Optofluidics: Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications

by Fainman, Yeshaiahu; Lee, Luke; Psaltis, Demetri; Yang, Changhuei

• ISBN13: 9780071601566
• ISBN10: 0071601562
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-09-08
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education

Summary

Detailed coverage of the fundamentals, devices, systems, and applications of optofluidicsOptfluidics refers to miniaturized optical systems that utilize unique properties of fluids, enabling greater precision and flexibility. This professional reference covers the emerging field of optofluidics, various devices, and a broad range of applications, including biomedical applications.Written by renowned researchers in the field of optical devices, Optofluidics covers currently available applications including optofluidic dye lasers, the optofluidic switch, tunable filters, electrowetting based lenses, and various biochemical sensors. The book concludes with a discussion of future implications of optofluidics.

Author Biography

Yeshaiahu Fainman is a professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of California San Diego.

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Demetri Psaltis is a Professor of Optics, Dean of engineering at Ecole Polytechnique Fn++dn++rale de Lausanne..He is a fellow of the Optical Society of America and the Society for Photo-optical Systems Engineering (SPIE).

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Changhuei Yang is an assistant professor of Electrical Engineering and Bioengineering at Caltech.

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Table of Contents

Contributors	p. xv
Introduction	p. 1
Introduction	p. 1
What Is Optofluidics? A Historical Perspective	p. 2
Fluidic Advantages	p. 2
Immiscible Fluid-Fluid Interfaces Are Smooth	p. 2
Diffusion Can Create Controllable Blend of Optical Properties	p. 3
Fluid Can Be an Excellent Transport Medium	p. 3
Fluid Can Be an Excellent Buoyancy-Mediator	p. 4
Optical Advantages	p. 4
Numerous High-Sensitivity Optical Sensing Techniques Exist	p. 4
Light Localization Can Occur at Biologically Interesting Scale	p. 5
Light Can Manipulate Fluids and Objects Suspended in Fluids	p. 5
Future	p. 5
References	p. 6
Basic Microfluidic and Soft Lithographic Techniques	p. 7
Introduction	p. 7
Historical Background	p. 8
Materials for Fabricating Microfluidic Devices	p. 8
Mechanical Properties of PDMS	p. 8
Surface Chemistry of PDMS	p. 10
Optical Properties of PDMS	p. 13
Fabrication of Microfluidic Systems in PDMS	p. 13
Characteristics of Flow in Microchannels	p. 14
Laminar Flow	p. 14
Diffusion	p. 16
Components Fabricated in PDMS	p. 18
Inlets, Outlets, and Connecters	p. 18
Valves and Pumps	p. 19
Mixers	p. 20
	p. 22
Local Heaters and Electromagnets	p. 22
Bubble and Droplet Generator	p. 25
Optical Components	p. 27
Conclusions	p. 27
References	p. 28
Optical Components Based on Dynamic Liquid-Liquid Interfaces	p. 33
Introduction	p. 33
Basic Design and Construction of Liquid-Liquid Devices	p. 34
Index of Refraction of Common Liquids	p. 36
Dynamic Liquid-Liquid Interfaces in Microfluidic Systems	p. 39
L2 Interfaces Are Reconfigurable in Real Time	p. 39
L2 Interfaces Are Smooth	p. 40
L2 Interface between Miscible Liquids Is Diffuse	p. 41
Liquid-Liquid Optical Devices	p. 41
L2 Waveguides	p. 41
L2Lenses	p. 46
L2 Light Sources	p. 50
Bubble Grating	p. 54
Conclusions	p. 55
References	p. 56
Optofluidic Optical Components	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Optofluidic Waveguides	p. 60
Solid-Core/Liquid Clad Waveguide	p. 61
Liquid-Core Waveguide	p. 63
Hybrid-Core Waveguide	p. 66
Optofluidic Components for Manipulation of Optical Signals	p. 67
Optofluidic Filters	p. 67
Conclusions	p. 72
References	p. 72
Optofluidic Trapping and Transport Using Planar Photonic Devices	p. 75
Extended Abstract	p. 75
Optically Driven Microfluidics	p. 77
A Brief Review of Traditional Transport Mechanisms in Microfluidic Devices	p. 77
Optical Manipulation in Microfluidic Devices	p. 78
Some Limitations of Traditional Optical Manipulation Systems	p. 79
Near-Field Optical Manipulation	p. 80
Optofluidic Transport	p. 80
Qualitative Description of OptofluidicTransport	p. 80
Why Is Optofluidic Transport Interesting?	p. 82
Demonstrations of Optofluidic Transport	p. 83
Optofluidic Transport within Solid-(and Liquid-)Core Waveguiding Device	p. 83
A Detailed Example-Optofluidic Transport in PDMS Microfluidics Using SU-8 Waveguides	p. 87
Theory of Optofluidic Transport	p. 90
Overview and Recent Literature	p. 90
Microscale Hydrodynamics and Particle Transport	p. 91
Electromagnetic Forcesn a Particle	p. 93
Solutions in Different Transport Regimes	p. 94
Comments on the Influence of Brownian Motion and Trapping Stability	p. 96
Optofluidic Chromatography	p. 100
Summary and Conclusions	p. 103
References	p. 103
Optofluidic Colloidal Photonic Crystals	p. 107
Introduction to Colloidal Crystals	p. 108
Colloids and Colloidal Photonic Crystals	p. 108
Photonic Characteristics of Colloidal Photonic Crystals	p. 109
Integration of Colloidal Photonic Crystals into Microfluidic Systems	p. 110
Crystallization of Colloids in the Microfluidic Systems	p. 110
Applications of Integrated Colloidal Photonic Crystals	p. 117
Optofluidic Synthesis of Spherical Photonic Crystals	p. 120
Direct Synthesis of Photonic Balls in the Solid State	p. 122
Optofluidic Encapsulation of Crystalline Colloidal Arrays	p. 124
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 128
Summary	p. 129
References	p. 130
Optofluidic Photonic Crystal Fibers: Properties and Applications	p. 133
Introduction	p. 134
Optical Fibers	p. 134
Optical Fiber Postprocessing	p. 135
Optofluidics: History and Development	p. 137
Fiber-Based Optofluidics	p. 138
Grapefruit-Fiber Optofluidic Devices	p. 143
Optofluidic Transverse Fiber Quasi-2-D Photonic Crystals	p. 148
Optofluidic Transverse PCF	p. 148
Dynamic Optofluidic Attenuator	p. 151
Ultracompact Microfluidic Interferometer	p. 153
Fluidic Photonic Bandgap Fiber	p. 158
Future Directions	p. 164
Photonic Devices	p. 164
Sensing	p. 166
Summary	p. 168
References	p. 169
Adaptive Optofluidic Devices	p. 177
Switching and Beam Deflection	p. 178
Switches Based on Total Internal Reflection	p. 179
Grating-Based Switches	p. 182
Deflectors and Beam Scanners	p. 183
Membrane-Based Tunable Optofluidics	p. 184
Mechanics of Pressure-Actuated Polymer	p. 184
Adaptive Optofluidic Lenses	p. 187
Composite Membrane Devices	p. 191
Summary	p. 193
References	p. 194
Bio-Inspired Fluidic Lenses for Imaging and Integrated Optics	p. 201
Bio-Inspired Fluidic Lens: Structures and Operations	p. 203
Graded-Index-Tunable Fluidic Lens	p. 203
Curvature-Tunable Fluidic Lens	p. 205
Fluidic Lens Fabrication	p. 208
Lens Profile Analysis	p. 208
Fluidic Lens for Imaging	p. 211
Auto-Focusing Miniaturized Universal Imager	p. 212
Fluidic Zoom Lens	p. 215
Application Example: Surgical Camera	p. 216
Summary	p. 219
Bio-Inspired Intraocular Lens-Restoration of Human Vision	p. 219
Optical Simulation of Eye Model	p. 220
Experimental Results	p. 221
Mechanical Modeling of Fluidic Intraocular Lens	p. 225
Summary	p. 226
Liquid Molding Technique-Prototyping of Aspherical Lenses	p. 226
Tunable Liquid-Filled Molding Technology	p. 226
Summary	p. 228
Fluidic Lens for Lab-on-a-Chip and Micro-Total-Analysis Systems	p. 230
Summary	p. 235
References	p. 236
Optofluidic Dye Lasers	p. 241
Introduction	p. 241
Laser Basics	p. 243
Dye Lasers	p. 244
From Macro to Micro	p. 246
Laser Resonators	p. 246
Tunable Lasers	p. 249
Dye Bleaching	p. 253
Summary	p. 256
References	p. 257
Optofluidic Microscope	p. 259
Introduction	p. 259
Operating Principle	p. 260
Prototype Evaluations	p. 262
Caenorhabditis elegans Imaging	p. 262
Cell Imaging	p. 268
Potential Applications	p. 269
References	p. 270
Optofluidic Resonators	p. 271
Optofluidic Resonators	p. 271
Resonators	p. 271
Fabrication Methods	p. 280
Optofluidic Resonator Devices	p. 282
Summary	p. 288
References	p. 288
High-Q Resonant Cavity Biosensors	p. 291
Overview of Resonant Microcavities	p. 291
Introduction to Optical Resonant Devices	p. 291
Whispering Gallery Mode Devices	p. 295
Biosensing with Optical Microcavities	p. 299
Resonant Cavity-Detection Mechanisms	p. 300
Optimization for Detection	p. 301
Experimental Examples of Detection	p. 304
Summary and Future Outlook	p. 309
References	p. 309
Optofluidic Plasmonic Devices	p. 313
Basic Properties of Surface Plasmon Polaritons	p. 314
SPP Dispersion Relation at a Metal-Dielectric Interface	p. 315
Optical Excitation of SPP	p. 316
Fabrication of Optofluidic Plasmonic Chips	p. 320
Deposition of the Metal Film	p. 320
Lithographic Definition of the Nanohole Pattern	p. 320
Etching	p. 322
Fabrication of Microfluidic Channels	p. 323
Experimental Observation of SPP Coupling, Propagation and Focusing, and SPP Mode Splitting	p. 325
Observation of SPP Coupling	p. 325
Time-Resolved Imaging of SPP Propagation	p. 328
SPPFocusing	p. 330
Degenerate Mode Splitting	p. 331
Resonant SPP Sensors	p. 334
Angular Interrogation Sensing Experiments	p. 335
SPR Sensor with Wavelength Interrogation	p. 338
Summary and Discussion	p. 344
References	p. 345
Optical Manipulation and Applications in Optofluidics	p. 349
Introduction to Optical Manipulation	p. 349
Theoretical Considerations	p. 352
Experimental Considerations for Single-Beam Optical Tweezers	p. 355
The Counter-Propagating Beam Trap	p. 356
Advanced Light Fields	p. 358
Multiple Trapping Techniques	p. 359
Bessel Light Modes	p. 362
Laguerre-Gaussian Light Modes	p. 363
Optical Manipulation for Optofludics	p. 366
Optical Actuation, Microrheology, and Optically Trapped Sensors	p. 367
Microfluidic Sorting	p. 370
Optical Trapping in Near-Field Waveguides	p. 371
Conclusion	p. 373
Acknowledgments	p. 374
References	p. 374
Optofluidic Chemical Analysis and Synthesis	p. 381
Optofluidic Chemical Analysisand Synthesis	p. 382
Flow Injection Analysis	p. 384
Fluorescence-Based Analysis	p. 386
Devices	p. 387
Summary	p. 390
References	p. 391
Optofluidic Maskless Lithography and Guided Self-Assembly	p. 393
Optofluidic Maskless Lithography	p. 393
Droplet-Based Fabrication of Microparticles	p. 394
Patterned Microparticle Generation	p. 396
Optofluidic Maskless Lithography (OFML)	p. 398
Optofluidic-Guided Self-Assembly: Railed Microfluidics	p. 405
Self-Assembly	p. 405
Rail-Guided Fluidic Self-Assembly	p. 408
References	p. 415
Reconfigurable Photonic Crystal Circuits Using Microfluidics	p. 421
Introduction	p. 421
From the Infiltration of Photonic Crystals to the Concept of Reconfigurable Circuits	p. 421
Optofluidics and Planar Photonic Crystals	p. 425
Designing High-Q Cavities Using Air-Hole Infiltration	p. 428
Model and Numerical Methods	p. 430
Numerical Results	p. 431
Discussion-Theory	p. 436
Microfluidic PhC Components	p. 437
Infiltration Method	p. 437
Evanescent Coupling	p. 438
Microfluidic Cavities	p. 440
Conclusion and Outlook	p. 449
Acknowledgments	p. 450
References	p. 451
Micro and Nano Optofluidic Flow Manipulation	p. 459
Introduction to Optofluidic FlowManipulation	p. 459
Optical Manipulation of Liquid Surface Tension	p. 460
Photochemical Control of Surface Tension	p. 462
Optoelectronic Liquid Surface Wetting	p. 466
Photothermal Fluidic Actuations	p. 470
Fluidic Actuation via Photothermal Nanoparticles	p. 471
Fluidic Actuation via Photothermal Nanocarpet	p. 475
Optofluidic Particle Manipulation	p. 477
Photothermophoretic Molecular Trapping	p. 479
Optofluidic Dielectrophoretic Manipulation	p. 483
Conclusion	p. 489
References	p. 490
Index	p. 493
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