	(1)
Tooth Decay	150	(1)
Maternal Diet	151	(1)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	151	(1)
Maternal Energy Balance and Milk Composition	152	(2)
Weight Loss during Breastfeeding	152	(1)
Exercise and Breastfeeding	152	(1)
Diet Supplements	153	(1)
Fluids	154	(1)
Vegetarian Diets	154	(1)
Herbal Preparations	154	(1)
Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration	154	(2)
Breastfeeding Promotion, Facilitation, and Support	156	(4)
Role of the Health Care System in Supporting Breastfeeding	156	(3)
Lactation Support after Discharge	159	(1)
The Workplace	159	(1)
The Community	160	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs	160	(2)
National Breastfeeding Policy	160	(1)
USDA WIC Program	161	(1)
Model Breastfeeding Promotion Programs	162	(7)
WIC National Breastfeeding Promotion Project-Loving Support Makes Breastfeeding Work	162	(1)
Wellstart International	162	(1)
Conclusion	163	(6)
Nutrition During Lactation Conditions and Interventions	169	(22)
Introduction	170	(1)
Common Breastfeeding Conditions	170	(2)
Sore Nipples	170	(1)
Letdown Failure	170	(1)
Overactive Letdown	170	(1)
Engorgement	170	(2)
Plugged Duct	172	(1)
Infection	172	(1)
Maternal Medications	172	(5)
Herbal Remedies	174	(1)
Alcohol	175	(1)
Nicotine (Smoking Cigarettes)	176	(1)
Marijuana	176	(1)
Caffeine	177	(1)
Other Drugs of Abuse	177	(1)
Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice	177	(3)
Pathological Jaundice	77	(101)
Normal Newborn Jaundice	178	(1)
Treatment for Jaundice	178	(1)
Hyperbilirubinemia and Breastfeeding	178	(1)
Breast Milk Jaundice Syndrome	179	(1)
Breastfeeding Multiples	180	(1)
Infant Allergies	180	(1)
Food Intolerance	181	(1)
Human Milk and Preterm Infants	181	(2)
Medical Contraindications to Breastfeeding	183	(1)
Breastfeeding and HIV Infection	183	(1)
Recommendations	184	(1)
Human Milk Collection and Storage	184	(2)
Milk Banking	185	(1)
Model Programs
Loving Support for a Bright Future Breastfeeding Support Kits	186	(1)
The Rush Mothers' Milk Club	186	(5)
Infant Nutrition	191	(30)
Introduction	192	(1)
Assessing Newborn Health	192	(2)
Birthweight As an Outcome	192	(1)
Infant Mortality	192	(1)
Combating Infant Mortality	193	(1)
Standard Newborn Assessment Tests	193	(1)
Infant Development	194	(3)
Motor Development	194	(1)
Critical Periods	195	(1)
Cognitive Development	195	(1)
Genetics and Development	196	(1)
Digestion and Development	196	(1)
Parenting	197	(1)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	197	(3)
Caloric Needs	197	(1)
Protein Needs	197	(1)
Fats	198	(1)
Metabolic Rate, Calories, Fats, and Protein-How Do They All Tie Together?	198	(1)
Other Nutrients	199	(1)
Physical Growth	200	(2)
Why Is It Important to Track Infant Growth?	200	(1)
Interpretation of Growth Data	200	(2)
Feeding In Early Infancy	202	(1)
Breast Milk and Formula	202	(1)
Cow's Milk During Infancy	203	(1)
Development of Infant Feeding Skills	203	(7)
The Importance of Infant Feeding Position	204	(1)
Preparing for Drinking from a Cup	205	(1)
Food Texture and Development	206	(1)
What Infants Eat	206	(2)
Water	208	(1)
How Much is Enough?	209	(1)
How Infants Learn Food Preferences	209	(1)
Billy: A Hard-to-Feed Infant	210	(1)
Nutrition Guidance	210	(1)
Inappropriate and Unsafe Food Choices	210	(1)
Infants and Exercise	211	(1)
Supplements for Infants	211	(1)
Common Nutritional Problems and Concerns	211	(4)
Failure to Thrive	211	(1)
FTT Nutrition Intervention	212	(1)
Colic	212	(1)
Iron-Deficiency Anemia	213	(1)
Constipation and Diarrhea	213	(1)
Prevention of Baby Bottle Caries and Ear Infections	213	(1)
Food Allergies and Intolerances	214	(1)
How Parents Respond to Suspected Food Allergies or Intolerance	214	(1)
Lactose Intolerance	214	(1)
Cross-Cultural Considerations	215	(1)
Vegetarian Diets	215	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction	216	(5)
Model Program: Newborn Screening and Expanded Newborn Screening	216	(1)
WIC	216	(5)
Infant Nutrition Conditions and Interventions	221	(20)
Introduction	222	(1)
Infants at Risk	222	(1)
Families of Infants with Special Health Care Needs	223	(1)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	223	(2)
Energy Needs	223	(1)
Protein Requirements	223	(1)
Fats	224	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	224	(1)
Growth	225	(2)
Growth in Preterm Infants	225	(1)
Does Intrauterine Growth Predict Growth Outside?	226	(1)
Interpretation of Growth	227	(1)
Common Nutrition Problems	227	(2)
Nutrition Risks and Development	228	(1)
Preterm Infants and Infants With Special Health Care Needs	229	(1)
Severe Preterm Birth	229	(3)
Delivering Nutrients	230	(1)
How Sick Babies Are Fed	230	(1)
What to Feed Preterm Infants	231	(1)
Preterm Infants and Feeding	232	(1)
Infants with Chronic Illness	232	(3)
Infants with Spina Bifida	234	(1)
Infants with Genetic Disorders	234	(1)
Feeding Problems	235	(2)
Do Infant Feeding Guidelines Apply?	235	(2)
Nutrition Interventions	237	(1)
Nutrition Services	238	(3)
Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition	241	(28)
Introduction	242	(1)
Definitions of the Life Cycle Stage	242	(1)
Importance of Nutrition	242	(1)
Tracking Toddler and Preschooler Health	242	(1)
Healthy People 2010	242	(1)
Normal Growth and Development	242	(2)
The 2000 CDC Growth Charts	243	(1)
Common Problems with Measuring and Plotting Growth Data	244	(1)
Physiological and Cognitive Development	244	(6)
Toddlers	244	(3)
Preschool Age Children	247	(2)
Temperament Differences	249	(1)
Food Preference Development, Appetite, and Satiety	249	(1)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	250	(2)
Energy Needs	251	(1)
Protein	251	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	252	(1)
Common Nutrition Problems	252	(3)
Iron Deficiency Anemia	252	(1)
Dental Caries	253	(1)
Constipation	254	(1)
Lead Poisoning	254	(1)
Food Security	255	(1)
Food Safety	255	(1)
Prevention of Nutrition-Related Disorders	255	(3)
Overweight and Obesity in Toddlers and Preschoolers	255	(1)
Prevention and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity	256	(1)
Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Toddlers and Preschoolers	256	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements	257	(1)
Herbal Supplements	257	(1)
Dietary and Physical Activity Recommendations	258	(6)
Dietary Guidelines	258	(1)
Food Guide Pyramid	258	(1)
Recommendations for Intake of Iron, Fiber Fat, and Calcium	259	(1)
Fluids	260	(1)
Recommended vs. Actual Food Intake	261	(1)
Cross-Cultural Considerations	262	(1)
Vegetarian Diets	262	(1)
Child Care Nutrition Standards	263	(1)
Physical Activity Recommendations	263	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction	264	(1)
Model Program	264	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs
WIC	264	(1)
WIC's Farmers' Market Nutrition Program	265	(1)
Head Start and Early Head Start	265	(1)
Food Stamps	265	(4)
Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition Conditions and Interventions	269	(14)
Introduction	270	(1)
Who Are Children with Special Health Care Needs?	270	(1)
Nutrition Needs of toddlers and Preschoolers with Chronic Conditions	271	(1)
Growth Assessment	272	(1)
Feeding Problems	273	(1)
Behavioral Feeding Problems	273	(1)
Nutrition-Related Conditions	274	(4)
Failure to Thrive	275	(1)
Toddler Diarrhea and Celiac Disease	275	(1)
Muscle Coordination Problems	275	(2)
Pulmonary Problems	277	(1)
Developmental Delay and Evaluations	277	(1)
Food Allergies and Intolerance	278	(1)
Dietary Supplements and Herbal Remedies	278	(1)
Sources of Nutrition Services	279	(4)
Child and Preadolescent Nutrition	283	(24)
Introduction	284	(1)
Definitions of the Life Cycle Stage	284	(1)
Importance of Nutrition	284	(1)
Tracking Child and Preadolescent Health	284	(1)
Healthy People 2010	284	(1)
Normal Growth and Development	285	(1)
The 2000 CDC Growth Charts	285	(1)
Physiological and Cognitive Development of School-Age Children	286	(4)
Physiological Development	286	(1)
Cognitive Development	287	(1)
Development of Feeding Skills	288	(2)
Energy and Nutrient Needs of School-Age Children	290	(1)
Energy Needs	290	(1)
Protein	290	(1)
Vitamins and Minerals	290	(1)
Common Nutrition Problems	290	(1)
Iron Deficiency	290	(1)
Dental Caries	290	(1)
Prevention of Nutrition-Related Disorders in School-Age Children	291	(4)
Overweight and Obesity in School-Age Children	291	(3)
Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in School-Age Children	294	(1)
The Child and Adolescent Trial for Cardiovascular Health (CATCH)	294	(1)
The Dietary Intervention Study in Children (DISC)	294	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements	295	(1)
Dietary Recommendations	295	(3)
Recommendations for Intake of Iron, Fiber Fat, and Calcium	295	(2)
Recommended vs. Actual Food Intake	297	(1)
Cross-Cultural Considerations	298	(1)
Vegetarian Diets	298	(1)
Physical Activity Recommendations	298	(2)
Recommendations vs. Actual	298	(1)
Determinants of Physical Activity	299	(1)
Organized Sports	300	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction	300	(1)
Nutrition Education	300	(1)
Nutrition Integrity in Schools	301	(1)
Model Programs	301	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs	301	(6)
The National School Lunch Program	302	(1)
School Breakfast Program	303	(1)
Summer Food Service Program	304	(1)
Nutrition Education and Training Program (NET)	304	(3)
Child and Preadolescent Nutrition Conditions and Interventions	307	(18)
Introduction	308	(1)
``Children are Children First''-What Does That Mean?	308	(1)
Nutrition Requirements of Children with Special Health Care Needs	308	(2)
Energy Needs	309	(1)
Protein Needs	309	(1)
Other Nutrients	309	(1)
Growth Assessment	310	(1)
Growth Assessment and Interpretation in Children with Chronic Conditions	310	(1)
Body Composition and Growth	310	(1)
Nutrition Recommendations	311	(3)
Methods of Meeting Nutritional Requirements	312	(1)
Fluids	313	(1)
Nutrition-Related Conditions	314	(5)
Eating and Feeding Problems in Children with Special Health Care Needs	314	(5)
Dietary Supplements and Herbal Remedies	319	(1)
Sources of Nutrition Services	319	(6)
Child Nutrition Program of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA)	319	(1)
Material and Child Health Block Program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)	319	(1)
Public Schools Regulations: 504 Accommodation and IDEA	320	(1)
Nutrition Intervention Model Program	321	(4)
Adolescent Nutrition	325	(30)
Introduction	326	(1)
Nutritional Needs in a time of Change	326	(1)
Normal Physical Growth and Development	326	(3)
Changes in Weight, Body Composition, and Skeletal Mass	328	(1)
Normal Psychosocial Development	329	(1)
Health and Eating-Related Behaviors During Adolescence	330	(4)
Vegetarian Diets	332	(1)
Dietary Intake and Adequacy among Adolescents	333	(1)
Energy and Nutrient Requirements of Adolescents	334	(6)
Energy	335	(1)
Protein	336	(1)
Carbohydrates	336	(1)
Dietary Fiber	336	(1)
Fat	337	(1)
Calcium	337	(1)
Iron	338	(1)
Zinc	339	(1)
Folate	339	(1)
Vitamin A	340	(1)
Vitamin E	340	(1)
Vitamin C	340	(1)
Nutrition Screening Assessment and Interventions	340	(6)
Nutrition Education and Counseling	345	(1)
Physical Activity and Sports	346	(2)
Factors Affecting Physical Activity	346	(2)
Promoting Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Behaviors	348	(3)
Effective Nutrition Messages for Youth	348	(1)
Parent Involvement	349	(1)
School Programs	349	(2)
Community Involvement in Nutritionally Supportive Environments	351	(1)
Model Nutrition Program	351	(1)
Discussion Points	351	(4)
Adolescent Nutrition Conditions and Interventions	355	(28)
Introduction	356	(1)
Overweight and Obesity	356	(1)
Health Implications of Adolescent Overweight	356	(1)
Special Concerns Among Adolescent Athletes	357	(3)
Fluids and Hydration	357	(2)
Special Dietary Practices	359	(1)
Dietary Supplements	360	(1)
Adolescent Pregnancy	360	(3)
Energy and Nutrient Needs	361	(1)
Vitamin and Mineral Supplements	362	(1)
Pregnancy Weight Gain	362	(1)
Substance Use	363	(1)
Dietary Supplements	364	(1)
Vitamin-Mineral Supplements	364	(1)
Herbal Remedies	364	(1)
Iron Deficiency anemia	365	(1)
Hypertension	365	(1)
Hyperlipidemia	366	(1)
Eating Disorders	367	(6)
The Continuum of Eating Concerns and Disorders	367	(1)
Prevalence of Eating Disorders	367	(1)
Anorexia Nervosa	367	(1)
Bulimia Nervosa	367	(1)
Binge Eating Disorder	368	(1)
Other Disordered Eating Behaviors	369	(1)
Dieting Behaviors	370	(1)
Body Dissatisfaction	370	(1)
Etiology of Eating Disorders	370	(2)
Treating Eating Disorders	372	(1)
Preventing Eating Disorders	372	(1)
Eating Disorders Among Adolescents: Summing Things Up	373	(1)
Children and Adolescents with Chronic Health Conditions	373	(10)
Adult Nutrition	383	(26)
Introduction	384	(1)
Definition of Adulthood in the Lifecycle	384	(1)
Importance of Nutrition	384	(1)
Year 2010 Health Objectives	384	(1)
Physiological Changes Overall	384	(3)
Physiological Changes in Males: Climacteric	385	(1)
Physiological Changes in Females: Menopause	385	(1)
Nutritional Remedies for Symptoms of Menopause	385	(1)
Benefits of Phytoestrogens in Soy Foods	386	(1)
Disadvantages of Adding Soy to the Diet	387	(1)
Other Alternatives	387	(1)
Common Nutritional Concerns: Maintaining A Healthy Body	387	(4)
Energy for Weight Management	387	(1)
Determining Energy Needs	388	(1)
Calculations for Body Weight	389	(1)
Energy for Weight Change	389	(1)
Actual Energy Intake	389	(1)
Achieving Wellness: Linking Food, Nutrition, and Disease	389	(2)
Diet and Health	391	(1)
Dietary Recommendations	391	(6)
Dietary Recommendations to Combat Nutritional Concerns	392	(1)
Food Advice	392	(1)
The Pyramid	393	(1)
Food Advice Reflects Cultural Food Patterns	394	(1)
Alcohol: Food, Drug, and Nutrient	394	(1)
Fluids	395	(1)
Diuretic Effects of Caffeine and Alcohol	396	(1)
International Guidance Related to Fluids	396	(1)
Nutrient Recommendations	397	(6)
Nutrients of Public Health Concern	397	(2)
Actual Intake of Food	399	(1)
Supplements: Vitamins and Minerals	399	(1)
Supplements: Herbal Products	399	(1)
Cross-Cultural Considerations	400	(1)
Cross-Cultural Dietary Guidance	401	(1)
Vegetarian Diets	402	(1)
Physical activity Recommendations	403	(1)
Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction	403	(6)
A Model Health-Promotion Program	403	(1)
Public Food and Nutrition Programs	404	(1)
Nutrition and Health Promotion	404	(5)
Adult Nutrition Conditions and Interventions	409	(12)
Introduction	410	(1)
Importance of Nutrition	410	(1)
Heart Disease/cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)	411	(6)
Definition	411	(1)
Prevalence	411	(1)
Etiology	411	(1)
Effects	412	(1)
Risk Factors	412	(1)
Nutritional Remedies	413	(4)
Overweight and Obesity	417	(4)
Definition	417	(1)
BMI Charts	417	(1)
Prevalence	418	(1)
Etiology	418	(1)
Effects	418	(1)
Nutrition-Related Risk Factors	418	(3)
Nutrition and the Elderly	421	(30)
Introduction	422	(1)
What Counts As Old?	422	(1)
Food Matters: Nutrition Contributes to a Long and Healthy Life	422	(1)
A Picture of the Aging Population: Relevant Vital Statistics	423	(2)
Global Population Trends: Life Expectancy and Life Span	423	(1)
Nutrition: A Component of Health Objectives for the Older Adult Population	424	(1)
Theories of Aging	425	(1)
Programmed Aging	425	(1)
Wear and Tear Theories of Aging	425	(1)
Calorie Restriction and Longevity	426	(1)
Physiological Changes	426	(3)
Body Composition Changes	426	(2)
Changing Sensual Awareness: Taste and Small Appetite and Thirst	428	(1)
Nutritional Risk Factors	429	(2)
Dietary Recommendations	431	(2)
Food-based Guidance: The Pyramid	431	(1)
Actual Food Group Intake	431	(1)
Eating Occasions	432	(1)
Nutrient Recommendations	433	(1)
Energy Intake: A Measure of Macronutrients	433	(1)
Nutrient Recommendations: Macro-and Micronutrients of Concern	433	(1)
Macronutrients	433	(3)
Recommendations for Fluid	436	(1)
Micronutrients: Vitamins and Minerals	436	(1)
Age-Associated Changes in Metabolism: Nutrients of Concern	436	(2)
Low Dietary Intake: Nutrients of Concern	438	(1)
Micronutrient Supplements: Why, When, What?	439	(1)
Dietary Supplements and Functional Foods	440	(1)
``Non-nutrient'' Intakes: Special Interest for Older Adults	441	(1)
Nutrient Recommendations: Using the Food Label	441	(1)
Cross-cultural Considerations in Making Dietary Recommendations	442
Physical Activity Recommendations	433	(11)
Exercise Guidelines	443	(1)
Nutrition Policy and Intervention for Risk Reduction	444	(2)
Nutrition Education	444	(1)
Model Programs Exemplify Intervention Goals	445	(1)
Community Food and Nutrition Programs	446	(5)
Elderly Nutrition Programs	446	(1)
Senior Nutrition Program	446	(1)
The Promise of Prevention: Health Promotion	447	(4)
Nutrition and the Elderly Conditions and Interventions	451	(30)
Introduction	452	(1)
Importance of Nutrition	452	(1)
Nutrition and Health	452	(1)
Nutrition-Related Conditions	452	(3)
Heart Disease	452	(1)
Stroke	453	(1)
Hypertension	454	(1)
Cancers	455	(2)
Definition	455	(1)
Prevalence	455	(1)
Etiology	455	(1)
Effects	455	(1)
Risk Factors	456	(1)
Nutritional Remedies	456	(1)
Diabetes	457	(3)
Definition	457	(1)
Prevalence	457	(1)
Etiology	457	(1)
Effects	458	(1)
Risk Factors	458	(1)
Nutritional Remedies	458	(2)
Insulin Resistance Syndrome (Metabolic Syndrome)	460	(1)
Definition	460	(1)
Prevalence	460	(1)
Etiology	460	(1)
Effects	460	(1)
Risk Factors	460	(1)
Nutritional Remedies	461	(1)
Osteoporosis	461	(4)
Definition	461	(1)
Prevalence	461	(1)
Etiology	462	(1)
Effects	462	(1)
Risk Factors	463	(1)
Nutritional Remedies	463	(1)
Other Issues Impacting Nutritional Remedies	464	(1)
Oral Health	465	(1)
Definition	465	(1)
Prevalence	465	(1)
Etiology and Effects	465	(1)
Risk Factors	465	(1)
Nutritional Remedies	466	(1)
Gastrointestinal Diseases	466	(3)
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)	466	(1)
Constipation	466	(1)
Inflammatory Diseases	467	(2)
Complementary and Traditional Medications	469	(1)
Mental Health and Cognitive Disorders	469	(1)
Definition	469	(1)
Prevalence	469	(1)
Etiology	469	(1)
Effects	470	(1)
Nutritional Remedies	470	(1)
Obesity and Low Body Weight/Underweight	470	(1)
Obesity	470	(1)
Low Body Weight/Underweight	470	(1)
Vitamin B12 Deficiency	471	(2)
Definition and Etiology	471	(1)
Pernicious Anemia	471	(1)
Inadequate Dietary Intake or Absorption (Protein-bound Vitamin B12 Deficiency)	472	(1)
Foodborne Illness and Food Safety	473	(1)
Definition	473	(1)
Prevalence	473	(1)
Etiology/Effects	473	(1)
Risk Factors	473	(1)
Nutrition at Remedies	474	(1)
Dehydration	474	(2)
Definition	474	(1)
Prevalence	474	(1)
Etiology	474	(1)
Effects	475	(1)
Dehydration at End-of Life	475	(1)
Nutritional Remedies	475	(1)
Bereavement	476	(5)
Appendix A: CDC Growth Charts	481	(8)
Appendix B: BMI Charts for Adults with Silhouettes	489	(1)
Appendix C: Nutrient Intakes of Adults Aged 70 and Older	490	(1)
Glossary	491	(8)
Index	499